Terms : Hide Images
| 8006074398 | Response Variable | measure the outcome of a study. | 0 | |
| 8006074399 | Explanatory Variable | may help explain or influence changes in a response variable. | 1 | |
| 8006074400 | scatterplot | shows the relationship between two quantitative variables measured on the same individuals. The values of one variable may appear on the horizontal axis, and the values of the other variable appear on the vertical axis. Each individual in the data appears as a point in the graph. explanatory variable goes on the x-axis |  | 2 |
| 8006074401 | Interpreting scatterplots | 1) the direction 2) the form 3) the strength of the relationship - look for outliers | 3 | |
| 8006074402 | Positive Association | when above average values of one tend to accompany above-average values of the other, and when below-average values also tend to occur together. | 4 | |
| 8006074403 | Negative Association | when above-average values of one tend to accompany below-average values of the other. | 5 | |
| 8006074404 | correlation r | measures the direction and strength of the linear relationship between two quantitate variables. |  | 6 |
| 8006074405 | Facts about correlation | 1. correlation makes no distinction between explanatory and response variable 2. r does't change when we change the units of measurement of x, y, or both. 3. The correlation r itself has no unit of measurement. It is just a number. 4. Correlation does not imply causation. 5. Correlation requires that both variables be quantitative 6. Correlation doesn't describe curved relationships between variables, no matter how strong the relationship is. 7. Like the mean and SD, the correlation is not resistant: r is strongly affected by a few outlying observations. 8. Correlation is not a complete summary of two-variable data. | 7 | |
| 8006074406 | Regression line | is a line that describes how a response variable y changes as an explanatory variable x changes. We often use a regression time to predict the value of y given value of x. | 8 | |
| 8006074407 | Regression line equation | ŷ = a +bx - ŷ is the *predicted value* of the response variable y for a given value of the explanatory variable x. - b is the *slope* - a is the *y-intercept*, the predicted value of y when x=0 | 9 | |
| 8006074408 | Extrapolation | is the use of a regression line for prediction far outside the interval of values of the explanatory variable x used to obtain the line. Often not accurate. | 10 | |
| 8006074409 | Residual | is the difference between an observed value of the response variable and the value predicted by the regression line. residual = observed y - predicted value r = y - ŷ | 11 | |
| 8006074410 | least-squares regression line | of y on x is the line that makes the sum of the squared residuals as small as possible |  | 12 |
| 8006074411 | Residual plot | is a scatterplot of the residuals against the explanatory variable. Help us assess how well a regression line fits the data. | 13 | |
| 8006074412 | Standard deviation of the residuals | the value gives the approximate size of a "typical" or "average" prediction error (residual). |  | 14 |
| 8006074413 | Coefficient of determination r^2 | is the fraction of the variation in the values of y that is accounted for by the least-sqaures regression line of y on x. We can calculate r^2 using the following formula: |  | 15 |
| 8006074414 | Outlier | is an observation that lies outside the overall pattern of the other observations. | 16 | |
| 8006074415 | An observation is influential for a stat calculation.. | if removing it would markedly change the result of the calculation. | 17 | |
| 8006074416 | Association does not imply causation | An association between an explanatory variable x and a response variable y, even if it is very strong, is not by itself good evidence that changes in x actually cause changes in y. | 18 |
