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| 8338130322 | Columbian Exchange | exchanges of plants, animals, diseases, and technology transformed European and Native American ways of life |  | 0 |
| 8338130323 | John Smith | English explorer, soldier and writer; best known for his role in establishing the first permanent English colony in the New World (Jamestown) |  | 1 |
| 8338130324 | Jamestown | first permanent English settlement in North America |  | 2 |
| 8338130325 | Joint-Stock companies | business entity where different stocks can be bought and owned by shareholders | 3 | |
| 8338130326 | Conquistador | leader in the Spanish conquests of America, Mexico, and Peru in the 16th century |  | 4 |
| 8338130327 | Encomienda | dependency relation system that started in Spain during the Roman Empire; the stronger people protected the weakest in exchange for a service |  | 5 |
| 8338130328 | Great Awakening | series of religious revivals in the North American British colonies during the 17th and 18th centuries |  | 6 |
| 8338130329 | Jonathan Edwards | revivalist preacher, philosopher, and Congregationalist Protestant theologian |  | 7 |
| 8338130330 | French and Indian War | War between colonists of Britian and colonists of France & Native Americans during 1754 to 1760. The purpose was to get North American lands for farming crops and securing a place to live well. |  | 8 |
| 8338130331 | Proclamation of 1793 | statement that declared the war had ended following the British victory over France in the French and Indian War | 9 | |
| 8338130332 | King George III | England's longest ruling monarch before Queen Victoria |  | 10 |
| 8338130333 | Sugar Act | British law enacted in 1764 that put a tax on sugar and molasses imported into the colonies; this law effected the manufacture of rum in New England |  | 11 |
| 8338130334 | Samuel Adams | an American statesman and founding father of the United States who opposed British taxation and helped organize the Boston Tea Party |  | 12 |
| 8338130335 | Boston Massacre | In 1770, some colonists threw snowballs at a group of British soldiers and the soldiers fired their guns, killing 5 colonists. |  | 13 |
| 8338130336 | Boston Tea Party | In 1773, a group of colonists protested the tea tax by dressing up as Native American and climbing on British ships in the Boston Harbor. They threw all the tea into the water to show they wouldn't buy tea from England. |  | 14 |
| 8338130337 | Declaration of Independence | Thomas Jefferson wrote a document stating that the 13 colonies wanted to be independent. On July 4, 1776, the Second Continental Congress accepted it. |  | 15 |
| 8338130338 | Saratoga | It was the turning point of the war for independence. After this battle, the American colonists were in an advantageous place. There were heavy British casualties. |  | 16 |
| 8338130339 | Marquis de Lafayette | a French aristocrat and military officer who fought for the United States in the American Revolutionary War |  | 17 |
| 8338130340 | Charles Cornwallis | a British Army officer and colonial administrator (1753-1762) |  | 18 |
| 8338130341 | Yorktown | 1781 battle which led to a decisive victory by a combined force of American Continental Army troops; General George Washington led this defeat against Cornwallis' troops |  | 19 |
| 8338130342 | Treaty of Paris | document that ended the Revolutionary War between Great Britain and the colonies |  | 20 |
| 8338130343 | Articles of Confederation | agreement among the thirteen colonies that served as its first constitution |  | 21 |
| 8338130344 | Bill of Rights | The first 10 amendments to the Constitution that make up the Bill of Rights |  | 22 |
| 8338130375 | Era of Good Feelings | A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts. |  | 23 |
| 8338130376 | Sectionalism | Different parts of the country developing unique and separate cultures (as the North, South and West). This can lead to conflict. |  | 24 |
| 8338130377 | James Monroe | The fifth president of the United States. His administration was marked by the acquisition of Florida (1819); the Missouri Compromise (1820), in which Missouri was declared a slave state; and the profession of the Monroe Doctrine (1823), declaring U.S. opposition to European interference in the Americas. | | 25 |
| 8338130378 | Nationalism | A devotion to the interests and culture of one's nation. | 26 | |
| 8338130379 | tariff | A tax on imported goods | 27 | |
| 8338130380 | Tariff of 1816 | 1st protective tariff; helped protect American industry from competition by raising the prices of British manufactured goods, which were often cheaper and of higher quality than those produced in the U.S. |  | 28 |
| 8338130381 | American System | An economic regime pioneered by Henry Clay which created a high tariff to support internal improvements such as road-building. This approach was intended to allow the United States to grow and prosper by themselves This would eventually help America industrialize and become an economic power. | 29 | |
| 8338130382 | Panic of 1819 | 1st major financial panic since the Constitution was ratified; marked the end of economic expansion and featured deflation (value of US money going down), depression, bank failures, foreclosures on western farms, unemployment, a slump in agriculture and manufacturing, and overcrowded debtor's prisons. Also risky lending practices of the state and local banks led to over speculation on lands in west- the national bank tightened its credit lending policies and eventually forced these state and local banks to foreclose mortgages on farms, which resulted in bankruptcies and prisons full of debtors. |  | 30 |
| 8338130383 | John Marshall | 1755-1835. U.S. Chief Supreme Court Justice. Oversaw over 1000 decisions, including Marbury v Madison and McCulloch v. Maryland. |  | 31 |
| 8338130384 | Marbury v Madison | (1803) Marbury was a midnight appointee of the Adams administration and sued Madison for commission. Chief Justice Marshall said the law that gave the courts the power to rule over this issue was unconstitutional. established judicial review |  | 32 |
| 8338130385 | McCulloch v Maryland | Maryland was trying to tax the national bank and Supreme Court ruled that federal law was stronger than the state law |  | 33 |
| 8338130386 | Gibbons v Ogden | This case involved New York trying to grant a monopoly on waterborne trade between New York and New Jersey. Judge Marshal, of the Supreme Court, sternly reminded the state of New York that the Constitution gives Congress alone the control of interstate commerce. Marshal's decision, in 1824, was a major blow on states' rights. |  | 34 |
| 8338130387 | Implied powers | Powers derived from the "Necessary and Proper" or "Elastic" clause. | 35 | |
| 8338130388 | Missouri Compromise of 1820 | Allowed Missouri to enter the union as a slave state, Maine to enter the union as a free state, prohibited slavery north of latitude 36˚ 30' within the Louisiana Territory | 36 | |
| 8338130389 | Rush-Bagot Treaty | 1817 - This treaty between the U.S. and Great Britain (which controlled Canada) provided for the mutual disarmament of the Great Lakes. This was later expanded into an unarmed Canada/U.S. border. |  | 37 |
| 8338130390 | Adams Onis Treaty | 1819. Settled land dispute between Spain and United States as a result of tensions brought on by weakening Spanish power in the New World. U.S. gained Florida in exchange for $5 million and renounced any claims on Texas and settled boundary between two countries to the Pacific Ocean. |  | 38 |
| 8338130391 | Monroe Doctrine | 1823, 1823 - Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S. It also declared that a New World colony which has gained independence may not be recolonized by Europe. (It was written at a time when many South American nations were gaining independence). Only England, in particular George Canning, supported the Monroe Doctrine. Mostly just a show of nationalism, the doctrine had no major impact until later in the 1800s. |  | 39 |
| 8338130392 | Steamboat | A boat powered by a steam engine that turns a large paddle wheel. |  | 40 |
| 8338130393 | Eli Whitney | An American inventor who developed the cotton gin. Also contributed to the concept of interchangeable parts that were exactly alike and easily assembled or exchanged |  | 41 |
| 8338130394 | Interchangeable parts | 1799-1800 - Eli Whitney developed a manufacturing system which uses standardized parts which are all identical and thus, interchangeable. Before this, each part of a given device had been designed only for that one device; if a single piece of the device broke, it was difficult or impossible to replace. With standardized parts, it was easy to get a replacement part from the manufacturer. Whitney first put used standardized parts to make muskets for the U.S. government. |  | 42 |
| 8338130395 | Industrialization | Development of a system which supports machine production of goods |  | 43 |
| 8338130396 | Specialization | Development of skills in a specific kind of work | 44 | |
| 8338130345 | Thomas Jefferson | Virginian, architect, author, governor, and president. Lived at Monticello. Wrote the Declaration of Independence. Second governor of Virginia. Third president of the United States. Designed the buildings of the University of Virginia. Purchased Louisiana for the US even though the purchase was outside of his belief in strict construction of the Constitution. |  | 45 |
| 8338130346 | Embargo Act of 1807 | This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. It was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and everyone else whose livelihood depended upon international trade. It also hurt the national economy, so it was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act. |  | 46 |
| 8338130347 | War of 1812 | A war (1812-1814) between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France. Caused by impressment of American sailors, British aid to Indians in the west with firearms, War Hawk Congressman wanted to invade Canada, and continued British interference with trade. |  | 47 |
| 8338130348 | Battle of New Orleans | A battle during the War of 1812 where the British army attempted to take New Orleans. Due to the foolish frontal attack, Jackson defeated them, which gave him an enormous popularity boost. |  | 48 |
| 8338130349 | Treaty of Ghent | December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border. The important result of the War of 1812 was that the US maintained its independence from Great Britain. |  | 49 |
| 8338130350 | Lewis and Clark | Sent on an expedition by Jefferson to gather information on the United States' new land and map a route to the Pacific. They kept very careful maps and records of this new land acquired from the Louisiana Purchase. |  | 50 |
| 8338130351 | Sacajawea | The Native American woman who was the personal guide and translator for Lewis and Clark and their expedition in northern Louisiana Territory |  | 51 |
| 8338130352 | Louisiana Purchase | In 1803, the purchase of the Louisiana territory from France. Made by Jefferson, this doubled the size of the US. |  | 52 |
| 8338130353 | James Madison | (1809-1813) and (1813-1817) The War of 1812, the US declares war on Great Britain. In 1814, the British (technically the Canadians) set fire to the Capitol. The Treaty of Ghent ends the war in 1814., The fourth President of the United States (1809-1817). A member of the Continental Congress (1780-1783) and the Constitutional Convention (1787), he strongly supported ratification of the Constitution and was a contributor to The Federalist Papers (1787-1788), which argued the effectiveness of the proposed constitution. Favored strict interpretation of the Constitution. |  | 53 |
| 8338130354 | Napoleon | Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. When Napoleon gave up on western hemisphere territories after the Haitian Revolution, he sold the Louisiana Territory because he needed money in war with England. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile. |  | 54 |
| 8338130355 | Barbary Pirate Wars | The Barbary Wars (or Tripolitan Wars) were two wars between the United States of America and Barbary States in North Africa in the early 19th century. At issue was the pirates' demand of tribute from American merchant vessels in the Mediterranean Sea. American naval power attacked the pirate cities and extracted concessions of fair passage from their rulers. |  | 55 |
