people, places, events, concepts for 1450-1750, unit exam review
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| 125246553 | westernization | policy of Peter the Great policy to reduce isolation of Russia and embrace European ideals rather than its Asian cultural values | 0 | |
| 125246554 | alternate attendance | practice of shoguns requiring samuari to spend extended periods of time at the court in Edo | 1 | |
| 125246555 | indentured servitude | labor system where primarily Europeans would exchange 4-7 years of labor for passage to the New World (usually land or a skill was earned during their servitude); replaced by slavery | 2 | |
| 125246556 | Treaty of Tordesilla | 1494 attempt by Pope Alexander VI to avoid conflict between Portugese and Spanish expansion in the New World | 3 | |
| 125246557 | Treaty of Westphalia | 1648 ends the Thirty Years War: allows Germanic princedoms to choose Catholicism or Lutheranism and grants the Protestant Netherlands freedom from Spain | 4 | |
| 125246558 | Edict of Nantes | 1598 issued by Henry IV to end religious wars in France between the Catholics and Huguenots(Calvinists) established civil liberties for the Huguenots | 5 | |
| 125246559 | humanism | study of Greco-Roman classics focused on human potential and achievement | 6 | |
| 125246560 | Rajputs | Hindu warrior caste, Mughal emperors used them as important government officials; Akbar marries a Rajput princess helping to increase relations between Muslims and Hindus | 7 | |
| 125276812 | indulgences | forgiveness of a past sin by "donating" money to the Catholic Church | 8 | |
| 125276813 | mit'a | Andean system of labor rooted in cooperative labor for the ruler or community | 9 | |
| 125276814 | Macartney Mission | mission to establish stronger diplomatic relations and to convince the Qing to buy British goods or expand the trade locations | 10 | |
| 125276815 | Matteo Ricci (1552-1610) | leading Jesuit in China who attempted to gain converts by adapting Catholicism to traditional Confucian ideas; used science and technology to futher their credibility with the Chinese | 11 | |
| 125276816 | Treaty of Nerchinsk | 1689 established a border between Russia and China at the Amur River in order to prevent tensions from escalating between the two growing rivals | 12 | |
| 125325486 | Council of Trent | 1545-1563 series of meetings to establish Catholic doctrine, reaffirmed the supremacy of the pope, created a number of reforms (education of clergy) | 13 | |
| 125383436 | labor systems | mit'a, indentured servitude, encomienda, slavery, serfdom | 14 | |
| 125383437 | serfdom | labor system practiced primarily in Europe; Russia lags behind Europe in abandoning this practice | 15 | |
| 125383438 | European motives for exploration | spread Christianity, gain territory, gain access to resources, more efficient water trade routes | 16 | |
| 125383439 | Gunpowder Empires | Islamic empires of the Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughal India | 17 | |
| 125383440 | caravel | Portugese ship which was smaller and more maneuverable than older vessels; assisted in their early dominance of the Indian Ocean trade network | 18 | |
| 125383441 | Commercial Revolution | establishment of colonial empire to generate wealth for European nation leading to creation of joint-stock companies and other new business practices | 19 | |
| 125383442 | mercantilism | goal to maintain a favorable trade balance and the accumulation of precious metals (silver, gold) | 20 | |
| 125383443 | joint-stock company | brought together investors in order to minimize the risks and costs associated with exploration and sea-trade | 21 | |
| 125383444 | Hernan Cortes | Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519-1521 for Spain. | 22 | |
| 125383445 | Francisco Pizarro | 1475-1541 Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima | 23 | |
| 125383446 | Martin Luther | salvation achieved through personal faith and the grace of God (faith led to salvation); challenged the selling of indulgences | 24 | |
| 125383447 | Songhai Empire | (1464-1591) Important islamic empire with a prosperity based on both interrigional and trans-Saharan trade. Stretched from Atlantic into present-day Nigeria, reaching its height in the sixteenth century before being invaded from Morocco. | 25 | |
| 125383448 | Holy Roman Empire | Political affiliation of Germanic and central European city states to perpetuate Latin Christendom. Hapsburgs dominate but are unable to establish a strong monarchial rule. Diminished by the Thirty Years War. | 26 | |
| 125383449 | Thirty Years War | 1618-1648 began as religious conflict created by HRE attempting to force subjects to return to Catholicism; evolves into a European conflict to prevent Hapsburgs from gaining more power | 27 | |
| 125383450 | absolutism | political theory that rulers have complete control over their subjects by divine right | 28 | |
| 125383451 | divine right | right to rule given to the monarchs from God | 29 | |
| 125383452 | Louis XIV of France | best epitomizes absolutism, revokes Edict of Nantes, builds Versailles, practices a form of alternate attendance | 30 | |
| 125383453 | Act of Supremacy | 1534 declared King Henry VIII and his successors the supreme head of the Church of England | 31 | |
| 125383454 | Suleiman the Magnificent | 1494-1566 sultan of the Ottoman Empire during its Golden Age; known as Suleiman Kanuni, "The Lawgiver"; expanded the empire in the Balkans (conquerering Belgrade) and eastern Mediterranean | 32 | |
| 125383455 | janissaries | Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826. | 33 | |
| 125383456 | devshirme | 'Selection' in Turkish. The system by which boys from Christian communities were taken by the Ottoman state to serve as Janissaries. | 34 | |
| 125383457 | Estates General | France's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners; never called by Louis XIV | 35 | |
| 125383458 | English Civil War | conflict between supporters of the monarchy and members of Parliment who sought to limit powers of the monarch; results in a constitutional monarchy | 36 | |
| 125383459 | John Locke | English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property. | 37 | |
| 125383460 | Glorious Revolution | A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange | 38 | |
| 125383461 | Enlightenment | application of natural laws and reasoning led to new thinking in regard to human behavior; Voltaire, Locke, Monesquieu (Age of Reason) | 39 | |
| 125383462 | Voltaire | promoted concepts of free speech and religious toleration | 40 | |
| 125383463 | Jean-Jacques Rousseau | French philosopher argued people must give up their own interest for the common good | 41 | |
| 125383464 | Ming Dynasty | Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China. | 42 | |
| 125383465 | Qing Dynasty | The dynasty that arose after the fall of the Ming Dynasty; originally Manchu people, these people formed a new dynasty meaning "pure."; they expelled the Ming, captured Korea and Mongolia, and consolidated China. | 43 | |
| 125383466 | Tokugawa Period | gained power from Western firearms; originally welcomed European trade and printing press, later ban both; Dutch ships in Nagasaki was extent of foreign trade after Tokugawa closes Japan | 44 | |
| 125383467 | Tokugawa Government | unified Japan under a military govenment led by a shogun with the emperor a ceremonial figure | 45 | |
| 125383468 | Millet System | legally protected religious communities of non-Muslims who were permitted to retain their own tradtional religious beliefs, promise not to undermine sultan's authority | 46 | |
| 125383469 | Safavid Empire | Shi'ite Muslim dynasty that ruled Persia between 16th and 18th centuries | 47 | |
| 125383470 | Battle of Chaldiran | (16th century) Ottomans vs. Safavids SIGNIFICANCE: weakened the Safavids, allowed Ottomans to hold capital at Tabriz | 48 | |
| 125383471 | Mughal Empire | Muslim state founded by Babur (a descendant of Timur), which extended over India. Experienced prosperity, peace, and little outside threats under Akbar's rule. For a while was an example of religious harmony between Muslim and Hindu religions. | 49 | |
| 125383472 | Akbar | son and successor of Humayan; oversaw building of military and administrative systems that became typical of Mughal rule in India; pursued policy of cooperation with Hindu princes; attempted to create new religion to bind Muslim and Hindu populations of India. | 50 |
