Terms : Hide Images
| 8406609606 | candidate-centered | today's campaigns are more [ ], taking power away from the national party apparatus (ex: Trump) | 0 | |
| 8406609607 | Commander in chief | President's constitutionally-defined role as head of the military | 1 | |
| 8406609608 | Chief diplomat | President's constitutionally defined role in making treaties and receiving ambassadors | 2 | |
| 8406609609 | Senate | must provide "advice and consent" on President's treaties and appointments | 3 | |
| 8406609610 | advice and consent/confirmation | the process by which the Senate approves the President's treaties and appointments | 4 | |
| 8406609611 | reprieves and pardons | President's key checks on the judicial branch - allows him to early release federal prisoners | 5 | |
| 8406609612 | State of the Union | President's constitutionally described address to Congress (which now takes the form of a televised speech) - often used to advance his agenda | 6 | |
| 8406609613 | veto | President's ability to reject legislation with which he disagrees | 7 | |
| 8406609614 | executive agreement | formal non-treaties that the President makes with foreign countries that do not need Senate approval (an end-run around checks and balances) - but they may need congressional funds | 8 | |
| 8406609615 | appointment | power to select key officials (including Cabinet secretaries and federal judges) | 9 | |
| 8406609616 | administrative authority | President's ability to decide how laws will be implemented (federal funds for abortion counseling?) | 10 | |
| 8406609619 | Theodore Roosevelt | 1901 President who started stewardship, threatening to seize private mines and sending navy/marines to Asia | 11 | |
| 8406609622 | court-packing plan | when the SC threatened his New Deal program with judicial review, FDR threatened to have Congress just add friendly judges to the SC | 12 | |
| 8406609624 | foreign policy | has caused presidential power to grow, and a place where Congress tends to defer to the President in order to have quick, decisive action | 13 | |
| 8406609625 | indirect primary | voters choose delegates to the party convention, who then select the nominee at the convention (what we have) | 14 | |
| 8406609626 | party caucus | a meeting where any registered member of the party can attend (how delegates are chosen in 10 states) | 15 | |
| 8406609630 | 2/3 vote in both houses of Congress | required to override the President's veto (rare) | 16 | |
| 8406609631 | pocket veto | when the President takes no action on a bill for ten days and Congressional session ends - bill dies | 17 | |
| 8406609632 | closed primary | only registered voters from that party can vote in a | 18 | |
| 8406609633 | open primary | any voter can vote in the primary, including independents | 19 | |
| 8406609634 | House of Representatives | chooses the President in the case of an electoral tie or no candidate winning a majority (each state gets one vote) | 20 | |
| 8406609635 | War Powers Resolution | placed limits on President's ability to use troops without a congressional declaration of war (60 days, notify Congress within 48 hours) | 21 | |
| 8406609636 | Line-Item Veto Act of 1996 | gave Clinton power to veto individual parts of appropriations (budget) bills, but declared unconstitutional by SC as a violation of Separation of Powers (many governors have it) | 22 | |
| 8406609637 | presentment clause | describes the law-making process - doesn't expressly give the President the power to make edits to bills (hence: no line-item veto) | 23 | |
| 8406609639 | bully pulpit | the President's ability to command attention, which he uses to advance his agenda and build public support for policies (sometimes wielded against Congress) | 24 | |
| 8406609640 | executive privilege | the President's (and other executive branch officials') right to keep some national-security related executive communications secret (shown to be limited by US v. Nixon) | 25 | |
| 8406609641 | divided government | when one party controls the Presidency but one or both houses of Congress are controlled by the other party - slows down lawmaking | 26 | |
| 8406609642 | US v. Nixon | SC case that declared executive privilege is limited to certain military or diplomatic affairs | 27 | |
| 8406609644 | split-ticket voting | voting for candidates from different political parties | 28 | |
| 8406609645 | straight-ticket voting | casting all your votes for the members of one party (From President down to local elections) | 29 | |
| 8406609646 | Budget and Impoundment Control Act | prevents the President from indefinitely withholding funds that have been appropriated by Congress (because he doesn't approve of a policy) | 30 | |
| 8406609649 | national crises | lead people and Congress to "rally 'round the President" and support him, at least in the beginning | 31 | |
| 8406609650 | presidential campaigns | public monies are available (thanks to the 1974 FECA) to finance [ ], not congressional or state | 32 | |
| 8406609651 | winner-take-all/unit rule | all but two states use a [ ] system in the Electoral College, where the winner of the statewide popular vote gets ALL the state's electoral votes | 33 | |
| 8406609652 | White House Staff | the closest, most loyal group of presidential advisors - do not require congressional approval | 34 | |
| 8406609654 | reduce federal spending | the Republicans' goal in passing the Line Item Veto was to [ ] by allowing the President to cut specific earmarks/pork from the budget | 35 | |
| 8406609655 | signing statements | informs Congress and the public of the President's opinion/interpretation of the law (constitutionally questionable because of separation of powers) - first used heavily by W. Bush | 36 | |
| 8406609656 | Honeymoon Period | early in the Presidency, when Congress and the public show goodwill and the President is riding the momentum of winning the election | 37 | |
| 8406609658 | informal powers | those not stated directly in the Constitution but acquired over time | 38 | |
| 8406609660 | lame duck period | a time of diminished power at the end of the President's term (when he's been defeated or two terms are up) | 39 | |
| 8406609661 | front-loading | states moving their primaries/caucuses early so that they are more relevant (before one candidate has already "locked up" the nomination) | 40 | |
| 8406609662 | super-delegates | (Democrats only) - party leaders and elected officials who get an automatic slot as delegates - not bound to their state's primary election outcome | 41 | |
| 8406609663 | delegates | In both parties, primary elections are used to choose [ ], who then go to the national convention and select the nominee | 42 | |
| 8406609664 | impoundment | when the President refused to spend money the way Congress has appropriated it | 43 | |
| 8406609665 | executive order | President's ability to make policy (with the force of law) without Congressional approval - typically used to manage government agencies - can be overturned by next President | 44 | |
| 8406609666 | federal judges | President's longest influence is in appointing [ ], who serve life terms | 45 | |
| 8406609667 | strong single executive | Federalist 70 argues for a [ ] that can act decisively in times of emergency and to enforce the laws instead of a council that would be hampered by infighting | 46 | |
| 8406609668 | 22nd amendment | limits President to 2 terms | 47 | |
| 8406609669 | Maine and Nebraska | award electoral votes proportionally, rather than winner-take-all | 48 | |
| 8406609673 | primary challenger | forces a candidate to pay for and win TWO elections - can wipe out funds or force more extreme positions before the general election | 49 | |
| 8406609674 | consolidate support | Ideally, parties want to [ ] behind one candidate early, as a long, drawn-out primary can damage chances in the general election | 50 | |
| 8406609675 | authorization for use of military force | what Congress officially gives the President instead of a declaration of war - can be revoked (but isn't usually) | 51 | |
| 8406609676 | 48 hours, 60 days | According to the War Powers Resolution, the President must inform Congress within [ ] of using troops, and withdraw them within [ ] without an AUMF | 52 | |
| 8406609677 | congressional oversight | committees are charged with overseeing their corresponding Cabinet department to make sure they are enforcing the laws faithfully | 53 | |
| 8406609678 | Attorney General | runs the Department of Justice - the US's highest legal officer (the only one not called a "Secretary") | 54 | |
| 8406609679 | agency POV | tendency of bureaucrats to place the interests of their agency ahead of the President, Congress, or even the public interest | 55 | |
| 8406609681 | independent regulatory agencies | exist to monitor certain industries and protect the public interest - cannot be fired by the President | 56 | |
| 8406609682 | power of the purse | Congress allocates money and approves the budget, giving them the [ ] over departments and agencies | 57 | |
| 8406609683 | budget appropriations | the process of deciding how government funds will be allocated (how much and to which agencies) | 58 | |
| 8406609684 | sunset provisions | built into laws to make them expire after a certain period of time (a way that Congress limits the bureaucracy) | 59 | |
| 8406609685 | Federal Elections Commission | independent regulatory agency designed to ensure fair democratic processes | 60 | |
| 8406609688 | divided loyalties | Cabinet officers and other bureaucrats often experience [ ] between the President and their agency | 61 | |
| 8406609690 | bureaucrats | career executive employees who are hired for technical expertise or skill, not elected (aka civil servants) | 62 | |
| 8406609691 | bureaucracy | a system of organization based on hierarchy, specialization, and rules | 63 | |
| 8406609692 | rule-making | the power to decide exactly how broad laws will be implemented - the source of the bureaucracy's power | 64 | |
| 8406609693 | Office of Management and Budget | uses President's instructions to set guidelines for agency budgets and approve their proposals | 65 | |
| 8406609696 | FDR's New Deal | led to the biggest growth spurt in the bureaucracy because more gov't was needed to provide for poor | 66 | |
| 8406609697 | Securities and Exchange Commission | regulatory agency to protect investors and ensure fair markets | 67 | |
| 8406609698 | Great Society | LBJ's second wave of big gov't programs specifically to eliminate poverty and racial discrimination - led to more bureaucracy growth | 68 | |
| 8406609699 | standing committee | each Cabinet Department is overseen by its corresponding [ ] in Congress | 69 | |
| 8406609700 | Department of State | conducts diplomacy and foreign affairs | 70 | |
| 8406609701 | Department of Health and Human Services | largest departmental budget - includes Social Security, Medicaid | 71 | |
| 8406609702 | Department of Homeland Security | newest Cabinet office, founded after 9/11 | 72 | |
| 8406609703 | independent agencies | narrower in scope than Cabinet, exist separately to avoid conflicts of interest (Does NASA go in the Dept. of Defense?) | 73 | |
| 8406609704 | CIA, NASA, NSF | examples of independent agencies | 74 | |
| 8406609705 | SEC, EPA, FEC | examples of regulatory agencies/commissions | 75 | |
| 8406609706 | USPS, Amtrak, FDIC | examples of government corporations | 76 | |
| 8406609707 | government corporations | subsidized by federal funds but expected to make a profit | 77 | |
| 8406609708 | merit system | appointing people to gov't positions based on competitive examinations or professional training | 78 | |
| 8406609709 | spoils system/patronage | the 19th century practice of awarding cushy gov't jobs to friends, supporters, and party "hacks" (without regard for qualifications) | 79 | |
| 8406609710 | Pendleton Act (1883) | established merit system for some positions, started the Civil Service System | 80 | |
| 8406609711 | Taft-Hartley Act (1947) | prevents federal employees from striking and permits firing striking workers | 81 | |
| 8406609712 | President | shapes and proposes the budget, can veto it | 82 | |
| 8406609713 | mandatory spending | required by law and cannot be reduced by President (mostly "entitlement" programs like Social Security) | 83 | |
| 8406609714 | 2/3 | of the annual budget is mandatory spending over which the President has no control - cannot be changed without act of Congress | 84 | |
| 8406609715 | discretionary spending | areas where the OMB and the President can decide how to allocate funds (not mandatory but can be changed) - left up to their judgment (discretion) | 85 | |
| 8406609717 | Appropriations Committees | set specific budgets for related agencies | 86 | |
| 8406609718 | policy implementation | the primary task of the bureaucracy - carrying out decisions made by Congress, President, and Courts | 87 | |
| 8406609719 | expertise | a source of bureaucratic power because they are uniquely qualified to perform their tasks through experience or specialized skills | 88 | |
| 8406609721 | bureaucratic accountability | the degree to which these non-elected workers are held accountable for the power they exercise | 89 | |
| 8406609722 | Government Accountability Office | used by Congress to monitor how faithfully agencies are handling programs and implementing policies | 90 | |
| 8406609723 | administrative law judge | preside over "trial-like" hearings to settle disputes between individuals who feel disadvantaged by a bureaucrat's decision (violation of separation of powers?) | 91 | |
| 8406609724 | whisteblowing | act of reporting instances of mismanagement/corruption (usually from within) | 92 | |
| 8406609725 | revolving door | the tendency of individuals to go from working in the bureaucracy to the regulated industry (and back) | 93 | |
| 8406609726 | committee, agency, interest group | the sides of the iron triangle | 94 | |
| 8406609727 | Department of the Interior | manages federal lands, relations with Native Americans | 95 | |
| 8406609728 | agency capture | when regulatory commissions, which are supposed to act in the public interest, get too "cozy" with the industry they are supposed to regulate and act on their behalf (thanks to the revolving door, usually) | 96 | |
| 8406609729 | executive orders | how the President directs the actions of federal agencies and departments (have the force of law) | 97 | |
| 8406609730 | discretion | Congress often gives the bureaucracy a lot of [ ], or free rein, in how the implement laws, thanks to: 1) Congress being too busy, 2) Congress lacking expertise, 3) Congress not wanting to take responsibility | 98 | |
| 8406609731 | electoral support | interest groups offer congressional committees [ ] | 99 | |
| 8406609732 | favorable legislation | congressional committees offer interest groups [ ] | 100 | |
| 8406609733 | friendly regulation | agencies offer interest groups [ ] | 101 | |
| 8406609734 | budget and program support | congressional committees offer agencies [ ] | 102 | |
| 8406609735 | grassroots activism | having members call legislators or show up at their offices, stage protests, etc. (the G in GDELLIA) | 103 | |
| 8406609736 | donations | to favorable candidates, or to opponents of the desired policies (the D in GDELLIA) | 104 | |
| 8406609737 | endorsements | to favorable candidates, or placing unfriendly ones on a "hit list" (the E in GDELLIA) | 105 | |
| 8406609738 | lobbying | persuading lawmakers, usually through paid go-betweens (many of whom were previously lawmakers themselves) - the first L in GDELLIA | 106 | |
| 8406609739 | litigation | sponsoring (paying for, supporting) lawsuits to attempt to change the law (or interpretation of it) - the second L in GDELLIA | 107 | |
| 8406609740 | inform (via advertisements) | paying for propaganda commercials, sponsoring "think tank" research (the I and A in GDELLIA) | 108 | |
| 8406609741 | Dodd-Frank Act | passed in the wake of the bank crash and resulting 2007 recession - stricter regulations | 109 | |
| 8406609742 | Hatch Act | prevents federal employees in the bureaucracy from engaging in partisan electoral activities (EXCEPT the President and VP) | 110 | |
| 8406609743 | 4 justices | the minimum needed to issue a writ of certiorari (a request to review a lower-court decision) | 111 | |
| 8406609744 | advice and consent | the Senate's process of confirming the President's judge appointees (and cabinet officials and treaties) | 112 | |
| 8406609746 | plea bargain | how the majority of criminal cases end | 113 | |
| 8406609747 | Congress | determines the number of federal courts and the number of judges who will sit on them, the jurisdiction of courts, can create cabinet-level agencies | 114 | |
| 8406609749 | appellate jurisdiction | Supreme Court's right to review lower-court decisions (where most of its cases come from) | 115 | |
| 8406609750 | McCulloch v. Maryland | established: 1) Necessary and Proper Clause's implied powers (to make a bank), 2) national supremacy (states can't tax a federal entity) | 116 | |
| 8406609751 | Marbury v. Madison | SC case that established the principle of judicial review (Marbury wanted his commission and asked the Courts to compel Madison to give it to him like the Judiciary Act of 1789 said, but SC said that part of the law was unconstitutional) | 117 | |
| 8406609753 | writ of certiorari | the SC's request to a lower court for the record of the case (requires 4 justices) | 118 | |
| 8406609754 | stare decisis | "let the decision stand" - the idea that in most cases courts should defer to precedents | 119 | |
| 8406609756 | original jurisdiction | a court's first right to hear a case | 120 | |
| 8406609760 | dissenting opinion | written by one or more of the justices who disagree with the outcome of the case to explain THEIR legal basis for disagreement | 121 | |
| 8406609761 | concurring opinion | written by a justice who agrees with the outcome but for different reasoning - not binding on future courts | 122 | |
| 8406609762 | senatorial courtesy | the tradition that a US senator from the state where a federal vacancy occurs should be consulted on the nomination (if from the same party as the President) | 123 | |
| 8406609764 | activist conservatives | struck down economic regulatory legislation between Civil War and Depression | 124 | |
| 8406609765 | activist liberals | struck down state statutes that violated civil rights (segregation) and expanded "rights" (abortion, affirmative action) | 125 | |
| 8406609768 | Earl Warren | headed an activist liberal Court (1953-1969) - lots of significant civil and criminal rights cases | 126 | |
| 8406609770 | originalism | interpreting the Constitution based on the meaning of its words at the time it was written | 127 | |
| 8406609772 | judicial restraint | judges should 1) strictly interpret the wording of the law, 2) respect precedent, 3) defer to elected representatives | 128 | |
| 8406609773 | judicial activism | judges can develop new legal principles when needed, even if this contradicts the decisions of elected representatives | 129 | |
| 8406609774 | life tenure | judges have [ ] in order to insulate them from public opinion and protect them from undue influence from other branches | 130 | |
| 8406609780 | Judiciary Committee | all nominations are first considered by the [ ] before being sent to the full Senate | 131 | |
| 8406609781 | 95% | of all the nation's legal cases are decided by state or local courts (not federal ones) | 132 | |
| 8406609782 | en banc | when the full body of judges on an appeals court gathers to hear an especially difficult case | 133 | |
| 8406609783 | case or controversy clause | there must be an ACTUAL, specific lawsuit for the courts to rule - no advisory opinions on general principles | 134 | |
| 8406609784 | advisory opinions | Judges do not issue [ ] on general principles or ideas - must be a specific situation | 135 | |
| 8406609785 | standing | In order to bring a suit, plaintiffs must have [ ], or be able to prove they have actually been harmed by a law or action | 136 |
