AP Statistics Vocab Cards
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| 730946948 | Statistical Significance | An observed effect too large to attribute plausibly to chance. | 0 | |
| 730946949 | Non-Response Bias | Bias introduced to a sample when a large fraction of those sampled fails to respond. | 1 | |
| 730946950 | P-Value | found by substituting the x-value in the regression equation; they're the values on the fitted line | 2 | |
| 730946951 | Empirical Rule | A statistical rule stating that for a normal distribution, almost all data will fall within three standard deviations of the mean. | 3 | |
| 730946952 | Lurking Variable | a variable that is not explicitly part of a model but affects the way the variables in the model appear to be related | 4 | |
| 730946953 | Null Hypothesis | The null hypothesis attempts to show that no variation exists between variables, or that a single variable is no different than zero. It is presumed to be true until statistical evidence nullifies it for an alternative hypothesis. | 5 | |
| 730946954 | Quota Sample | A sampling method of gathering representative data from a group. As opposed to random sampling, quota sampling requires that representative individuals are chosen out of a specific subgroup. | 6 | |
| 730946955 | Probability | Quantifiable likelihood (chance) of the occurrence of an event expressed as odds, or a fraction of 1. | 7 | |
| 730946956 | Descriptive Statistics | The branch of statistics that includes numerical, graphical, and tabular methods for organizing and summarizing data | 8 | |
| 730946957 | Median | the middle value with half of the data above and half below it | 9 | |
| 730946958 | Stemplot | A table in which data values are divided into either a "leaf" or a "stem." In a stem and leaf plot, the stem values appear on the vertical axis and the leaf values are listed on the horizontal axis. | 10 | |
| 730946959 | Data | systematically recorded information, whether numbers or labels, together with its context | 11 | |
| 730946960 | Margin of Error | Analytical technique that accounts for the number of acceptable errors in an experiment. | 12 | |
| 730946961 | Normal | Normal distribution with mean of zero and variance of one. | 13 | |
| 730946962 | Simple Random Sample (SRS) | this of sample size n is one in which each set of n elements in the population has an equal chance of selection | 14 | |
| 730946963 | Sampling Distributon | A type of distribution that involves the probability distribution of sample statistics based on randomly selected samples. | 15 | |
| 730946964 | Interpolation | Estimation of an unknown quantity between two known quantities (historical data), or drawing conclusions about missing information from the available information. | 16 | |
| 730946965 | Qualitative | involving distinctions based on qualities | 17 | |
| 730946966 | Theoretical Probability | Probability based on comparing the number of possible favorable outcomes to the number of total possible outcomes | 18 | |
| 730946967 | Block Design | the random assignment of units to treatments is carried out separately within each block | 19 | |
| 730946968 | Least Squares Regression Line | the line that makes the sum of the squares of the vertical distances of the data points from the line as small as possible | 20 | |
| 730946969 | Type II Error | An error that occurs when a researcher concludes that the independent variable had no effect on the dependent variable, when in truth it did; a "false negative" (Source: CHH, 2 Ed). | 21 | |
| 730946970 | Histogram | a bar chart representing a frequency distribution | 22 | |
| 730946971 | Undercoverage | A sampling scheme that biases the sample in a way that gives a part of the population less representation than it has in the population | 23 | |
| 730946972 | Joint Frequency | Number of cases with given values on two or more variables. | 24 | |
| 730946973 | Matched Pairs | a technique whereby each participant is identical to one other participant in terms of a third variable | 25 | |
| 730946974 | Conditional Probability | the probability that an event will occur given that one or more other events have occurred | 26 | |
| 730946975 | Mode | the most frequent value of a random variable | 27 | |
| 730946976 | Systematic Sample | A sample drawn by selecting individuals systematically from a sampling frame | 28 | |
| 730946977 | Sample Space | the set of all possible outcomes of a probability experiment | 29 | |
| 730946978 | Confounded Variable | A variable whose effect on the response variable cannot be separated from the effect of the explanatory variable on the response variable. (Note: Usually confounded variables are lurking variables but only a few lurking variables are also confounded.) | 30 | |
| 730946979 | Experimental Probability | Probability based on data from repeating an event (doing an experiment) | 31 | |
| 730946980 | Placebo Effect | experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which is assumed to be an active agent | 32 | |
| 730946981 | Marginal Frequency | A set of intervals, usually adjacent and of equal width, into which the range of a statistical distribution is divided, each associated with a frequency indicating the number of measurements in that interval. | 33 | |
| 730946982 | Parameter | a constant in the equation of a curve that can be varied to yield a family of similar curves | 34 | |
| 730946983 | Voluntary Response Bias | bias introduced to a sample when individuals can choose on their own whether to participate in the sample | 35 | |
| 730946984 | Mean | an average of n numbers computed by adding some function of the numbers and dividing by some function of n | 36 | |
| 730946985 | Alternative Hypothesis | The hypothesis that states there is a difference between two or more sets of data. | 37 | |
| 730946986 | Correlation | a statistical relation between two or more variables such that systematic changes in the value of one variable are accompanied by systematic changes in the other | 38 | |
| 730946987 | Response Bias | anything in the survey design that influences the responses from the sample | 39 | |
| 730946988 | Coefficient of Determination | The statistic or number determined by squaring the correlation coefficient. Represents the amount of variance accounted for by that correlation. | 40 | |
| 730946989 | Random Sample | a sample in which every element in the population has an equal chance of being selected | 41 | |
| 730946990 | Binomial | a quantity expressed as a sum or difference of two terms | 42 | |
| 730946991 | Experiment | the act of conducting a controlled test or investigation | 43 | |
| 730946992 | Law of Large Numbers | (statistics) law stating that a large number of items taken at random from a population will (on the average) have the population statistics | 44 | |
| 730946993 | Outlier | an extreme deviation from the mean | 45 | |
| 730946994 | Extrapolation | an inference about the future (or about some hypothetical situation) based on known facts and observations | 46 | |
| 730946995 | Snowball Sample | Samples in which informants provide contact information about other people who share some of the characteristics necessary for a study | 47 | |
| 730946996 | Independent | not dependent on or conditioned by or relative to anything else | 48 | |
| 730946997 | IQR | Range of the middle 50% of the values; Q3-Q1 = 75th percentile - 25th percentile | 49 | |
| 730946998 | Ogive | a line graph of a cumulative frequency or cumulative relative frequency distribution. | 50 | |
| 730946999 | Confidence Interval | The level of certainty that the true score falls within a specific range. The smaller the range the less the certainty. | 51 | |
| 730947000 | Standard Error | the standard deviation of a sampling distribution | 52 | |
| 730947001 | Observational Study | observes individuals and measures variables of interest but does not attempt to influence the responses | 53 | |
| 730947002 | Residual | relating to or indicating a remainder | 54 | |
| 730947003 | Convenience Sample | a form of nonprobability sample using respondents who are convenient or readily accessible to the researcher—for example, employees, friends, or relatives | 55 | |
| 730947004 | Simulation | representation of something (sometimes on a smaller scale) | 56 | |
| 730947005 | Degrees of Freedom | The number of individual scores that can vary without changing the sample mean. Statistically written as 'N-1' where N represents the number of subjects. | 57 | |
| 730947006 | Dotplot | A one dimensional plot of a quantitative data set where each value in the data set is represented by a dot above its corresponding location on the x axis. | 58 | |
| 730947007 | Two-way Table | A table containing counts for two categorical variables. It has r rows and c columns. | 59 | |
| 730947008 | Geometric | characterized by simple geometric forms in design and decoration | 60 | |
| 730947009 | Inferential Statistics | numerical methods used to determine whether research data support a hypothesis or whether results were due to chance | 61 | |
| 730947010 | Spread | become distributed or widespread | 62 | |
| 730947011 | Discrete Random Variable | a random variable that may assume either a finite number of values or an infinite sequence of values | 63 | |
| 730947012 | Population | (statistics) the entire aggregation of items from which samples can be drawn | 64 | |
| 730947013 | Sample | items selected at random from a population and used to test hypotheses about the population | 65 | |
| 730947014 | Central Limit Theorem | The theory that, as sample size increases, the distribution of sample means of size n, randomly selected, approaches a normal distribution. | 66 | |
| 730947015 | Standard Deviation | a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score | 67 | |
| 730947016 | Cluster Sample | population is split into parts or clusters usually based on geography and then entire clusters are selected randomly and sampled | 68 | |
| 730947017 | Type I Error | Stating that the null hypothesis is false when it is in fact true. | 69 | |
| 730947018 | Standardized Value | value found by subtracting the mean and dividing by the standard deviation | 70 | |
| 730947019 | Boxplot | displays the 5-number summary as a central box with whiskers that extend to the non-outlying data values | 71 | |
| 730947020 | Mutually Exclusive | necessitating a choice between mutually exclusive possibilities | 72 | |
| 730947021 | Scatterplot | a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables | 73 | |
| 730947022 | Stratified Sample | the population is divided into strata and a random sample is taken from each stratum | 74 | |
| 730947023 | Quantitive | Provides data and answers questions about relationships among measured variables. Also called traditional experimental approach. | 75 | |
| 730947024 | Wording Bias | a type of response bias where the question is posed to achieve a desired result | 76 | |
| 730947025 | Causation | A cause and effect relationship in which one variable controls the changes in another variable. | 77 | |
| 730947026 | Statistic | A numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a sample | 78 | |
| 730947027 | Center | an area that is approximately central within some larger region | 79 | |
| 730947028 | Z-Test | The statistical formula to determine the z-score of a particular raw score. | 80 | |
| 730947029 | T-Test | A group of statistics used to determine if a significance difference exists between the means of two sets of data. | 81 | |
| 730947030 | Chi-Squared Goodness of Fit | uses sample data to test hypotheses about the shape or proportions of a population distribution. The test determines how well the obtained sample proportions fit the population proportions specified by the null hypothesis. | 82 |
