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AP Scientific Revolution / Enlightenment Flashcards

Incomplete list - I will add more when I can.

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508729527Maria TheresaAustrian monarch and HRE who centralized government, reduced the robot, and professionalized and expanded the military.
508729528BritainMontesquieu's The Spirit of Laws was inspired by the government here
508729529BaconScientific revolutionary responsible for inductive reasoning, also known as the Father of the Experimental Method
508729530GalileoConfirmed Copernicus using mathematical data and refined and improved the telescope.
508729531Property rightWhat John Locke would consider to be the most important of the 3 natural rights.
508729532Descartes"I think, therefore I am."
508729533WollstonecraftFemale enlightenment author who published the first book to demand that women should have full political rights
508729534Frederick William IPrussian monarch who militarized Prussia and had a thing for tall soldiers.
508729535MercantilismEconomic philsophy in which the government completely controls the economy, enacting harsh tariffs in order to protect a country's industries.
508729536Voltaire's influence on European monarchsBoth Catherine the Great and Frederick the Great were greatly influenced by this philosophe.
508729537Voltaire on the church"Ecrasez L'infame" ("Crush the thing.")
508729538Frederick IIPrussian monarch who believed that his most important duty was to enlighten his subjects, cultivating their morals and mananers and making them as happy as individuals as they can be.
508729539KantDisagreed with Locke's tabula rasa, because he said the mind takes an active roel in the formation of humans and is not a passive recipietn fo perception. Believd that reasons coudl not explain the problesm of metaphysics
508729540metaphysicsthe area of philosophy dealing with universal, spiritual and moral questions.
508729541Essay Concerning Human Understanding1690 - John Locke said the mind is like this Latin phrase and it soaks up things. Your environment determines what you learn and, therefore, who you are (this has a profound effect on guys like Rousseau, who believe nurture, not nature, influences you more). Guys like Kant disagreed, saying the mind was a more active participant in gaining knowledge.
508729542Montesquieu1) the best governments vary by climate and geography and 2) the ideal government should be divided into 3 branches (as it is with England, an executive, legislative, and judicial branch)
508729543Vesalius' biggest accomplishmentWrote the first textbook on human anatomy.
508729544SalonAbout the only way women could rise to power in Enlightenment society was to own one of these.
508729545Great Chain of BeingMedieval idea, disproved by the Scientific Revolution, that the most imporant things were closer to God.
508729546Voltaire on free speechRumored to have said, "I disagree with what you say but will defend to the death your right to say it."
508729547Rousseau's quote about freedom"Man is born free, but everywhere he is in chains."
5087295482nd Treatise on GovernmentLocke's book where he argued that the chief goal of any good government out to be protection of property.
508729549War of Austrian SuccessionFrederick II violates the Pragmatic Sanction and invades Austria, ruled by Maria Theresa. Frederick gets Silesia, but that's about it.
508729550Charles II (Stuart)This English monarch established the Royal Society of London, which was supposed to promote scientific research in England.
508729551RousseauBelieved people should make decisions based on instinct and emotion, not logic and reason and is therefore considered "counter-enlightenment."
508729552Frederick II's reforms Prussia- Abolished serfdom, educated his civil servants, eliminated the use of torture in judical proceedings, abandoned capital punishment, protected religious minorities (except Jews).
508729553Catherine the GreatTried through the Legislative Commisson to be enlightened. However, after Pugachev's rebellion, she wound up giving nobles complete control over the serfs.
508729554RembrandtThe most famous of all Baroque painters, this Dutchman was a master in the use o flight. He is known for a series of self-portraits that depict the changes in his own appearances with brutal honesty over the course of his life. Hugely successful during the course of his own life.
508729555Newton's famous quote"I see so far because I stand on the shoulders of giants."
508729556PhysiocratsEconomists who hated mercantilism and wanted the economy to revolve around agriculture. Francis Quesnay was a big one of these.
508729557Diderot's EncyclopediaThis large compilation of works is the most obvious example of Enlightenment knowledge
508729558AreopagiticaPublished by John Milton in 1644 as an eloquent and desparate cry for freedom of speech
508729559Locke on learningBelieved you were born with a "blank slate" and that you gradually learn things as you have new experiences and fill up the slate. Therefore we are all formed by our experiences.
508729560Common SensePamphlet written by Thomas Payne to justify America's break from Britan
508729561Black SeaCatherine managed to secure a year round warm-water port here.
508729562Frederick II's nickname"First Servant of the State."
508729563HarveyEnglish physician who demonstrated the function of the heart and circulation of blood.
508729564CandideVoltaire's famous book about a young man who takes a horrifying journey through a harsh world wher ehe his constantly reminded of the cruelties humans can inflict on one anohter. The conclusion with which he is left is that the only way you can achieve satisfaction is by "cultivating one's own garden" or finding solace in one's personal affairs. Presents a rather pessimimistic view of man.
508729565BraheThis scientist's biggest contribution to the scientific revolution was that he built a massive astronomy lab and he employed Kepler.
508729566VesaliusDespite the traditional belief against dissection, he said it was necessary to dissect dead humans (not animals) and thus began the modern study of anatomy.
508729567Social ContractBoth Hobbes and Rousseau believed the state is based on this.
508729568LockePeople in the state of nature agree to give up their natural rights to a government, however if the government refuses to protect those rights (particularly property), the people have the right to rebell.
508729569JesuitsMilitant order of monks who believed in absolute authority to the church
508729570Adam SmithSaid the invisible hand of competition would ensure the best use of resources, thus the government should butt out of the economy
508729571BeccariaHe believed in the better treatment of convicted criminals.
508729572Joseph II's reforms Austriaput church under his control, aboslihsed serfdom, granted peasants the right to learn skills, and get married, issued the Toleration Patent (gave Lutherans, Greek Orthodox & Calvinists the right to worship), eased oppression of Jews. All of this was undone after he died b/c he didn't get the support of the nobles.
508729573Madame de PompadourWealthy and influential French woman who ran a popular salon which won the admiration of many philosophes
508729574NewtonHe wrote Principia Mathematica, in which he laid out the basis of calculus and the laws of gravity.
508729575HohenzollernPrussian ruling family
508729576Rousseau on Societybelieved people were corrupted by this. Without society there to corrupt them, people were naturally "noble savages."
508729577EmileThis was Rousseau's book on education, which stressed that children should be free to wander and do as they pleased to educate themselves.
508729578Silesia In the War of Austrian Successionthis was the only thing that Frederick II got.
508729579KeplerCame up with the laws of planetary motion.
508729580Battle of Vienna1683 - Farthest the Turks ever made it into Europe. Jan Sobieski and his Polish Cavalry save the day.
508729581EmileRousseau's book in which he encourage parents to love, nurture, and educate their children (despite the fact he stuck all 5 of his in orphanages).
508729582RococoWhat type of art came after Baroque and is associated with the reign of French king Louis XV. Wealthy people looking wealthy. Lots of pastels. King hates this.
508729583David HumeThe extreme skeptic who believed nothing could ever be known for sure (okay, Kant believed this too).
508729584Joseph IIThis was the most "enlightened" of the Enlightened despots. In fact, he was the only Enlightened despot to ease official persecution of Jews. Sadly, he failed to win the support of the nobles, so most of his reforms were undone upon his death.
508729585Tabula RasaAccording to Locke, this is the "Blank Slate" with which we are born and it is filled by our experiences.
5087295861492This is the year that the Reconquista happened, the Inquisition happened, and Columbus sailed for the New World.
508729587DescartesScientific revolutionary responsible for deductive reasoning
508729588War of Spanish Succession(1701-1713) This was the war in which the Hapsburgs lost control of Spain.
508729589Royal SocietyStarted by Charles II and gave England the edge in the Scientific Revolution.
508729590DeismReligion of the philosophes that was based on reason, lead to moral behavior and was deduced from empirical evidence
508729591EducationThis is the field in which Rousseau was most notable.

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