Terms : Hide Images
| 5644157512 | Estates General | A legislative body in pre-revolutionary France made up of representatives of each of the three classes, or estates. It was called into session in 1789 for the first time since 1614. | 0 | |
| 5644216584 | estates | The three legal categories, or orders, of France's inhabitants: the clergy, the nobility, and everyone else. | 1 | |
| 5644245829 | National Assembly | The first French revolutionary legislature, made up primarily of representatives of the third estate and a few from the nobility and clergy, in session from 1789-1791. | 2 | |
| 5644261738 | Great Fear | The fear of noble reprisals against peasant uprisings that seized the French countryside and led to further revolt. | 3 | |
| 5644268212 | Jacobin Club | A political organization in revolutionary France whose members were well-educated radical republicans. | 4 | |
| 5644275614 | second revolution | From 1792-1795, the next phase of the French Revolution, during which the fall of the French monarchy introduced rapid radicalization of politics. | 5 | |
| 5644286986 | Girondists | A moderate group that fought for control of the French National Convention in 1793. | 6 | |
| 5644290145 | the Mountain | Led by Robespierre, the French National Convention's radical faction, which seized legislative power in 1793. | 7 | |
| 5644296774 | sans-culottes | The laboring poor of Paris, so called because the men wore trousers instead of the knee breeches of the aristocracy and middle class; the word came to refer to the militant radicals of the city. | 8 | |
| 5644316509 | Reign of Terror | The period from 1793-1794 during which Robespierre's Committee of Public Safety tried and executed thousands suspected of treason and a new revolutionary culture was imposed. | 9 | |
| 5644325773 | Thermidorian reaction | A reaction to the violence of the Reign of Terror in 1794, resulting in the execution of Robespierre and the loosening of economic controls. | 10 | |
| 5644338294 | Napoleonic Code | French civil code promulgated in 1804 that reasserted the 1789 principles of the equality of all male citizens before the law and the absolute security of wealth and private property, as well as restricting rights accorded to women. | 11 | |
| 5644355383 | Grand Empire | The area over which Napoleon and his allies ruled, encompassing virtually all of Europe except Great Britain and Russia. | 12 | |
| 5644363142 | Continental System | A blockade imposed by Napoleon to halt all trade between continental Europe and Britain, thereby weakening the British economy and military. | 13 | |
| 5644379700 | Industrial Revolution | A term first coined in 1799 to describe the burst of major inventions and economic expansion that began in Britain in the late 18th century. | 14 | |
| 5644400123 | spinning jenny | A simple, inexpensive, hand-powered spinning machine created by James Hargreaves in 1765. | 15 | |
| 5644409056 | water frame | A spinning machine created by Richard Arkwright that had a capacity of several hundred spindles and used waterpower; it therefore required a larger and more specialized mill - a factory. | 16 | |
| 5644428831 | steam engines | A breakthrough invention by Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 that burned coal to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump; the early models were superseded by James Watt's more efficient model, patented in 1769. | 17 | |
| 5644444967 | Rocket | The name given to George Stephenson's effective locomotive that was first tested in 1829 on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway at 24 miles per hour. | 18 | |
| 5644455105 | Crystal Palace | The location of the Great Exhibition in 1851 in London; an architectural masterpiece made entirely of glass and iron. | 19 | |
| 5644462146 | iron law of wages | Theory proposed by English economist David Ricardo suggesting that the pressure of population growth prevents wages from rising above the subsistence level. | 20 | |
| 5644476134 | tariff protection | A government's way of supporting and aiding its own economy by laying high taxes on imported goods from other countries. | 21 | |
| 5644487087 | Factory Acts | English laws passed from 1802-1833 that limited the workday of child laborers and set minimum hygiene and safety requirements. | 22 | |
| 5644498591 | separate spheres | A gender division of labor with the wife at home as mother and homemaker and the husband as wage earner. | 23 | |
| 5644509205 | Mines Act of 1842 | English law prohibiting underground work for all women and girls, as well as for boys under ten. | 24 | |
| 5644518125 | class-consciousness | Awareness of belonging to a distinct social and economic class whose interests might conflict with those of other classes. | 25 | |
| 5644529988 | Luddites | Group of handicraft workers who attacked factories in northern England in 1811 and later, smashing new machines that they believed were putting them out of work. | 26 | |
| 5644542425 | Combination Acts | British laws passed in 1799 that outlawed unions and strikes, favoring capitalism business people over skilled artisans. Bitterly resented and widely disregarded by many craft guilds, the acts were repealed by Parliament in 1824. | 27 | |
| 5644566767 | Congress of Vienna | A meeting of the Quadruple Alliance - Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain - restoration France, and smaller European states to fashion a general peace settlement that began after the defeat of Napoleon's France in 1814. | 28 | |
| 5644594593 | Holy Alliance | An alliance formed by the conservative rulers of Austria, Prussia, and Russia in September 1815 that became a symbol of the repression of liberal and revolutionary movements all over Europe. | 29 | |
| 5644608728 | Karlsbad Decrees | Issued in 1819, these laws were designed to uphold Metternich's conservatism, requiring the German states to root out subversive ideas and squelch any liberal organizations. | 30 | |
| 5644635481 | liberalism | The principal ideas of this movement were equality and liberty. | 31 | |
| 5644642077 | laissez faire | A doctrine of economic liberalism that calls for unrestricted private enterprise and no government influence in the economy. | 32 | |
| 5644648868 | nationalism | The idea that each people had its own genius and specific identity that manifested itself especially in a common language and history, and often led to the desire for an independent political state. | 33 | |
| 5644662666 | socialism | A backlash against the emergence of individualism and the fragmentation of industrial society, and a move toward cooperation and a sense of community. | 34 | |
| 5644672636 | Marxism | An influential political program based on socialist ideas, which called for a working-class revolution to overthrow capitalist society and establish a Communist state. | 35 | |
| 5644683905 | bourgeoisie | The middle-class minority who owned the means to production and, according to Marx, exploited the working-class. | 36 | |
| 5644691370 | proletariat | The industrial working class who, according to Marx, were unfairly exploited by the profit-seeking middle-class. | 37 | |
| 5644703190 | romanticism | An artistic movement at its height from about 1790-1840 that was in part a revolt against classicism and the Enlightenment, characterized by a belief in emotional exuberance, unrestrained imagination, and spontaneity in both art and personal life. | 38 | |
| 5644728015 | Corn Laws | British laws governing the import and export of grain, which were revised in 1815 to prohibit the importation of foreign grain unless the price at home rose to improbable levels, thus benefitting the aristocracy but making food prices high for working people. | 39 | |
| 5644743180 | Battle of Peterloo | The army's violent suppression of a protest that took place in Saint Peter's Fields in Manchester in reaction to the revision of the Corn Laws. | 40 | |
| 5644755652 | Great Famine | The result of four years of potato crop failure in the late 1840s in Ireland, a country that had grown dependent on potatoes as a dietary staple. | 41 | |
| 5644767150 | Greater Germany | A liberal plan for German national unification that included the German-speaking parts of the Austrian Empire, put forth at the national parliament in 1848 but rejected by Austrian rulers. | 42 |
