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| 66740804 | industrial revolution | term for the social and economic changes in agriculture, commerce, and manufacturing resulting from technological innovation and specialization in the late 18th c. Europe. | 0 | |
| 66740805 | cottage industry | industry in which the production of goods and services is based in homes (not factories); specialty goods are often produced in this manner | 1 | |
| 66740806 | specialty goods | goods assembled individually or in small quantities | 2 | |
| 66740807 | brick-and-mortar industry | industry with actual stores in which trade or retail occurs; doesn't solely exist on the internet | 3 | |
| 66740808 | footloose industry | industry in which the cost of transporting both raw materials and finished product is not important for the location of firms (e.g. diamonds or E-commerce) | 4 | |
| 66740809 | E-commerce | web-based economic activities | 5 | |
| 66740810 | primary industrial location | located adjacent to the natural resources (farming, ranching); what von Thunen dealt with | 6 | |
| 66740811 | secondary industrial location | less dependent on resource location; they deal with more variable costs such as energy, transportation, and labor | 7 | |
| 66740812 | ullman's conceptual frame | the proposed theory by edward ullman that trade was an interaction based on three phenomena | 8 | |
| 66740813 | complementarity | (ullman's conceptual frame) when two regions, through trade, can specifically satisfy each other's demands | 9 | |
| 66740814 | intervening opportunity | (ullman's conceptual frame)presence of a nearer opportunity diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away | 10 | |
| 66740815 | transferability | (ullman's conceptual frame) the ease or difficulty in which a good may be transported from one area to another | 11 | |
| 66740816 | Weber's Least cost theory | theory that described the optimal location of a manufacturing firm in relation to the cost of transportation, labor, and advantages through agglomeration | 12 | |
| 66740817 | weight-losing case (bulk reducing) | (Weber's Least cost theory) if the finished product costs less to transport, the firm will be located closer to the raw materials to reduce cost | 13 | |
| 66740818 | weight-gaining case (bulk gaining) | (Weber's Least cost theory) if the finished product costs more to transport, the firm will be located closer to the market to reduce cost | 14 | |
| 66740819 | substitution principle | losses in one area may be offset by savings in another (e.g. higher labor costs could be offset by lower taxes) | 15 | |
| 66740820 | Hotelling's Model | dealt with locational interdependence; the location of industries can't be understood without reference to the location of other industries of like kind; two similar vendors would locate next to each other in the middle of a market area to maximize proft | 16 | |
| 66740821 | Losch's Model | zone of profitability; firms will identify a zone of profitability (not just a point) where income will outpace costs | 17 | |
| 66740822 | factors of industrial location | numerous costs are considered; some costs are transportation, labor, agglomeration, market, energy, terrain, climate, personal preference, the product itself, etc. | 18 | |
| 66740823 | primary industrial regions | represent the strongest (and most original) industrial zones (all in Northern Hemisphere) | 19 | |
| 66740824 | Eastern North America | (primary industrial regions) strongest and most dominatn since WWII | 20 | |
| 66740825 | Western and Central Europe | (primary industrial regions) oldest and highly urbanized | 21 | |
| 66740826 | Russia and Ukraine | (primary industrial regions) massively developed under communism (only primary region abundatn in oil and natural gas) | 22 | |
| 66740827 | Eastern Asia | (primary industrial regions) japan's dominance is being challenged by China (dominant in terms of low cost mass production) and Four Tigers | 23 | |
| 66740828 | Four Tigers | south korea, hong kong, taiwan, singapore | 24 | |
| 66740829 | secondary industrial regions | states and regions that have been intensely developing and urbanizing in recent decades; typically represent more semi-peripheral economies (e.g. Mexico, Brazil, South Africa, Egypt, India, Australia) | 25 | |
| 66740830 | First Round Industrialization | industrialization up to WWII; England, with a comparitive advantage, began industrializing with textiles, created many break-of-bulk locations primarily along port cities (e.g. London, Liverpool); industrialization diffused into Western Europe and into the US; the industrialized nations engage in imperialism | 26 | |
| 66740831 | break-of-bulk locations | locations where goods are transferred from one type of carrier to another | 27 | |
| 66740832 | imperialism | seeking out new regions for resources and markets for their goods | 28 | |
| 66740833 | Mid-twentieth century industrialization | after WWII the Us became the strongest industrialization (NAMB) with the USSr as the other superpower; oil and natural gas rose to become virtually the msot important resources driving the industrialized world Japan rises to a major industrial power (initually due to its cheap power) | 29 | |
| 66740834 | North american manufacturing belt | NAMB | 30 | |
| 66740835 | late twentieth century industrialization and beyond | the four primary industrial zones are still dominant however, secondary industrial regions are making great strides; many developed economies have been expanding into tertiary, quaternary and quinary activities- diverting (outsourcing) more manufacturing to other regions (e.g. China, India, Four Tigers, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam) | 31 | |
| 66740836 | network | a set of interconnected nodes without a center (e.g. financial, transportation, communication, governmental, etc.) with modern info technology; networks enable globalization to occur and create a higher degree of interaction and interdependence than ever before | 32 | |
| 66740837 | mass production (assembly line/ Fordism) | industrial arrangement of machines, equipment, and workers for continuous flow of work pieces in mass production operations, each movement of material is made as simple and short a spossible. important because it allowed for goods to be produced at a rate comparable to the demand for many of those prodcuts, made for more efficient manufacturing industries | 33 | |
| 66740838 | lean production (lean manufacturing/ Toyotism) | production that is centered around creating more value with less work; using modern transportation, efficiency is maximized by obtaining components and parts through just-in-time delivery from varying competing companies around the world (as opposed to keeping large stockpiles in warehouses as in mass production); this is largely a system pioneered by the Toyota Motor Corporation | 34 | |
| 66740839 | Global (New International) Division of labor | phenomenon whereby corporations and others can draw from labor markets around the world; made possible through improvements in communication and transportation systems (resulting in time-space compression) | 35 | |
| 66740840 | outsourcing | turning over production in part or in total to another firm or business outside of the country | 36 | |
| 66740841 | offshoring | specifically refers to moving production overseas (e.g. china) | 37 | |
| 66740842 | measures of development | used to distinguish LDCs from MDCs. they include GDP, literacy rate, life expectancy, caloric intake, etc. | 38 | |
| 66740843 | GDP (gross domestic product) | (measures of development) the total value of goods and services produced in a year in a given country; the value varies greatly between MDCs and LDCs and is one of the best indicators of development | 39 | |
| 66740844 | GNP (gross national product) | (measures of development) similar to GDP except that it includes income that people earn abroad | 40 | |
| 66740845 | GNI PPP (Gross national income with purchasing power parity) | (measures of development) takes into account price differences between countries; usually goods in LDCs are priced lower, so this makes the difference between LDCs and MDCs less | 41 | |
| 66740846 | HDI (human development index) | (measures of development) an aggregate index of development, which takes into account economic, social and demographic factors, using GDP, literacy and education, and life expectancy | 42 | |
| 66740847 | PQL (physical quality of life index) | (measures of development) based on literacy rate, infant mortality rate, and life expectancy at age one | 43 | |
| 66740848 | calorie consumption | (measures of development) as a percentage of daily requirement is an important index of development; people in MDCs generally consume more than 130% of their daily requirements, but most people in LDCs barely get enough to sustain themselves (e.g. Sub-Saharan Africa) | 44 | |
| 66740849 | core-periphery model | describes the pattern of distribution of the MDCs and LDCs. when the earth is viewed from the north pole (azimuthal), the MDCs are clustered near the center of the map (core) while the LDCs are near the edges (periphery) | 45 | |
| 66740850 | World systems Theory (immanuel Wallerstein) | illuminated by a three-tier structure (core, periphery, semi-periphery); refers to perspective that seeks to explain the dynamics of the 'capitalist world economy' as a 'total social system'. important because explains the power hierarchy in which powerful and welathy 'core' societies dominate and exploit weak and poor peripheral societies | 46 | |
| 66740851 | liberal models | assume all countries are capable of developing economically in the same way, and disparities between countries and regions are the result of short-term inefficencies in local or regional markets | 47 | |
| 66740852 | Walter Rostow's Modernization Model (1960s) | stated countries develop through five stages | 48 | |
| 66740853 | Traditional | (Walter Rostow's Modernization Model) Stage 1 | 49 | |
| 66740854 | Preconditions for takeoff | (Walter Rostow's Modernization Model) Stage 2 | 50 | |
| 66740855 | Takeoff | (Walter Rostow's Modernization Model) Stage 3 | 51 | |
| 66740856 | Drive to Maturity | (Walter Rostow's Modernization Model) Stage 4 | 52 | |
| 66740857 | Age of Mass Consumption | (Walter Rostow's Modernization Model) Stage 5 | 53 | |
| 66740858 | structuralist models | economic disparities are the result of historically derived power relations within the global economic system; cannot be changed easily (misleading to assume all areas will go thorugh the same process of development) | 54 | |
| 66752522 | dependancy theory (structuralist) | states that political and economic relationships between countries and regions control and limit the developmental possibilities of less well-off areas (e.g. imperialism caused colonies to be dependent- this helps sustain the prosperity of dominant areas and poverty of other regions); only at later stages of development does teh core have a positive impact on the periphery (grants, loans, specialized economic zones, etc.) | 55 | |
| 66752523 | neocolonialism | the economic control that MDCs are sometimes believed to have over LDCs. Through organizations such as the IMF, the MDCs are able to dictate precisely what LDCs economic policies are, or are able to use their economic subsidies to put LDCs industries out of business | 56 | |
| 66752524 | economic backwaters | regions that fail to gain from national economic development | 57 | |
| 66752525 | tourism | a service industry giant, a means by which countries are seeking to devlelop; 11% of global GNP, 11% of all global jobs; initial investment by the 'host' country is huge (i.e. diverts money that could be used for housing, education); many hotels are owned by MNCs, Not the 'host' country; affects the local economy little | 58 | |
| 66752526 | foreign direct investment | investment in the economies of LDCs by transnational corporations based in MDCs. However, all countries are not recipients of this investment. Brazil, China and Mexico were the LDCs that received the most of the investment | 59 | |
| 66752527 | deindustrialization | process where the companies move industrial jobs to other regions (typically with cheaper labor), leaving the newly deindustrialized region to switch to a service economy and work through a period of high unemployment (e.g. the US 'Rustbelt', northeastern China) | 60 | |
| 66752528 | local currency | there are over 1000 in use in the world today; they establish LETS that allow members of a local community to trade services or goods in a local network separated from the formal economy (e.g. gain popularity during economic downturns- parts of Detroit today) | 61 | |
| 66752529 | Local Exchange Trading Systems | LETS | 62 | |
| 66752530 | backwash effect | when one region's economic gain translates into another region's economic loss | 63 | |
| 66752531 | OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) | born after WWII to coordinate the Marshall Plan; today has 30 member countries which produce >2/3 world's goods and services), with more than 70 developing and transition economies working with tem; sometimes accused of neocolonialism (entrenchment of the colonial order (trade and investment) under a new economic (non-political) guise) | 64 | |
| 66752532 | NGO (non-governmental Organization) | organization not run by state or local governments that generally operate as nonprofits; they have created a web of global devlopment networks in response to top-down (governmental) decision making dominated by the core (e.g. World Bank, WTO (World Trade Org.), IMF (international monetary fund)). The goal of this these is to have peripheral contries partake in participatory devlopment; seen as counterhegemonic | 65 | |
| 66752533 | participatory development | locals should be engaged in deciding what development for them is and how it should be achieved | 66 | |
| 66752534 | counterhegemonic | hegemons are nations that dominate other nations - economically, politically, culturally); this is the opposite | 67 | |
| 66752535 | Special Economic Zone (SEZ) | specific area within a country in which tax and investment incentives are implemented to attract foreign (and domestic) businesses and investment | 68 | |
| 66752536 | export processing zone (EPZ) | (sez) established by main countries in the periphery and semi-periphery where they offer favorable tax, regulatory, and trade arrangements to attract business and investment (labor is cheaper and environmental restrictions are relatively weak) | 69 | |
| 66752537 | maquiladora | (sez) an ePZ in northern Mexico with factories supplying manufactured goods to the US market; primarily foreign-owned factories that assemble imported components (or raw materials) and export finished goods) | 70 | |
| 66752538 | High technology corridor (technopole) | (sez) areas devoted to research, development, and sale of high technology products; the networking and synergistic advantages of concentrating in these areas (with good universities and infrastructure) fascilitate modern technological innovation (e.g. Silicon Valley, Boston( | 71 | |
| 66752539 | venture capital | investments typically made in the early stages of developing companies in the hope of generating a favorable return through the growth or sale of the companies; venture capital investments are generally made as cash in exchange for shares in the invested company | 72 | |
| 66752540 | time-space convergence | refers to the greatly accelerated movement of goods, information, and ideas during the 20th c. made possible through modern technology (and obviously has continued to accelerate into today) | 73 | |
| 66752541 | time-space compression | the social and psychological effects of living in the modern technological world (the world seems smaller, or compressed) | 74 | |
| 66752542 | standard of living | refers to teh quality and quantity of goods and services available to people and the way they are distributed within a population (higher ones are found in MDCs rather than LDCs) | 75 | |
| 66752543 | globalization | expansion of economic, political, and cultural processes to a global scale and impact; these processes transcend state boundaries | 76 | |
| 66752544 | colonization | (globalization) laid the groundwork for today's globalized networks; physical process of a state putting its government in charge of a foreign place to gain control of its people and resources | 77 | |
| 66752545 | commodification | (globalization) process through which something is given monetary value (e.g. bottled water) | 78 | |
| 66752546 | commercialization | (globalization) transformation of an area of a city into an area attractive to residents and toursts alike in terms of economic activity (spaces of consumption) | 79 | |
| 66752547 | homogenization | (globalization) popular culture trends to create a more similar and homogenous cultural landscape; many criticize that globalization has promoted this and has reduced the the distinctiveness of the world in general | 80 | |
| 66752548 | regionalization | (globalization) process by which specific regions acquire characteristics that differentiate them from others within the same country; certain economic activities may dominate in particular regions | 81 | |
| 66752549 | glocalization | (globalization) process by which people in a local pace alter regional, national, and global processes; "think globally, act locally"; can refer to a business strategy for MNCs (multinational corps.) to build local roots | 82 | |
| 66752550 | global-local continuum | (globalization) notion that what happens at the global scale has a direct effect on what happens at the local scale, and vice versa; the result of a modern and globalized world | 83 | |
| 66752551 | vertical integration | ownership by the same firm of a number of ocmpanies that exist along a variety of points on a commodity chain (e.g. Perdue Farms) | 84 | |
| 66752552 | horizontal integration | ownership by the same firm of a number of companies that exist at the same point on a commodity chang (e.g. PepsiCo owns Gatorade, Frito-Lay, Quaker; Yum! owns Taco Bell, KFC, A&w) | 85 | |
| 66752553 | synergy | the cross promotion of vertically integrated goods and services (e.g. Magic Kingdom: frontierland fries- hosted by McDonald's, Mickey's PhilharMagic- presented by Kodak, etc.) | 86 | |
| 66752554 | gatekeepers | people or companies who control access to information (e.g. CNN, Wall Street Journal, Fox News, Al-Jazeera, etc.) | 87 | |
| 66752555 | market economy | capitalist economy based on teh division of labor in which the prices of goods and services are determined in a free enterprise system set by supply and demand | 88 | |
| 66752556 | mixed economy | economic system that incorporates a mixture of private and government ownership or control, or a mixture of capitalism and socialism | 89 | |
| 66752557 | planned economy | communist economic system in which a central government determines the price of goods and services, controls the factors of production and makes all decisions about their use and about the distribution of income (e.g. Soviet Union, today: Cuba and North Korea). | 90 | |
| 66752558 | asylum seeker | refugee seeking shelter and protection in one state from another state | 91 | |
| 66752559 | informal economy | economic activity that is netiehr taxed nor monitored by a government (not included in GNP as the formal economy is); (ex. black market, illegal drug trade, odd jobs or work doen 'under the table', and remittances | 92 | |
| 66752560 | remittances | money migrants send back to family and friends in their home countries | 93 | |
| 66752561 | "The End of Geography" | hypothetical situation in which place and territory are unimportnat because global superhighways of information transcend place (e.g. internet, weblogs, cell phones, etc.) hwoever, people continue to recognize territories and create places. | 94 |
