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| 222137594 | John Calvin | French humanist whose theological writings profoundly influenced religious thoughts of Europeans. Developed Calvinism at Geneva. Wrote Institutes of Christian Religion | |
| 222137595 | Anne Hutchinson | American colonist (born in England) who was banished from Boston for her religious views (1591-1643) | |
| 222137596 | Roger Williams | English clergyman and colonist who was expelled from Massachusetts for criticizing Puritanism | |
| 222137597 | Henry Hudson | Discovered what today is known as the Hudson River. Sailed for the Dutch even though he was originally from England. He was looking for a northwest passage through North America. | |
| 222137598 | William Bradford | A Pilgrim, the second governor of the Plymouth colony, 1621-1657. He developed private land ownership and helped colonists get out of debt. He helped the colony survive droughts, crop failures, and Indian attacks. | |
| 222137599 | Peter Stuyvesant | The governor of the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam, hated by the colonists. They surrendered the colony to the English on Sept. 8, 1664. | |
| 222137600 | William Laud | Archbishop of Canterbury under Charles I in England. He tried to force the Scottish to use the English Book of Common Prayer. He was later executed by Parliament during the English Civil War. | |
| 222137601 | Thomas Hooker | A Puritan minister who led about 100 settlers out of Massachusetts Bay to Connecticut because he believed that the governor and other officials had too much power. He wanted to set up a colony in Connecticut with strict limits on government. | |
| 222137602 | William Penn | Englishman and Quaker who founded the colony of Pennsylvania (1644-1718) | |
| 222137603 | John Winthrop | As governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop (1588-1649) was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world. | |
| 222137604 | King Philip (Metacom) | Leader of the Wompanog who fought with Plymouth; initiated King Philip's War | |
| 222137605 | John Cotton | prominent Mass minister, believed that only the spiritual "elect" should have any authority, to become "elect" they have a conversion experience, caused dissension in colony and would eventually lead to the founding of new colonies | |
| 222137606 | Sir Edmund Andros | Governor of the Dominion of New England from 1686 until 1692, when the colonists rebelled and forced him to return to England | |
| 222137607 | Gustavus Adolphus | king of Sweden whose victories in battle made Sweden a European power | |
| 222137608 | William and Mary | King and Queen of England in 1688. With them, King James' Catholic reign ended. As they were Protestant, the Puritans were pleased because only protestants could be office-holders. | |
| 222137609 | Massasoit | Wampanoag leader who who aided the Pilgrims (1580-1661) | |
| 222137610 | Fernando Gorges | was an early English colonial entrepreneur and founder of the now state of Maine | |
| 222137611 | Myles Standish | Captain on the Mayflower; he later rendered indispensable service as an Indian fighter and negotiator | |
| 222137612 | Martin Luther | a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices. | |
| 222137613 | Michael Wigglesworth | New England clergyman who wrote the popular poem "Day of Doom", which told the horrifying fate of the damned | |
| 222137614 | Squanto | Native American who helped with relation between the natives and the Pilgrims. | |
| 222137615 | Franchise | a business established or operated under an authorization to sell or distribute a company's goods or services in a particular area | |
| 222137616 | Predestination | previous determination as if by destiny or fate | |
| 222137617 | Freemen | colonial period; term used to describe indentured servants who had finished their terms of indenture and could live freely on their own land. | |
| 222137618 | Visible saints | according to Puritans, only these individuals should be admitted to church membership | |
| 222137619 | Conversion | a spiritual enlightenment causing a person to lead a new life | |
| 222137620 | Doctrine of a calling | Puritan belief that they are responsible to do God's work on earth | |
| 222137621 | Covenant | (Bible) an agreement between God and his people in which God makes certain promises and requires certain behavior from them in return | |
| 222137622 | Antinomianism | An interpretation of Puritan beliefs that stressed God's gift of salvation and minimized what an individual could do to gain salvation; identified with Anne Hutchinson. | |
| 222137623 | Sumptuary laws | these regulated the dress of different classes forbidding people from wearing clothes of their social superiors | |
| 222137624 | Salutary neglect | An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies | |
| 222137625 | Passive resistance | peaceful resistance to a government by fasting or refusing to cooperate | |
| 222137626 | City upon a hill | : name for Mass. Bay Colony coined by Winthrop to describe how their colony should serve as a model of excellence for future generations | |
| 222137627 | Protestant reformation | a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches | |
| 222137628 | Pilgrims | Group of English Protestant dissenters who established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620 to seek religious freedom after having lived briefly in the Netherlands. | |
| 222137629 | New England confederation | 1643 - Formed to provide for the defense of the four New England colonies, and also acted as a court in disputes between colonies. | |
| 222137630 | Calvinism | the theological system of John Calvin and his followers emphasizing omnipotence of God and salvation by grace alone | |
| 222137631 | Massachusetts Bay Company | joint-stock company chartered by Charles I in 1629. It was controlled by Non-Separatists who took the charter with them to New England and, in effect, converted it into a written constitution for the colony. | |
| 222137632 | Dominion of New England | 1686-The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). Ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros | |
| 222137633 | Institutes of Christian Religion | This was the work by John Calvin that described to the world the ideology of John Calvin | |
| 222137634 | Navigation laws | Promoted English shipping and control colonial trade; made Americans ship all non-British items to England before going to America | |
| 222137635 | Great migration | movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920 | |
| 222137636 | Glorious Revolution | A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange. | |
| 222137637 | Puritans | Protestant sect in England hoping to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization. | |
| 222137638 | General court | a Puritan representative assembly elected by the freemen; they assisted the governor; this was the early form of Puritan democracy in the 1600's | |
| 222137639 | Dutch West India Company | Trading company chartered by the Dutch government to conduct its merchants' trade in the Americas and Africa. | |
| 222137640 | Separatists | People who wanted to have a separate, or different church. Also known as Pilgrims. | |
| 222137641 | Bible Commonwealth | name for the Massachusetts Bay colony that refers to its tax supported churches and visible saints. | |
| 222137642 | Quakers | a Christian sect founded by George Fox about 1660 | |
| 222137643 | Mayflower | the ship in which the Pilgrim Fathers sailed from England to Massachusetts in 1620 | |
| 222137644 | Protestant ethic | Sociological term used to define the Calvinist belief in hard work to illustrate selection in elite group | |
| 222137645 | Mayflower Compact | This document was drafted in 1620 prior to settlement by the Pilgrims at Plymouth Bay in Massachusetts. It declared that the 41 males who signed it agreed to accept majority rule and participate in a government in the best interest of all members of the colony. This agreement set the precedent for later documents outlining commonwealth rule. | |
| 222137646 | Fundamental Orders | The constitution of the Connecticut River colony drawn up in 1639, it established a government controlled in democratic style by the "substantial" citizens. | |
| 222137647 | French Huguenots | French protestants who came to the New World to escape religious prosecution in France | |
| 222137648 | Scottish Presbyterians | one group of Puritan American settlers who were Calvinists | |
| 222137649 | Church of England | the national church of England (and all other churches in other countries that share its beliefs) | |
| 222137650 | Dutchification | to turn things into Dutch | |
| 222137651 | Plymouth Bay | Place where pilgrims finally settled | |
| 222137652 | Congregational Church | a Protestant denomination holding that each individual congregation should be self-governing | |
| 222137653 | Pequot War | The Bay colonists wanted to claim Connecticut for themselves but it belonged to the Pequot. The colonists burned down their village and 400 were killed. | |
| 222137654 | Dutch Gold Age | The Golden Age (Gouden Eeuw) was a period in Dutch history, roughly spanning the 17th century, in which Dutch trade, science, and art were among the most acclaimed in the world. | |
| 222137655 | New Netherland | a Dutch colony in North America along the Hudson and lower Delaware rivers although the colony centered in New Amsterdam | |
| 222137656 | New Amsterdam | a settlement established by the Dutch near the mouth of Hudson River and the southern end of Manhattan Island | |
| 222137657 | New Sweden | Swedish fur-trading community established with the assistance of the Dutch on the Delaware River in 1638 and absorbed by New Netherland in 1655 | |
| 222137658 | Penn's Woodland | literal translation of "Pennsylvania"; what William Penn named his colony, but in honor of his father, not himself |
