Terms : Hide Images
| 13782899699 | Argument | A statement put forth and supported by evidence | 0 | |
| 13782899700 | Reasoning | the process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence | 1 | |
| 13782899701 | Logic | Reasoning conducted or assessed according to strict principles of validity | 2 | |
| 13782899702 | Toulmin Logic | rounds (data), claim, and warrant of an argument | 3 | |
| 13782899703 | Rogerian Argument | negotiating strategy in which common goals are identified and opposing views are described as objectively as possible in an effort to establish common ground and reach agreement. | 4 | |
| 13782899704 | Deductive reasoning | logical deduction is the process of reasoning from one or more statements (premises) to reach a logically certain conclusion. | 5 | |
| 13782899705 | Syllogism | A form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion. If A is true, and B is true, then C must be true | 6 | |
| 13782899706 | proposition | (logic) a statement that affirms or denies something and is either true or false | 7 | |
| 13782899707 | Premise | an assumption; the basis for a conclusion | 8 | |
| 13782899708 | Major premise | A general statement that is the first element of a syllogism | 9 | |
| 13782899709 | Minor Premise | A statement about a specific case related to the general characteristics of the major premise | 10 | |
| 13782899710 | Conclusion | A summary based on evidence or facts | 11 | |
| 13782899711 | Inductive Reasoning | reasoning from detailed facts to general principles | 12 | |
| 13782899712 | Inductive Leap | the stretch of imagination that draws a reasonable inference from the available information | 13 | |
| 13782899713 | Jumping to a Conclusion | Drawing a conclusion without taking the needed time to reason through the argument. | 14 | |
| 13782899714 | Hypothesis | A proposed answer to a question | 15 | |
| 13782899715 | Claim | An assertion, usually supported by evidence | 16 | |
| 13782899716 | grounds | reasons, rationale, root, basis | 17 | |
| 13782899717 | support/evidence/data | what a rhetorical writer uses to make his or her argument more solid or credible. ex: quotes, statistics | 18 | |
| 13782899718 | warrant | to justify or deserve | 19 | |
| 13782899719 | Inference | A conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning | 20 | |
| 13782899720 | Backing | Support or evidence for a claim in an argument | 21 | |
| 13782899721 | Logical Fallacies | An error in reasoning that renders an argument invalid. | 22 | |
| 13782899722 | Begging the Question | A fallacy in which a claim is based on evidence or support that is in doubt. | 23 | |
| 13782899723 | Argument from analogy | Ignores important dissimilarities between two things being compared | 24 | |
| 13782899724 | Ad hominem | A fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute | 25 | |
| 13782899725 | Hasty generalization | A fallacy in which a faulty conclusion is reached because of inadequate evidence | 26 | |
| 13782899726 | False dilemma | Assuming that only two black and white alternatives exist | 27 | |
| 13782899727 | equivocation | the use of ambiguous language to conceal the truth or to avoid committing oneself; prevarication | 28 | |
| 13782899728 | red herring | something that draws attention away from the main issue | 29 | |
| 13782899729 | Tu quoque | Dismissing someone's argument because he or she is being hypocritical. | 30 | |
| 13782899730 | Appeal to doubtful authority | The treatment of a non-expert as an expert | 31 | |
| 13782899731 | misleading statistics | the use of statistical evidence in order to mislead | 32 | |
| 13782899732 | false cause (post hoc ergo propter hoc) | presumed that a real or perceived relationship between things means that one is the cause of the other. | 33 | |
| 13782899733 | Non sequitur | Something that does not logically follow | 34 | |
| 13782899734 | bandwagon fallacy | error of assuming that a claim is correct just because many people believe it | 35 | |
| 13782899735 | straw man | When a writer argues against a claim that nobody actually holds or is universally considered weak. | 36 | |
| 13782899736 | slippery slope | an idea or course of action which will lead to something unacceptable, wrong, or disastrous. | 37 | |
| 13782899737 | ethos | appeal to a higher authority | 38 | |
| 13782899738 | pathos | appeal to emotion | 39 | |
| 13782899739 | logos | appeal to logic | 40 | |
| 13782899740 | valid | having a sound basis in logic or fact; reasonable or cogent. | 41 | |
| 13782899741 | Sound | if whenever the premises are all true, then conclusion is true | 42 | |
| 13782899742 | Counter argument | an argument or set of reasons put forward to oppose an idea or theory developed in another argument. | 43 | |
| 13782899743 | refutation | a denial of the validity of an opposing argument | 44 | |
| 13782899744 | call to action | writing that urges people to action or promotes change | 45 | |
| 13782899745 | evidence sufficiency | principle that helps accusation or argument based on whether or not there is enough support. | 46 | |
| 13782899746 | Evidence Relevance | principle that helps determining whether or not it is related to the topic being discussed | 47 | |
| 13782899747 | Evidence Quality | Determines whether or not the evidence is SOUND (logical) | 48 | |
| 13782899748 | Evidence Variety | Evaluating whether or not the evidence is coming from enough different types of sources to back the claim | 49 | |
| 13782899749 | Substantiation | prove the truth of or support with proof or evidence | 50 | |
| 13782899750 | Proof | evidence or argument establishing or helping to establish a fact or the truth of a statement. | 51 | |
| 13782899751 | Anecdotes | brief, revealing account of an individual person or an incident. | 52 | |
| 13782899752 | Statistics | collecting, displaying, summarizing, interpreting, and making inferences from data. | 53 | |
| 13782899753 | Ad hominem | an attack on the person, or character of the person rather than his or her arguments | 54 | |
| 13782899754 | Ad populum | A fallacious argument that appeals to the popularity of the claim as a reason to accept it. | 55 | |
| 13782899755 | begging the question | An argument that assumes the premise of the claim is true (a type of circular reasoning) | 56 | |
| 13782899756 | circular reasoning | a fallacious argument that restates the argument or claim rather than proving it. Argument goes in a circle | 57 | |
| 13782899757 | false analogy | This is an argument that's based on a misleading comparison | 58 | |
| 13782899758 | hasty generalization | a conclusion or claim, that is based on insufficient evidence. This happens when the arguer rushes to a conclusion before having enough relevant facts. | 59 | |
| 13782899759 | non-sequitur | this type of fallacy occurs when a conclusion does not follow from its premise | 60 | |
| 13782899760 | Post hoc ergo propter hoc | this logical fallacy occurs when it is assumed that one thing caused another when the two events happen sequentially | 61 | |
| 13782899761 | Red herring | This is a logical fallacy that is a diversion tactic that leads people away from the key or real issues | 62 | |
| 13782899762 | slippery slope | this fallacy occurs when a person argues that an event will inevitably happen without providing any examples that this may happen | 63 | |
| 13782899763 | straw man | this logical fallacy occurs when someone oversimplifies or misrepresents another person's argument in order to make it easier to attack | 64 | |
| 13782899764 | Post Hoc | People who drive get into car accidents, therefore, driving causes car accidents | 65 | |
| 13782899765 | Ad Hominem | You're a coke addict, we shouldn't trust a word you say. | 66 | |
| 13782899766 | Slippery Slope | If you allow the students to redo this test, they are going to want to redo every assignment for the rest of the year. | 67 | |
| 13782899767 | Ad populum | Puppies are the best! Everyone knows that puppies are way cuter than kittens! | 68 | |
| 13782899768 | Circular Reasoning | The left wall is good because it is the left wall. | 69 | |
| 13782899769 | Begging the question | Dad-It's not safe for you to drive at night. kid: Why? Dad: Because it's dangerous | 70 | |
| 13782899770 | False Analogy | Guns are like hammers because they're both tools to kill someone | 71 | |
| 13782899771 | Red herring | When your mom gets your phone bill and you have gone over the limit, you begin talking to her about how hard your math class is and how well you did on a test today. | 72 | |
| 13782899772 | Hasty generalization | After my son had his vaccine, he developed autism. Therefore, the vaccine causes autism. | 73 | |
| 13782899773 | Non-sequitur | I read about a woman who robbed a bank the other day. My neighbor is a woman. I better stay away from her and keep my doors locked 24-7 | 74 | |
| 13782899774 | Juxtaposition | Placement of two things closely together to emphasize comparisons or contrasts |  | 75 |
| 13782899775 | antithesis | the opposition or contrast of ideas; the direct opposite. |  | 76 |
| 13782899776 | parataxis | listing a series clauses with no conjunctions |  | 77 |
| 13782899777 | litotes | A form of understatement that involves making an affirmative point by denying its opposite |  | 78 |
| 13782899778 | parallelism | similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses |  | 79 |
| 13782899779 | polysyndeton | the use, for rhetorical effect, of more conjunctions than is necessary or natural |  | 80 |
| 13782899780 | syllepsis/zeugma | a construction in which one word is used in two different senses |  | 81 |
| 13782899781 | anaphora | the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses |  | 82 |
| 13782899782 | anastrophe | the inversion of the usual order of words or clauses |  | 83 |
| 13782899783 | asyndeton | A construction in which elements are presented in a series without conjunctions |  | 84 |
| 13782899784 | chiasmus | reversal of grammatical structures in successive phrases or clauses |  | 85 |
| 13782899785 | epiphora/epistrophe | The repetition of a word or phrase at the end of several clauses |  | 86 |
| 13782899786 | Loose sentence | A complex sentence in which the main clause comes first and the subordinate clause follows | 87 | |
| 13782899787 | Periodic Sentence | sentence whose main clause is withheld until the end |  | 88 |
| 13782899788 | parallel structure | the repetition of words or phrases that have similar grammatical structures | | 89 |
| 13782899789 | natural order sentence | subject comes before the predicate (Oranges grow in California) | 90 | |
| 13782899790 | inverted order sentence | sentence where predicate comes before subject (In California grow oranges) | 91 | |
| 13782899791 | split order sentence | Divides the predicate into two parts with the subject coming in between (In California oranges grow.) | 92 | |
| 13782899792 | Simple sentence | one independent clause | 93 | |
| 13782899793 | Compound sentence | two or more independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction or a semicolon | 94 | |
| 13782899794 | complex sentence | one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses | 95 | |
| 13782899795 | compound-complex clause | two or more independent clauses and at least one dependent clause | 96 | |
| 13782899796 | Diction | An author's word choice. |  | 97 |
| 13782899797 | Concrete Language | Descriptions of real, physical, observable things. |  | 98 |
| 13782899798 | Abstract Language | Language describing ideas and qualities, things that cannot be touched. |  | 99 |
| 13782899799 | Connotation | The non-literal, associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning. |  | 100 |
| 13782899800 | Denotation | The strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word. |  | 101 |
| 13782899801 | Tone | The author's attitude toward his or her material, the audience, or both. |  | 102 |
| 13782899802 | Ambiguity | The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or work. Ambiguity implies that either meaning could be correct. |  | 103 |
| 13782899803 | Bombast | Inflated language; the use of high-sounding images for a trivial subject. Often trying to make something sound more important than it actually is. |  | 104 |
| 13782899804 | Colloquial | The use of slang and informalities. May include local or regional dialects. |  | 105 |
| 13782899805 | Didactic | Describes a work that teaches a lesson or moral. May have negative connotations when describing literature as overly preachy. |  | 106 |
| 13782899806 | Invective | A violent verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language. |  | 107 |
| 13782899807 | Irony | The contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant; the difference between what appears to be and what is actually true. |  | 108 |
| 13782899808 | Pedantic | Describes words, phrases, or general tone that overly scholarly, academic, or bookish; showoffy. |  | 109 |
| 13782899809 | Sarcasm | Bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something. It may use irony as a device, but not all ironic statements are sarcastic; that is intending to ridicule. |  | 110 |
| 13782899810 | Verisimilitude | The quality of realism in a work that persuades the reader that he/she is getting a version of life as it really is. | 111 |
