Terms : Hide Images
| 61322309 | ecumene | the proportion of earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement. This is important because it tells how much of the land has been built upon and how much land is left for us to build on. | |
| 61322310 | population densities | the frequency with which something occurs in space is density | |
| 61322311 | arithmetic density | the total number of people divided by the total land area. This is what most people think of as density; how many people per area of land. | |
| 61322312 | physiological density | the number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture. This is important because it relates to how much land is being used by how many people. | |
| 61322313 | arable land | land suitable for agriculture | |
| 61322314 | agricultural density | the number of farmers per unit of area of farmland. May mean a country has inefficient agriculture. | |
| 61322315 | carrying capacity | this is the population level that can be supported, given the quantity of food, habitat, water, and other life infrastructure present. This is important because it tells how many people an area will be able to support. (Affects the population and a country's or area's ability to support that population) | |
| 61322316 | sustainability | providing the best outcomes for human and natural environments both in the present and for the future (relates to development that meets today's needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs | |
| 61322317 | distribution | the arrangement of something (a feature) across Earth's surface (space) | |
| 61322318 | density, concentration, pattern | used to describe how things and people are distributed - Population distributions | |
| 61322319 | East Asia | Major Pop. Concentration Distributions: largest concentration; China, Japan, North and South Korea; >1.5 billion people; ribbon-like extensions of dense population (clustered near rivers; majority of people are farmers) | |
| 61322320 | South Asia | Major Pop. Concentration Distributions: second major concentration; India, Pakistan Bangladesh, Sri Lanka (1.5 billion); ribbon (finger)-like extensions of dense population (e.g. Ganges River in India), majority are farmers | |
| 61322321 | Europe | Major Pop. Concentration Distributions: third major concentration; Britain to Russia, including Germany, Poland, Ukraine, Belarus, Netherlands, Belgium, parts of France, northern Italy (700 million); ribbon-like extensions deep into Russia (follow Europe's coal deposits); ribbons are concentrated along numerous cities and towns (due to Industrial Revolution (Germany - 85%, urban UK >90%) | |
| 61322322 | North America | Major Pop. Concentration Distributions: a far fourth; east-central US and southeastern Canada (<200 million); like Europe, much is concentrated in major cities | |
| 61322323 | linear growth | arithmetic growth; increases at a constant amount per time (1,2,3,4...) | |
| 61322324 | exponential growth | geometric growth; doubles each population (2,4,8,16...) | |
| 61322325 | doubling time | the number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase. This is important because it can help project countries' population increase over the years and when its population will double. It is a projection andnot meant to be an accurate predictor of the future | |
| 61322326 | population explosion | a sudden increase or burst in the population in either a certain geographical area or worldwide (occured in late 18th and 19th ceturies because several countries moved on to stage 2 of the DTM. Cantrace factors that lead to these explosions) | |
| 61322327 | population structure (composition or distribution) | (population pyramid) - two back-to-back bar graphs, showing the number of males and females in a particular population i five-year age groups. This is important because you can tell from the age distribution important characteristics of a country, whether high guest worker population, they just had a war or a deadly disease, etc. | |
| 61322328 | population pyramid | population displayed by age and gender on bar graph (age-sex pyramid) | |
| 61322329 | cohort | population of various age categories in a population pyramid. This is important because this can tell what state this country is in whether Stage 3 or 5, in the demographic transition model | |
| 61322330 | baby boom | people born in the US between 1946-1964; this post-war era allowed for better education, employment, peace and prosperity, increasing higher rates of both marriage and fertility | |
| 61322331 | baby bust | period in the Us during the 1960s and 1970s when fertility rates dropped as many female baby boomers sought higher levels of education and jobs, marrying later in life | |
| 61322332 | generation X | people born inthe US between 1965 - 1980; will have the burden of supporting the baby boom cohort as they head into retirement | |
| 61322333 | generation Y | people born between 1980-2001; also referred to as "Echo Boomers" (many are the offspring of Baby Boomers) | |
| 61322334 | demography | geographic study of population | |
| 61322335 | natural increase | births minus deaths in a given population | |
| 61322336 | Crude birth rate (CBR or natality) | number of live births per year per 1,000 people | |
| 61322337 | crude death rate (CDR) | number of deaths per year per 1,000 people | |
| 61322338 | infant mortality rate, life expectancy | the two ways to measure mortality | |
| 61322339 | infant mortality rate | mortality measure that reflects a country's health care system | |
| 61322340 | life expectancy rate | mortality measure that measures the average number of years a baby cna expect to live | |
| 61322341 | rate of natural increase | the percentage by which a population grows in a year (CBR - CDR = NIR, excludes migration) | |
| 61322342 | total fertility rate (TFR) | average number of children born to a woman during her childbearing years (expressed as children per woman); US- below 2.1, Africa - above 4, South America - between 2 and 3, Europe - below 2.1, China and Russia- below 2.1, Middle East - above 4 | |
| 61322343 | Infant Mortality rate (IMR) | the annual number of deaths of infants under one year of age, compared with total live births; it's expressed as teh annual number of deaths among infants per 1,000 births rather than a eprcentage. This is important because it tells how developed a country is (high IMR = LDC, low IMR = MDC) | |
| 61322344 | child mortality rate | annual number of deaths of children under the age of 5, compared with total live births (calculated as number of deaths per 1,000 births) | |
| 61322345 | maternal mortality rate | annual number of deaths of women during childbirth per 1,000 women | |
| 61322346 | dependency ratio | the number of people who are too young or too old to work compared to the number of people in their productive years. This is important because this tells how many people each worker supports. (For example the larger population of descendents, the greater financial burden on those who are working to support those who cannot) | |
| 61322347 | demographic equation | the formula that calculates population change. the formula finds the increase or decrease in a population; the formula is found by doing births minus deaths plus or minus net migration. This is important because it helps to determine which stage in the demographic transition model a country is in. | |
| 61322348 | Demographic Transition model | includes 5 stages of growth. This is important because this is teh way our country and other countries around the world are transformed from a less developed country to a more developed country | |
| 61322349 | domographic momentum | this is teh tendency for growing population to continue growing after a fertility decline because of their young distribution. This is important because once this happens a country moves to a different stage in the DTM | |
| 61322350 | demographic regions | Ex. Cape Verde - Stage 2, Chile - Stage 3, Denmark - Stage 4. This is important because it shows how different parts of the world are in different stages of teh demographic transition. | |
| 61322351 | J-Curve | This is when the projection population show exponential growth; sometimes shape as a j-curve. This is important because if teh population grows exponentially our resource use will go up exponentially and so will our use as well as a greater demand for food, etc. | |
| 61322352 | S-Curve | traces the cyclical movement upwards and downwards in a graph. so named for its shape as the letter 's' (relates to growth and decline in the natural increase) | |
| 61322353 | overpopulation | relationship between the number of people on Earth and the availability of resources (problems result when an area's population exceeds the capacity of the environment to support them at an acceptable standard of living | |
| 61322354 | underpopulation | the opposition to overpopulation, and refers to a sharp drop or decrease in a region's population (problems result if there are not enough people to support the local economic system) | |
| 61322355 | stationary population level (SPL) | when the crude birth rate equals the crude death rate and the natural increase apporaches zero; a.k.a. Zero population growth (often applied to countries in stage for of DTM) | |
| 61322356 | thomas malthus | theorist who believed food production = linear; human reproduction = geometric; despite natural checks (famine, disease), there will always be overpopulation; he brought up the point that we may be outrunning our supplies because of our exponentially growing population | |
| 61322357 | Ester Boserup | theorist who believed human growth stiumaltes agricultural intensification (opposite of Malthus) | |
| 61322358 | Karl Marx | theorist who was anti-capitalist (communist); believed lack of food is due to unequal distribution; human growth is not a problem | |
| 61322359 | Cornucopian | theory that stated earth has an abundance of resources that can never be used up, just need to get them to the people | |
| 61322360 | neo-malthusian | theory that builds upon Malthus' thoughts on overpopulation. takes into counttwo factors that Malthus did not - population growth in LDCs and outstripping of resources other than food | |
| 61322361 | immigration | into a region | |
| 61322362 | emmigration | out of a region | |
| 61322363 | intercontinental | (migration pattern) permanent movement from one country to a different country on the same continent | |
| 61322364 | interregional | (migration pattern) permanent movement from one region of the country to another | |
| 61322365 | rural-urban | (migration pattern) permanent movement from suburbs and rural area to the urban city area | |
| 61322366 | Ernst Ravenstein | studied internal migration in England (1855) | |
| 61322367 | gravity model | (Ravenstein) predicts that the optimal location of a service is directly related to the number of people in the area and inversely related to the distance people must travel to access it. | |
| 61322368 | push factors | incentives for people to leave a place (e.g. harsh climate, economic recession, political turmoil) | |
| 61322369 | pull factors | attractions that draw migrants to a place (pleasant climate, employment, education) | |
| 61322370 | catalysts of migration | many exist such as economic conditions,political circumstances, armed conflict and civil war, environmentla conditions, culture and traditions, technological advances, flow of information (through technology), etc. | |
| 61322371 | friction of distance | based on the notion that distance usually requires some amount of effort, money, and/or energy to overcome. Because of this 'friction', spatial interactions will tend to take place more often over shorter distances; quantity of interaction of interaction will decline with distance | |
| 61322372 | distance decay | the diminishing in importance and eventual disappearnace of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin. Typically, the farther away one group is from another, the less likely the two groups are to interact. (electronic devices such as the internet and email have aided in eliminating barriers to interaction between people who are far away from each other) | |
| 61322373 | step migration | migration to a destination that occurs in stages (e.g. from farm to nearby village and later to town and city) | |
| 61322374 | chain migration | migration event in which individuals follow the migratory path of preceding friends or family to an existing community (initial migration created a 'chain reaction') Ex. Mexico's guest workers set up homes and make money in the US for their family to follow them | |
| 61322375 | intervening opportunity | the presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away | |
| 61322376 | voluntary migration | movement i which people relocate in response to perceived opportunity | |
| 61322377 | forced migration | people removed from their countries and forced to live in other countries because of war, natural disaster, and government (Ex. Atlanta Slave Trade, Jewish Diaspora) | |
| 61322378 | counter migration | migration back to an original area in which peopled had left (e.g. migration increases after natural disasters, yet many eventually return after a time) | |
| 61322379 | cyclic movement | movement that has a closed route and is repeated annually or seasonally (e.g. activity (action) sapce) | |
| 61322380 | activity (action) space | space within which daily activity occurs (ex. commuting, seasonal, nomadism) | |
| 61322381 | periodic movement | movement that involves temporary, recurrent relocation (e.g. military service, migrant workers, college attendance, transhumance) | |
| 61322382 | transhumance | movement of pastoralists and their livestock between highland and lowland pastures | |
| 61322383 | migratory | a change in residence intended to be permanent | |
| 61322384 | refugees | people who leave thier homes because they are forced out (not officially relocated) or enslaved. Most 1) move without tangible property except what they can carry or transport, 2) make their first 'step' on foot, bicycle, wagon, or open boat and 3) move without the official documents that accompany channeled migration (Ex. Nazis forcing JEws into ghettoes) | |
| 61322385 | internal | (refugees) displaced within their own countries | |
| 61322386 | international | (refugees) crossed an international boundary during dislocation; seeking asylum in a different country | |
| 61322387 | population policies | policies typically sponsored by governments | |
| 61322388 | expansive | (population policy) encourage large families and raise the ratre of population growth (e.g. USSR under Stalin, China under Mao Zedong (china now under one-child policy)) | |
| 61322389 | restrictive | (population policy) reduce the rate of natural increase (e.g. India promoted sterilization, now has focused on education, advertising, and family planning) | |
| 61322390 | eugenic | (population policy) favor one racial sector over others (e.g. Japan, US up untilthe civil rights movement (1960s), Nazis are an extreme example) | |
| 61322391 | census tract | areal unit that best approximates a neighborhood in size through small county subdivisions |
