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| 13171533091 | transcription | process of copying DNA into mRNA |  | 0 |
| 13171533092 | Template Strand | This is the transcribed DNA strand, has directions |  | 1 |
| 13171533093 | 5' to 3' | The direction RNA is built by RNA Polymerase |  | 2 |
| 13171533094 | 3' to 5' | The direction RNA polymerase moves along the template strand of DNA | | 3 |
| 13171533095 | RNA Polymerase | makes mRNA from DNA template | | 4 |
| 13171533096 | Promoter | binding site for polymerase before beginning of gene |  | 5 |
| 13171533097 | Transcription Factors | Proteins that bind to promoter region of DNA and help control transcription. Work with RNA polymerase. |  | 6 |
| 13171533098 | Initiation (Transcription) | RNA polymerase binds to promoter of template strand of DNA |  | 7 |
| 13171533099 | Elongation (Transcription) | RNA polymerase adds complimentary RNA nucleotides in 5' to 3' direction. | | 8 |
| 13171533100 | Termination (Transcription) | Termination sequence cause polymerase to detach from DNA, mRNA is released. | | 9 |
| 13171533101 | Exons | A coding region of a eukaryotic gene. Exons, which are expressed |  | 10 |
| 13171533102 | Introns | Noncoding segments that are removed during RNA processing | | 11 |
| 13171533103 | Spliceosome | This enzyme complex is made of snRNPs, removes introns and pastes exons together |  | 12 |
| 13171533104 | Codon | found on mRNA, 3 nucleotides (3 bases) that code for 1 amino acid |  | 13 |
| 13171533105 | tRNA | transfers amino acids to the growing protein |  | 14 |
| 13171533106 | rRNA | holds mRNA and tRNA together during protein synthesis |  | 15 |
| 13171533114 | The A, P, and E sites. | 3 locations on ribosome |  | 16 |
| 13171533107 | A Site | This site locates the tRNA carrying next amino acid to be added to chain (3rd). Tests for codon/anticodon match. |  | 17 |
| 13171533108 | P Site | This site holds tRNA as it drops off amino acid, building polypeptide chain. | | 18 |
| 13171533109 | E Site | The exit site where the empty tRNA leaves ribosomes. | | 19 |
| 13171533110 | Initiation (Translation) | mRNA, small and large ribosome sub-unit and first tRNA come together |  | 20 |
| 13171533111 | Elongation (Translation) | Polypeptide increases in length as new amino acids keep getting added to protein. |  | 21 |
| 13171533112 | Termination (Translation) | Release factor binds to stop codon on mRNA, polypeptide set free and forms 3D shape, ribosomes dissociate (aren't specific, ribsomes are general) |  | 22 |
| 13171533115 | TATA | promoter region on DNA for transcription to begin | 23 | |
| 13171533117 | AUG | start codon for translation | 24 | |
| 13171533118 | UAA,UAG,UGA | stop codons for translation | 25 | |
| 13171543485 | Two main types of mutations | point mutation & frameshift mutation | 26 | |
| 13171546322 | Point Mutation | change in one base pair of a gene (substitution: replace one base with another) | 27 | |
| 13171550265 | Three types/effects of point mutations | silent, missense, & nonsense | 28 | |
| 13171553894 | Silent Mutation | changes one base, but codes for same amino acid | 29 | |
| 13171556503 | Missense Mutation | change in one base codes for another amino acid (example: sickle cell disease) | 30 | |
| 13171561828 | Nonsense Mutation | change in one base codes for a stop codon (makes nonfunctional protein that is terminated early) | 31 | |
| 13171564361 | Frameshift Mutation | mutation affects all nucleotides/codon groupings farther along DNA/RNA code | 32 | |
| 13171568159 | 2 Types of frameshift mutations | insertion and deletion | 33 | |
| 13171572273 | Insertion | adding extra nucleotides; causes frameshift unless multiple of 3 is added | 34 | |
| 13171575568 | Deletion | removing nucleotides; causes frameshift unless multiple of 3 is removed | 35 |
