Terms : Hide Images
| 14725556216 | continuous variable | a quantitative variable that has an infinite number of possible values that are not countable | 0 | |
| 14725583219 | discrete variable | a quantitative variable that has either a finite number of possible values or a countable number of possible values | 1 | |
| 14725595101 | numeric variable | a variable whose values are numbers - also called quantitative variable | 2 | |
| 14725599842 | categorical variable | a variable that can take on one of a limited, and usually fixed number of possible values, assigning each individual or other unit of observation to a particular group or nominal category on the basis of some qualitative property | 3 | |
| 14757364844 | stemplot | used to display quantitative data, generally from small data sets - numeric data is separated by a vertical line (left = stem & right = leaf) | 4 | |
| 14757371421 | circle graph | a graph of data where the entire circle represents the whole or 100% | 5 | |
| 14757373222 | time series graph | a graph that measures time on the x-axis and the variable or variables in which we are interested on the y-axis | 6 | |
| 14757374348 | frequency | measure of how often a data value occurs | 7 | |
| 14757376297 | dot plot | a graphical device that summarizes data by the number of dots above each data value on the horizontal axis | 8 | |
| 14757377360 | segmented bar chart | displays the conditional distribution of a categorical variable within each category of another variable | 9 | |
| 14757385119 | histogram | used to display large sets of continuous numeric variables - vertical bars are used to divide the data into class intervals or bins - the horizontal axis displays the variable of interest and the vertical axis displays the frequency of each data in the interval | 10 | |
| 14757392281 | ogive | a graph that represents the cumulative frequencies for the classes in a frequency distribution | 11 | |
| 14757393851 | bar chart | used for categorical data - a chart with bars whose lengths are proportional to quantities | 12 | |
| 14811646207 | joint frequency distribution | counts of the events in the body of the table | 13 | |
| 14811663192 | marginal frequency distribution | totals of each row and each column representing a variable (marginal distribution) | 14 | |
| 14811674197 | counts | numbers of items in each category (frequency) | 15 | |
| 14811678656 | table total | totals amounts that all rows (or columns) add up to | 16 | |
| 14811692152 | two-way frequency table | a table that contains the counts (frequency) or data and organizes it by categorical variables | 17 | |
| 14811725703 | conditional frequency distribution | the counts (frequency) of each entry of a specific column or row total | 18 | |
| 14811772388 | two-way relative frequency for whole table | uses relative frequencies instead of counts (frequency) for the whole table - (each count/table total) = the relative frequency | 19 | |
| 14811843599 | relative frequency | percentage or ratio | 20 | |
| 14936225009 | Q3 | 75th percentile | 21 | |
| 14936274591 | maximum | the largest value in a distibution | 22 | |
| 14936276673 | five-number summary | the values that create a boxplot | 23 | |
| 14936281010 | outliers | an observation that is more or less than 1.5(IQR) away from the 1st and 3rd quartile | 24 | |
| 14936291896 | variance | the average of the squares of the deviations of the observations from their mean | 25 | |
| 14936294675 | median | the middle of the data set | 26 | |
| 14936296095 | minimum | smallest value in a distribution | 27 | |
| 14936298119 | IQR | the middle 50% of the distribution | 28 | |
| 14936307562 | standard devation | the square root of the variance | 29 | |
| 15025353919 | symmetric | both sides are the same | 30 | |
| 15025367027 | skewed right | when the tail is to the right | 31 | |
| 15025370206 | variability | the spread - distance values are arranged from each other | 32 | |
| 15025373714 | skewed left | when the tail is to the left | 33 | |
| 15025378886 | resistant | does not change - not affected by outliers | 34 | |
| 15025435628 | SOCS | shape, outliers, center, spread | 35 | |
| 15025498591 | quantitative data | numerical data - histogram | 36 | |
| 15025512391 | qualitative data | descriptive data | 37 | |
| 15025515534 | categorical data | consists of names, labels, or other nonnumerical values - bar chart | 38 | |
| 15079493722 | normal proportions | when you have restated the problem in a standard normal variable of Z | 39 | |
| 15079501804 | standard deviation | the positive square root of the variance | 40 | |
| 15079509144 | A-table | is a table of areas under the standard normal curve | 41 | |
| 15079516895 | density curve | a curve with an area of one, all graphed above the x-axis | 42 | |
| 15079537717 | normal curve | a density curve where the mean is equal to the median | 43 | |
| 15249175034 | mean symbol |  | 44 | |
| 15249211349 | standard deviation symbol |  | 45 | |
| 15249222943 | predicted value symbol |  | 46 | |
| 15249242292 | coefficient of determination symbol |  | 47 | |
| 15249263203 | scatterplot | relationship between to quantitative variable measured on the same subject or individual | 48 | |
| 15249276911 | dependent variable | variable that measures an outcome of a study | 49 | |
| 15249284693 | least squares regression line equation |  | 50 | |
| 15249358993 | z-scale equation |  | 51 | |
| 15249367839 | mean equation |  | 52 | |
| 15249374950 | variance equation |  | 53 | |
| 15249382021 | standard deviation equation |  | 54 | |
| 15249389562 | independent variable | explanatory variable that attempts to explain the observed outcomes | 55 | |
| 15249399414 | LSRL | least squares regression line | 56 | |
| 15249414421 | residual equation |  | 57 | |
| 15249450250 | y-axis/vertical axis | response variable usually graphed on this axis | 58 | |
| 15249456233 | intercept equation |  | 59 | |
| 15249475628 | regression line | straight line that describes how the y responds to the changed in the explanatory variable x | 60 | |
| 15249491718 | x-axis/horizontal axis | explanatory variable usually graphed on this axis | 61 | |
| 15249499291 | slope of least squares regression line equation |  | 62 | |
| 15291910429 | bivariate data | data with two variables or pairs of numerical observations. | 63 | |
| 15292167346 | correlation coefficient | measures the direction and strength of the linear relationship between two quantitative variables - range between -1 and 1 | 64 | |
| 15292173380 | residual | observed value of the response variable (y) vs. value predicted by the regression equation | 65 | |
| 15292180520 | coefficient of determination | percent of variation explained by the least squares regression line | 66 | |
| 15292194556 | correlation | measure the strength and direction between two quantitative variables | 67 | |
| 15292271221 | correlation coefficient equation |  | 68 | |
| 15352274517 | exponential transformation | transforming every coordinate (x,y) in a data set by replacing y with log(y) for each data value | 69 | |
| 15352295769 | transformation | transforming bivariate data refers to replacing either the variable x, y, or both with a simple function of the variable | 70 | |
| 15352301500 | power transformation | transforming every coordinate (x,y) in a data set by replacing x with log(x) and y with log(y) for each data value | 71 | |
| 15530184948 | sample | a subset of the population | 72 | |
| 15530184949 | treatment | something we do in a group in order to observe the affect | 73 | |
| 15530190857 | population | the entire group of individuals | 74 | |
| 15530194374 | experiment | a technique for establishing the causal relationship between variables | 75 | |
| 15530200561 | explainatory variable | independent variable - influences/affects response variable | 76 | |
| 15530208127 | parameter | numerical summary of a population | 77 | |
| 15530210399 | observational studies | researchers carefully and systematically observe and record behavior without interfering with behavior | 78 | |
| 15530216851 | surveys | questionnaires and interviews that ask people directly about their experiences, attitudes, or opinions | 79 | |
| 15530223368 | simulations | experiments where researchers create the situation to be studied | 80 | |
| 15530228023 | randomization | a process of randomly assigning subjects to different treatment groups | 81 | |
| 15530231182 | statistic | a numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a sample | 82 | |
| 15530235113 | census | attempts to contact every individual in the entire population | 83 | |
| 15530239790 | response variable | variable that measures an outcome of a study | 84 | |
| 15625243487 | systematic sample | a sample drawn by selecting individuals systematically from a sampling frame | 85 | |
| 15625244501 | convenience sample | a form of non-probability sample using respondents who are convenient or readily accessible to the researcher - i.e. employees, friends, or relatives | 86 | |
| 15625246019 | simple random sample (SRS) | of size n consists of n individuals from the population chosen in such a way that every set of n individuals has an equal chance to be the sample actually selected | 87 | |
| 15625247426 | cluster sample | obtained by selecting all individuals within a randomly selected collection or group of individuals | 88 | |
| 15625249932 | stratified random sample | a sample from selected subgroups of the target population in which everyone in those subgroups has an equal chance of being included in the research | 89 | |
| 15625252724 | voluntary response | sampling design where individuals can choose on their own whether to participate in the sample | 90 | |
| 15625254661 | non-response | occurs when an individual chosen for the sample can't be contacted or refuses to participate | 91 | |
| 15625255933 | wording of question | the most important influence on the answers given to a sample survey | 92 | |
| 15625256479 | undercoverage | occurs when some groups in the population are left out of the process of choosing the sample | 93 | |
| 15718131242 | experimental units | the smallest collection of individuals to which treatments are applied | 94 | |
| 15718134415 | replicate | to repeat, to copy, or to duplicate | 95 | |
| 15718134416 | factors | the explanatory variables in an experiment | 96 | |
| 15718137192 | table of random digits | a long string of the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 with these properties - each entry in the table is equally likely to be any of the 10 digits 0 through 9 - the entries are independent of each other | 97 | |
| 15718144754 | control group | group that is not exposed to the treatment | 98 | |
| 15718149173 | placebo effect | experimental results caused by expectations alone - any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent | 99 | |
| 15847651678 | matched pairs design | assigning subjects to groups in which pairs of subjects are first matched on some characteristic and then individually assigned randomly to groups | 100 | |
| 15847654627 | double-blind | an observation whose true purpose is hidden from both the observer and the person being observed | 101 | |
| 15847656606 | factor | something that contributes to a result | 102 | |
| 15847656939 | single-blind | experiment in which either the subjects or those who interact with them and measure the response variable, but not both, know which treatment a subject received | 103 | |
| 15847657582 | blocking | grouping of individuals according to some characteristic - the random allocation is carried out separately within each group to remove variability associated with the blocking variable | 104 | |
| 15847659787 | confounding | occurs when two variables are associated in such a way that their effects on a response variable cannot be distinguished from each other | 105 | |
| 15954016734 | simple event | event consisting of only one outcome | 106 | |
| 15954018834 | inclusive events | events that have one or more outcomes in common | 107 | |
| 15954019530 | law of large numbers | principle stating that the larger the number of similar exposure units considered - the more closely the losses reported will equal the underlying probability of loss | 108 | |
| 15954021120 | mutually exclusive | events that cannot occur at the same time | 109 | |
| 15954023119 | tree diagram | diagram used to show the total number of possible outcomes | 110 | |
| 15954025474 | multiplication rule | to determine the probability, we multiply the probability of one event by the probability of another | 111 | |
| 15954026078 | dependent events | the outcome of one event affects the outcome of the second event | 112 | |
| 15954028818 | sample space | the set of all possible outcomes | 113 | |
| 15954029377 | contingency tables | provide a format to display observations that have more than one value associated with them | 114 | |
| 15954030376 | independent events | the outcome of one event does not affect the outcome of the second event | 115 | |
| 15954031853 | addition rule | the probability that any one of two or more mutually exclusive events will occur is calculated by adding their individual probabilities | 116 | |
| 16063497396 | conditional events | two events are conditional if the probability of one event changes depending on the outcome of another event | 117 | |
| 16114864107 | standard deviation of a probability distribution | a number that measures how far the outcomes of a statistical experiment are from the mean of the distribution | 118 | |
| 16114866014 | expected value | the mean of a probability distribution | 119 | |
| 16114868982 | discrete random variable | a random variable that may assume either a finite number of values or an infinite sequence of value | 120 | |
| 16114872268 | continuous random variable | a random variable that may assume any numerical value in an interval or collection of interval | 121 | |
| 16250037505 | mean | average | 122 | |
| 16250042703 | linear transformation | a transformation involving addition, subtraction, multiplication, or division of or by a constant | 123 | |
| 16337989924 | geometric probability | events in calculating geometric probability are also independent, however, the trials stop after the first success occurs | 124 | |
| 16338039259 | binomial probability | a probability of getting one of two outcomes (like heads or tails) - success and failure | 125 | |
| 16474111025 | continuous random variables | can take up any value between two intervals | 126 | |
| 16474116516 | empirical rule | gives the approximate % of observations - 1 standard deviation (68%), 2 standard deviations (95%) and 3 standard deviations (99.7%) of the mean | 127 | |
| 16474120153 | normal distribution | function that represents the distribution of variables as a symmetrical bell-shaped graph | 128 | |
| 16474123109 | z-score | a measure of how many standard deviations you are away from the mean | 129 | |
| 16569821116 | sampling distribution | the distribution of values taken by the statistic in all possible samples of the same size from the same population | 130 | |
| 16569821579 | unbiased estimator | the estimator is equal to the true value of the parameter | 131 | |
| 16569825639 | Sx | the standard deviation | 132 | |
| 16569826128 | standard deviation of the population | σ | 133 | |
| 16569826436 | sampling variability | the value of a statistic varies in repeated random sampling | 134 | |
| 16569826454 | mean of the population | μ | 135 | |
| 16569827088 | x-bar | mean of a sample |  | 136 |
| 16569829522 | p-hat | sample proportion |  | 137 |
| 16569831761 | p | the population proportion of a characteristic of interest | 138 | |
| 16602086041 | CLT | central limit theorem | 139 | |
| 16602089215 | standard deviation of the mean |  | 140 |
