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| 6528980081 | Gentrification | A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class owner-occupied area. |  | 0 |
| 6528983054 | MDCs | Countries with higher levels of per capita income, industrialization and modernization. they usually have lower levels of population growth. Includes all of Europe, Canada, the U.S., Australia, Japan, New Zealand and Russia | 1 | |
| 6528992225 | LDCs | Exhibit the lowest indicators of socioeconomic development, with lower Human Development Index ratings. | 2 | |
| 6529735294 | Core-Periphery Model | a model of the spatial structure of development in which underdeveloped countries are defined by their dependence on a developed core region |  | 3 |
| 6529740690 | Von Thunen Model | A model that explains the location of agricultureal activities in a commercial, profit-making economy. A process of spatial competition allocates various farming activities into rings around a central market city, with profit-earning capability the determining force in how far a crop locates from the market |  | 4 |
| 6529746751 | Push Factors | Incentives for potential migrants to leave a place, such as a harsh climate, economic recession, or political turmoil. | 5 | |
| 6529750609 | Pull Factors | Attractions that draw migrants to a certain place, such as a pleasant climate and employment or educational opportunities. | 6 | |
| 6529755652 | Fragmented State | A state that includes several discontinuous pieces of territory. |  | 7 |
| 6529763459 | Subsistence Agriculture | Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer's family | 8 | |
| 6529765899 | Latin American City Model | Griffin-Ford model. Developed by Ernst Griffin and Larry Ford. Blends traditional Latin American culture with the forces of globalization. The CBD is dominant; it is divided into a market sector and a modern high-rise sector. The elite residential sector is on the extension of the CBD in the "spine". The end of the spine of elite residency is the "mall" with high-priced residencies. The further out, less wealthy it gets. The poorest are on the outer edge. |  | 9 |
| 6529769221 | Ethnic Cleansing | Process in which more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region | 10 | |
| 6529852300 | Boundary | invisible line that marks the extent of a state's territory | 11 | |
| 6529854772 | Green Revolution | The development of higher-yield and fast-growing crops through increased technology, pesticides, and fertilizers transferred from the developed to developing world to alleviate the problem of food supply in those regions of the globe. |  | 12 |
| 6529861306 | Elongated State | A state whose territory is long and narrow in shape. |  | 13 |
| 6529864390 | Tertiary Jobs | Providing a service (shop assistant, bus driver, teacher, banker). Increasing as people demand service when they have money. | 14 | |
| 6529868374 | Sector Model | A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, or wedges, radiating out from the central business district (CBD). |  | 15 |
| 6529873242 | Secondary Jobs | jobs in manufacturing, developing countries have more of this | 16 | |
| 6529879640 | Agricultural Revolution | Also known as the Neolithic Revolution, this is the transformation of human (and world) existence caused by the deliberate cultivation of particular plants and the deliberate taming and breeding of particular animals. | 17 | |
| 6529888177 | Epidemiologic Model | Follows the demographic transition model to explore the health concerns that are found within countries at each given stage of development | 18 | |
| 6529896523 | Multiple-Nuclei Model | an ecological model put forth by Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman in the 1945 article "The Nature of Cities." The model describes the layout of a city. It notes that while a city may have started with a central business district, similar industries with common land-use and financial requirements are established near each other. These groupings influence their immediate neighborhood. Hotels and restaurants spring up around airports, for example. The number and kinds of nuclei mark a city's growth. |  | 19 |
| 6529907798 | Primary Jobs | Collecting or mining natural resources from that environment such as farming | 20 | |
| 6529910346 | Perforated State | A state whose territory completely surrounds that of another state. |  | 21 |
| 6529920640 | Slash and Burn | A farming method involving the cutting of trees, then burning them to provide ash-enriched soil for the planting of crops | 22 | |
| 6529920641 | Compact State | A state in which the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly. |  | 23 |
| 6529932731 | Concentric Zone Model | model created by EW Burgess in 1923, which explains that a city grows outward from a central area in a series of rings, like the growth rings on a tree |  | 24 |
| 6529943211 | European Union | An international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members. | 25 | |
| 6529945070 | Brexit | The possible British Exit from the European Union | 26 | |
| 6529948575 | Bid-Rent Curve | Graph showing the predicted decline in cost of land and population density as you move away from the central business district |  | 27 |
| 6529957680 | Sustainable Agriculture | Farming methods that preserve long-term productivity of land and minimize pollution, typically by rotating soil- restoring crops with cash crops and reducing in-puts of fertilizer and pesticides. | 28 | |
| 6529959965 | Unitary State | An internal organization of a state that places most power in the hands of central government officials | 29 | |
| 6529962979 | Bulk-Gaining Industry | An industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the inputs. | 30 | |
| 6529966954 | Bulk-Reducing Industry | An industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs. | 31 | |
| 6529969350 | Sovereign | Ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states. | 32 | |
| 6529971946 | Red Lining | A process by which banks draw lines on a map and refuse to lend money or purchase or improve property within the boundaries. | 33 | |
| 6529974809 | Federal State | A type of government that gives local political units such as states or provinces within a country a measure of power | 34 | |
| 6529980692 | Central Place Theory | A theory formulated b Walter Christaller in the early 1900's that explains the size and distribution of cities in terms of a competitive supply of goods and services to dispersed populations. |  | 35 |
| 6529995257 | United Nations | An international peacekeeping organization to which most nations in the world belong, founded in 1945 to promote world peace, security, and economic development | 36 | |
| 6529999421 | Peripheral Model | A model of North American urban areas consisting of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road. |  | 37 |
| 6530004846 | Prorupted State | A state that exhibits a narrow, elongated land extension leading away from the main territory. |  | 38 |
| 6530015182 | Commercial Agriculture | Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm. | 39 | |
| 6530018242 | Frontiers | a zone separating two states in which neither of the states exercises political control | 40 | |
| 6530029404 | Lingua Franca | A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages. | 41 | |
| 6530033289 | Functional Region | Area organized around a node or focal point. The characteristic chosen to define this kind of region dominates at a central focus or node and diminishes in importance outward. This region is tied to the central point by transportation or communication systems or by economic or functional associations. (nodal region) | 42 | |
| 6530038503 | Contagious Diffusion | The spread of a disease, an innovation, or cultural traits through direct contact with another person or another place. | 43 | |
| 6530041546 | Population Density | A measurement of the number of persons per unit land area. | 44 | |
| 6530044115 | Mandarin | The language spoken by the greatest number of native speakers in the world | 45 | |
| 6530052518 | Meridian | A line of longitude that runs north-south | 46 | |
| 6530060004 | Distance Decay | The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin. | 47 | |
| 6530065699 | Natural Increase Rate | The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate. | 48 | |
| 6530071679 | Asylum | Shelter and protection in one state for refugees from another state. | 49 | |
| 6530076742 | Ecumene | The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement. | 50 | |
| 6530080159 | Toponym | Place names given to certain features on the land such as settlements, terrain features, and streams. | 51 | |
| 6530080160 | GDP | Gross Domestic Product- the total market value of all final goods and services produced annually in an economy | 52 | |
| 6530084934 | Material Culture | tangible, physical items produced and used by members of a specific culture group and reflective of their traditions, lifestyles, and technologies |  | 53 |
| 6530091383 | Ravenstein's Laws of Migration | Laws written in the 1800s to help geographers study migration based on the reasons why people move, the distance they move, and their characteristics | 54 | |
| 6530100642 | Latitude | Lines running east to west on the geographic grid and measured north to south |  | 55 |
| 6530112680 | Folk Culture | Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups. | 56 | |
| 6530116093 | Internal Migration | The movement of individuals within a particular country. | 57 | |
| 6530123699 | Official Language | The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents. | 58 | |
| 6530128138 | Neo-Malthusians | Contemporary believers in Thomas Malthus's original ideas. They call for sustainable population growth to be achieved through birth control teachings and regional attention to birth patterns. | 59 | |
| 6530134066 | Equator | 0 degrees latitude |  | 60 |
| 6530143160 | Perceptual (Vernacular) Region | A region that only exists as a conceptualization or an idea and not as a physically demarcated entity. For example, in the United States, "the South" and "the Mid-Atlantic region" | 61 | |
| 6530149580 | Geographic Information System | An integrated software package for handling, processing, and analyzing geographical data and computer database in which every item of information is tied to a precise geographic location |  | 62 |
| 6530169421 | Counterurbanization | Net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries. | 63 | |
| 6530173245 | Prime Meridian | 0 degrees longitude |  | 64 |
| 6530177978 | Bible | The holy book of Christianity |  | 65 |
| 6530180504 | Judaism | The first major monotheistic religion. It is based on a sense of ethnic identity, and its adherents tend to form tight-knit communities wherever they live. It originated with Abraham and the Hebrew people. Yahweh was responsible for the world and everything within it. They preserved their early history in the Old Testament. | 66 | |
| 6530196594 | Longitude | Lines that run north to south and are measured east to west |  | 67 |
| 6532553460 | International Migration | Permanent movement from one country to another. | 68 | |
| 6532556127 | Hierarchical Diffusion | the spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority or power to other persons or places | 69 | |
| 6532558206 | Stimulus Diffusion | The spread of an underlying principle, even though a specific characteristic is rejected. | 70 | |
| 6532560024 | Crude Birth Rate | The number of live births per year per 1,000 people. | 71 | |
| 6532560025 | Carl Sauer | Geographer from California who pioneered ideas such as cultural landscape (interactions between cultural and physical environment) and the initial forms of seed cultivation |  | 72 |
| 6532562760 | Infant Mortality Rate | The percentage of children who die before their first birthday within a particular area or country. | 73 | |
| 6532562761 | Mercator Projection | The most commonly used map that draws lines in favor of navigation purposes but greatly distorts land mass at the poles |  | 74 |
| 6532575586 | Demographic Transition Model | The process of change in a society's population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher total population. |  | 75 |
| 6532575587 | Industrial Revolution | A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the UK in the mid-1700s | 76 | |
| 6549706233 | Diffusion | The spreading of other people, ideas, and cultures to different parts of the world. | 77 | |
| 6549706234 | Popular Culture | Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics. |  | 78 |
| 6549708131 | Germanic Branch | Part of Indo-European family; clustered in northwestern Europe and North America (includes English) | 79 | |
| 6549708132 | Cartography | science or art of making maps | 80 | |
| 6549708133 | Creole | A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated | 81 | |
| 6549710052 | Indo-European Branch | The largest language family on the language tree | 82 | |
| 6549710053 | Projection | The system used to transfer locations from Earth's surface to a flat map. |  | 83 |
| 6549713171 | Formal Region | an area in which everyone shares in comon one distinctive characteristic such as language, economic activity or climate | 84 | |
| 6549713172 | Islam | A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran. Followers are called Muslims. | 85 | |
| 6549718883 | Crude Death Rate | The number of deaths per year per 1,000 people. | 86 | |
| 6549718884 | Parallel | An east-west line of latitude that marks distance north or south of the equator. | 87 | |
| 6549720605 | Nonmaterial Culture | the oral traditions, songs, and stories of a culture group along with its beliefs and customary behaviors | 88 | |
| 6549720606 | Population Pyramid | A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex. |  | 89 |
| 6549731595 | Global Positioning System | A system that determines the precise position of something on Earth through a series of satellites, tracking stations, and receivers. | 90 | |
| 6549731596 | Scale | The ratio between the size of an area on a map and the actual size of that same area on the earth's surface. | 91 | |
| 6549738280 | 5 Themes of Geography | Location, Place, Human-Environment Interaction, Movement, Region | 92 | |
| 6549741709 | Gravity Model | A model that holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service. | 93 | |
| 6549743837 | Thomas Malthus | Eighteenth-century English intellectual who warned that population growth threatened future generations because, in his view, population growth would always outstrip increases in agricultural production. |  | 94 |
