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| 9755712771 | 5 number summary | The minumum value, lower quartile, median, upper quartile, and maximum value for a data set. These five values give a summary of the shape of the distribution and are used to make box plots. |  | 0 |
| 9755712772 | z score | a measure of how many standard deviations you are away from the norm (average or mean) | 1 | |
| 9755712773 | standard deviation | A statistical measure of how far away each value is, on average, from the mean. |  | 2 |
| 9755712774 | population | the entire aggregation of items from which samples can be drawn | 3 | |
| 9755712775 | categorical data | Data that can be placed into categories. | 4 | |
| 9755712776 | quantitative data | numerical data | 5 | |
| 9755712777 | bar graph | a type of graph in which the lengths of bars are used to represent and compare data in categories |  | 6 |
| 9755712778 | parameter | something that determines the limits of certain data values |  | 7 |
| 9755712779 | sample | A relatively small proportion of people who are chosen in a survey so as to be representative of the whole. | 8 | |
| 9755712780 | random | Assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups. | 9 | |
| 9755712781 | bias | Any systematic failure of a sampling method to represent its population | 10 | |
| 9755712782 | Undercoverage | When some groups in the population are left out of the process of choosing the sample |  | 11 |
| 9755712783 | nonresponse | bias introduced to a sample when a large fraction of those sampled fails to respond | 12 | |
| 9755712784 | voluntary response bias | Bias introduced to a sample when individuals can choose on their own whether to participate in the sample. |  | 13 |
| 9755712785 | statistic | Application of mathematics to describing and analyzing data |  | 14 |
| 9755712786 | independent | Variable that does not rely on other variables | 15 | |
| 9755712787 | histogram | graphical representation of a frequency distribution using vertical bars but bars touch each other to indicate variables are related | 16 | |
| 9755712788 | box and whisker plot | A display that shows the distribution of values in a data set seperated into four equal-sized groups. constructed from the five number summary of the data. | 17 | |
| 9755712789 | scatterplot |  | 18 | |
| 9755712790 | correlation | A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other. |  | 19 |
| 9755712791 | skewness | The extent to which cases are clustered more at one or the other end of the distribution of a quantitative variable rather than in a symmetric pattern around its center | 20 | |
| 9755712792 | variance | standard deviation squared | 21 | |
| 9755712793 | statistical significance | A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance. When p is less than alpha it is _______ |  | 22 |
| 9755712794 | P-value | A measure of statistical significance. How likely an event is to happen by chance |  | 23 |
| 9755712795 | 68-95-99.7 rule | The rule that gives the approximate % of observations w/in 1 standard deviation, 2 standard deviations and 3 standard deviations of the mean |  | 24 |
| 9755712796 | lurking variable | A variable that has an important effect on the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied | 25 | |
| 9755712797 | null hypothesis | Hypothesis that predicts NO relationship between variables. The aim of research is to reject this hypothesis | 26 | |
| 9755712798 | alternative hypothesis | the hypothesis concluded to be true if the null hypothesis is rejected |  | 27 |
| 9755712799 | quota sample | A sample deliberately constructed to reflect several of the major characteristics of a given population | 28 | |
| 9755712800 | probability | A number with a value from 0 to 1 that describes the likelihood that an event will occur. |  | 29 |
| 9755712801 | descriptive statistics | Mathematical procedures for organizing collections of data, such as determining the mean, the median, the range, the variance, and the correlation coefficient | 30 | |
| 9755712802 | mean | A measure of center in a set of numerical data, computed by adding the values in a list and then dividing by the number of values in the list. | 31 | |
| 9755712803 | median | A measure of center in a set of numerical data. The value appearing at the center of a sorted version of the list | 32 | |
| 9755712804 | mode | Measure of central tendency that finds the data value that occurs most often | 33 | |
| 9755712805 | range | Distance between highest and lowest values in a set of data. | 34 | |
| 9755712806 | data | Facts and statistics collected together for reference or analysis |  | 35 |
| 9755712807 | Q1 | A location measure of the data such that has one fourth or 25% of the data is smaller than it. Found by dividing the ordered data set in half (excluding the middle observation if n is odd) and finding the median of the lower half of the data | 36 | |
| 9755712808 | Q3 | A location to measure when counting data to such as the median where instead of counting 50% it is 75% from the beginning of the sorted data | 37 | |
| 9755712809 | minimum | The smallest value in a data set | 38 | |
| 9755712810 | outlier | A value much greater or much less than the others in a data set. Found by doing IQR*1.5 |  | 39 |
| 9755712811 | margin of error | In statistical research, the range of outcomes we expect for a population, given the data revealed by a sample drawn from that population | 40 | |
| 9755712812 | statistical normal | scoring the middle of the bell-curve; low, moderate, or high scoring |  | 41 |
| 9755712813 | simple random sample | A sample selected in such a way that every element in the population or sampling frame has an equal probability of being selected |  | 42 |
| 9755712814 | sampling distribution | A distribution of statistics obtained by selecting all the possible samples of a specific size from a population | 43 | |
| 9755712815 | stratified random sample | A method of sampling that involves dividing your population into homogeneous subgroups and taking a simple random sample in each subgroup. a sampling design in which the population is divided into several groups, and random samples are then drawn from each stratum |  | 44 |
| 9755712816 | systematic sample | A sample drawn by selecting individuals systematically from a sampling frame | 45 | |
| 9755712817 | cluster sample | Is obtained by selecting all individuals within a randomly selected collection or group of individuals. | 46 | |
| 9755712818 | 10% rule | a sample has to be lass than 10% of the whole population | 47 | |
| 9755712819 | Interpolation | The estimation of an unknown number between known numbers | 48 | |
| 9755712820 | Qualitative | Another word for categorical | 49 | |
| 9755712821 | theoretical probability | What should occur or what we expect to happen in an experiment | 50 | |
| 9755712877 | experimental probability | Probability based on data from repeating an event (doing an experiment) | 51 | |
| 9755712822 | block design | The subjects in an experiment are first divided into groups (called 'blocks') based on some common characteristic (such as gender) that is hypothesised to have an effect on the response. Randomization of treatments then happens within each block (each block is like its own mini-experiment). | 52 | |
| 9755712823 | blinding | The practice of concealing group assignment from study subjects, typically in the context of a randomized controlled trial. | 53 | |
| 9755712824 | double blind | An experiment in which neither the subjects nor the people who work with them know which treatment the subject is receiving | 54 | |
| 9755712825 | placebo | A fake treatment |  | 55 |
| 9755712826 | least squares regression line | the line with the smallest sum of squared residuals |  | 56 |
| 9755712827 | type I error | Reject null when null is true | 57 | |
| 9755712828 | type II error | Not rejecting null when null is false | 58 | |
| 9755712878 | joint frequency | each entry in a two-way table | 59 | |
| 9755712829 | matched pairs | an observational technique that involves matching each participant in the experimental group with a specific participant in the control group in order to eliminate the possibility that a third variable (and not the independent variable) caused changes in the dependent variable | 60 | |
| 9755712830 | conditional probability | probability given that something else has already occurred | 61 | |
| 9755712831 | sample space | Set of all possible outcomes of an experiment |  | 62 |
| 9755712832 | confounded variable | A variable whose effect on the response variable cannot be separated from the effect of the explanatory variable on the response variable | 63 | |
| 9755712833 | marginal frequency | A set of intervals, usually adjacent and of equal width, into which the range of a statistical distribution is divided, each associated with a frequency indicating the number of measurements in that interval. | 64 | |
| 9755712834 | coefficient of determination | The statistic or number determined by squaring the correlation coefficient. | 65 | |
| 9755712836 | unimodal | having one mode | 66 | |
| 9755712837 | bimodal | A type of distribution with two modes | 67 | |
| 9755712838 | experiment | A kind of research in which the researcher controls all the conditions and directly manipulates the conditions, including the independent variable. | 68 | |
| 9755712839 | law of large numbers | law stating that a large number of items taken at random from a population will (on average) have the population statistics | 69 | |
| 9755712840 | extrapolation | calculation of the value of a function outside the range of known values | 70 | |
| 9755712841 | snowball | Huyen wanted to conduct market research to find out why students were unhappy with Marketing 431, probably the finest course ever to be offered by a university. In order to do this she needed to find people who were unhappy with the course. Figuring that these people would talk to each other, she used a sampling technique where she found one person who was unhappy with the course and, after asking her research questions, asked this person for the name of another person who was unhappy with the course. | 71 | |
| 9755712842 | IQR | Difference between upper and lower quartile of a box and whisker plot | 72 | |
| 9755712843 | Confidence interval | Gives an interval of plausible values for a parameter, point estimate +- margin of error | 73 | |
| 9755712844 | Standard Error | the standard deviation of a sampling distribution |  | 74 |
| 9755712879 | Residual | Observed - predicted (y minus y-hat) | 75 | |
| 9755712845 | Convenience sample | Sample consisting of individuals that are easy to contact (the first 50 people to step into the building) leading to bias | 76 | |
| 9755712846 | simulation | A representation of a situation or problem with a similar but simpler model or a more easily manipulated model in order to determine experimental results. | 77 | |
| 9755712847 | degrees of freedom | The number of individual scores that can vary without changing the sample mean. Statistically written as 'N-1' where N represents the number of subjects. | 78 | |
| 9755712848 | two way table | describes two categorical variables with row variable and column variables | 79 | |
| 9755712849 | spread | The visible variation in a sample distribution | 80 | |
| 9755712850 | center | Median or mean | 81 | |
| 9755712880 | shape | describes the data distribution; symmetrical, skewed, gaps, clusters and outliers are often used | 82 | |
| 9755712881 | discrete random variable | a random variable that can take one of a finite number of distinct outcomes | 83 | |
| 9755712882 | central limit theorem | large samples will approximate the normal distribution | 84 | |
| 9755712883 | standardized value | z-score | 85 | |
| 9755712884 | mutually exclusive | Events that cannot occur at the same time. | 86 | |
| 9755712851 | wording bias | Whenever a bias is created in a sample by the way the survey is worded to favor one question | 87 | |
| 9755712885 | causation | A cause and effect relationship in which one variable controls the changes in another variable. | 88 | |
| 9755712886 | z test | hypothesis testing procedure in which there is a single sample and the population variance is known | 89 | |
| 9755712887 | t test | significance test used to compare means | 90 | |
| 9755712852 | chi squared goodness of fit |  | 91 | |
| 9755712853 | frequency table | A chart showing the number of times a specific event happens. |  | 92 |
| 9755712888 | simpsons paradox | when averages are taken across different groups, they can appear to contradict the overall averages. | 93 | |
| 9755712855 | contingency table | A two-variable table with cross-tabulated data. | 94 | |
| 9755712856 | stem and leaf plot |  | 95 | |
| 9755712857 | multimodal | Describes a graph of quantitative data with more than two clear peaks. | 96 | |
| 9755712858 | uniform | A histogram doesn't appear to have any mode and in which all the bars are approximately the same height | 97 | |
| 9755712859 | symmetric | When in a normal distribution both sides are identical |  | 98 |
| 9755712860 | time plot | plots each observation against the time at which it was measured |  | 99 |
| 9755712861 | se | standard deviation of residuals | 100 | |
| 9755712862 | r2 | overall measure of how successful the regression is in linearly relating to y and x | 101 | |
| 9755712863 | influential point | a point when omitted that will give very different results | 102 | |
| 9755712864 | census | When a survey has no sample but instead tests or surveys the entire population | 103 | |
| 9755712890 | multistage sample | sampling schemes that combine several sampling methods | 104 | |
| 9755712865 | pilot | small trial run of a survey to see if questions are clear | 105 | |
| 9755712867 | response bias | anything in a survey design that influences responses | | 106 |
| 9755712868 | observational study | A study that observes characteristics of an existing population. | 107 | |
| 9755712869 | retrospective study | data are collected from the past by going back in time | 108 | |
| 9755712870 | prospective study | an observational study in which subjects are followed to observe future outcomes | 109 | |
| 9755712872 | control group | In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment. | 110 | |
| 9755712875 | trial | A performed experiment based upon the hypothesis you made. |  | 111 |
| 9755712876 | maximum | The greatest value in a data set | 112 | |
| 9820508318 | binomial distribution | the sampling distribution of events that have two equally likely outcomes | 113 | |
| 9820508319 | Geometric Distribution | Two possible outcomes but its cumulative (how many are necessary to get success) | 114 | |
| 9820637488 | explanatory variable | independent variable (x) | 115 | |
| 9820637489 | response variable | dependent variable (y) | 116 |
