Incomplete list - I will add more when I can.
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| 508729527 | Maria Theresa | Austrian monarch and HRE who centralized government, reduced the robot, and professionalized and expanded the military. | |
| 508729528 | Britain | Montesquieu's The Spirit of Laws was inspired by the government here | |
| 508729529 | Bacon | Scientific revolutionary responsible for inductive reasoning, also known as the Father of the Experimental Method | |
| 508729530 | Galileo | Confirmed Copernicus using mathematical data and refined and improved the telescope. | |
| 508729531 | Property right | What John Locke would consider to be the most important of the 3 natural rights. | |
| 508729532 | Descartes | "I think, therefore I am." | |
| 508729533 | Wollstonecraft | Female enlightenment author who published the first book to demand that women should have full political rights | |
| 508729534 | Frederick William I | Prussian monarch who militarized Prussia and had a thing for tall soldiers. | |
| 508729535 | Mercantilism | Economic philsophy in which the government completely controls the economy, enacting harsh tariffs in order to protect a country's industries. | |
| 508729536 | Voltaire's influence on European monarchs | Both Catherine the Great and Frederick the Great were greatly influenced by this philosophe. | |
| 508729537 | Voltaire on the church | "Ecrasez L'infame" ("Crush the thing.") | |
| 508729538 | Frederick II | Prussian monarch who believed that his most important duty was to enlighten his subjects, cultivating their morals and mananers and making them as happy as individuals as they can be. | |
| 508729539 | Kant | Disagreed with Locke's tabula rasa, because he said the mind takes an active roel in the formation of humans and is not a passive recipietn fo perception. Believd that reasons coudl not explain the problesm of metaphysics | |
| 508729540 | metaphysics | the area of philosophy dealing with universal, spiritual and moral questions. | |
| 508729541 | Essay Concerning Human Understanding | 1690 - John Locke said the mind is like this Latin phrase and it soaks up things. Your environment determines what you learn and, therefore, who you are (this has a profound effect on guys like Rousseau, who believe nurture, not nature, influences you more). Guys like Kant disagreed, saying the mind was a more active participant in gaining knowledge. | |
| 508729542 | Montesquieu | 1) the best governments vary by climate and geography and 2) the ideal government should be divided into 3 branches (as it is with England, an executive, legislative, and judicial branch) | |
| 508729543 | Vesalius' biggest accomplishment | Wrote the first textbook on human anatomy. | |
| 508729544 | Salon | About the only way women could rise to power in Enlightenment society was to own one of these. | |
| 508729545 | Great Chain of Being | Medieval idea, disproved by the Scientific Revolution, that the most imporant things were closer to God. | |
| 508729546 | Voltaire on free speech | Rumored to have said, "I disagree with what you say but will defend to the death your right to say it." | |
| 508729547 | Rousseau's quote about freedom | "Man is born free, but everywhere he is in chains." | |
| 508729548 | 2nd Treatise on Government | Locke's book where he argued that the chief goal of any good government out to be protection of property. | |
| 508729549 | War of Austrian Succession | Frederick II violates the Pragmatic Sanction and invades Austria, ruled by Maria Theresa. Frederick gets Silesia, but that's about it. | |
| 508729550 | Charles II (Stuart) | This English monarch established the Royal Society of London, which was supposed to promote scientific research in England. | |
| 508729551 | Rousseau | Believed people should make decisions based on instinct and emotion, not logic and reason and is therefore considered "counter-enlightenment." | |
| 508729552 | Frederick II's reforms Prussia | - Abolished serfdom, educated his civil servants, eliminated the use of torture in judical proceedings, abandoned capital punishment, protected religious minorities (except Jews). | |
| 508729553 | Catherine the Great | Tried through the Legislative Commisson to be enlightened. However, after Pugachev's rebellion, she wound up giving nobles complete control over the serfs. | |
| 508729554 | Rembrandt | The most famous of all Baroque painters, this Dutchman was a master in the use o flight. He is known for a series of self-portraits that depict the changes in his own appearances with brutal honesty over the course of his life. Hugely successful during the course of his own life. | |
| 508729555 | Newton's famous quote | "I see so far because I stand on the shoulders of giants." | |
| 508729556 | Physiocrats | Economists who hated mercantilism and wanted the economy to revolve around agriculture. Francis Quesnay was a big one of these. | |
| 508729557 | Diderot's Encyclopedia | This large compilation of works is the most obvious example of Enlightenment knowledge | |
| 508729558 | Areopagitica | Published by John Milton in 1644 as an eloquent and desparate cry for freedom of speech | |
| 508729559 | Locke on learning | Believed you were born with a "blank slate" and that you gradually learn things as you have new experiences and fill up the slate. Therefore we are all formed by our experiences. | |
| 508729560 | Common Sense | Pamphlet written by Thomas Payne to justify America's break from Britan | |
| 508729561 | Black Sea | Catherine managed to secure a year round warm-water port here. | |
| 508729562 | Frederick II's nickname | "First Servant of the State." | |
| 508729563 | Harvey | English physician who demonstrated the function of the heart and circulation of blood. | |
| 508729564 | Candide | Voltaire's famous book about a young man who takes a horrifying journey through a harsh world wher ehe his constantly reminded of the cruelties humans can inflict on one anohter. The conclusion with which he is left is that the only way you can achieve satisfaction is by "cultivating one's own garden" or finding solace in one's personal affairs. Presents a rather pessimimistic view of man. | |
| 508729565 | Brahe | This scientist's biggest contribution to the scientific revolution was that he built a massive astronomy lab and he employed Kepler. | |
| 508729566 | Vesalius | Despite the traditional belief against dissection, he said it was necessary to dissect dead humans (not animals) and thus began the modern study of anatomy. | |
| 508729567 | Social Contract | Both Hobbes and Rousseau believed the state is based on this. | |
| 508729568 | Locke | People in the state of nature agree to give up their natural rights to a government, however if the government refuses to protect those rights (particularly property), the people have the right to rebell. | |
| 508729569 | Jesuits | Militant order of monks who believed in absolute authority to the church | |
| 508729570 | Adam Smith | Said the invisible hand of competition would ensure the best use of resources, thus the government should butt out of the economy | |
| 508729571 | Beccaria | He believed in the better treatment of convicted criminals. | |
| 508729572 | Joseph II's reforms Austria | put church under his control, aboslihsed serfdom, granted peasants the right to learn skills, and get married, issued the Toleration Patent (gave Lutherans, Greek Orthodox & Calvinists the right to worship), eased oppression of Jews. All of this was undone after he died b/c he didn't get the support of the nobles. | |
| 508729573 | Madame de Pompadour | Wealthy and influential French woman who ran a popular salon which won the admiration of many philosophes | |
| 508729574 | Newton | He wrote Principia Mathematica, in which he laid out the basis of calculus and the laws of gravity. | |
| 508729575 | Hohenzollern | Prussian ruling family | |
| 508729576 | Rousseau on Society | believed people were corrupted by this. Without society there to corrupt them, people were naturally "noble savages." | |
| 508729577 | Emile | This was Rousseau's book on education, which stressed that children should be free to wander and do as they pleased to educate themselves. | |
| 508729578 | Silesia In the War of Austrian Succession | this was the only thing that Frederick II got. | |
| 508729579 | Kepler | Came up with the laws of planetary motion. | |
| 508729580 | Battle of Vienna | 1683 - Farthest the Turks ever made it into Europe. Jan Sobieski and his Polish Cavalry save the day. | |
| 508729581 | Emile | Rousseau's book in which he encourage parents to love, nurture, and educate their children (despite the fact he stuck all 5 of his in orphanages). | |
| 508729582 | Rococo | What type of art came after Baroque and is associated with the reign of French king Louis XV. Wealthy people looking wealthy. Lots of pastels. King hates this. | |
| 508729583 | David Hume | The extreme skeptic who believed nothing could ever be known for sure (okay, Kant believed this too). | |
| 508729584 | Joseph II | This was the most "enlightened" of the Enlightened despots. In fact, he was the only Enlightened despot to ease official persecution of Jews. Sadly, he failed to win the support of the nobles, so most of his reforms were undone upon his death. | |
| 508729585 | Tabula Rasa | According to Locke, this is the "Blank Slate" with which we are born and it is filled by our experiences. | |
| 508729586 | 1492 | This is the year that the Reconquista happened, the Inquisition happened, and Columbus sailed for the New World. | |
| 508729587 | Descartes | Scientific revolutionary responsible for deductive reasoning | |
| 508729588 | War of Spanish Succession | (1701-1713) This was the war in which the Hapsburgs lost control of Spain. | |
| 508729589 | Royal Society | Started by Charles II and gave England the edge in the Scientific Revolution. | |
| 508729590 | Deism | Religion of the philosophes that was based on reason, lead to moral behavior and was deduced from empirical evidence | |
| 508729591 | Education | This is the field in which Rousseau was most notable. |
