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| 85157556 | Native Americans | The first humans to make a showing in the Americas. | |
| 85157557 | land bridge | The way that the first people may have arrived in the Americas. It connected Siberia and Alaska around 40,000 years ago. | |
| 85157558 | Sioux (Pawnee, Pueblo, Iroquois) | Large North American Native American tribes. | |
| 85157559 | Mayas, Incas, Aztecs | The three Native American cultures that built large cities in Central or South America. | |
| 85157560 | Renaissance | European rebirth of classical learning and outburst of artistic and scientific activity in the late 1400s/early 1500s. | |
| 85157561 | technology | Major changes in this occurred during the Renaissance. | |
| 85157562 | compass | Adopted from the Arabs, who adopted it from the Chinese, this item allowed navigation to become much more precise. | |
| 85157563 | printing press | Invention of this aided the spread of knowledge across Europe. | |
| 85157564 | Spain | Country that funded Columbus' voyages. One of the first two countries to lay claim to lands in the Americas. | |
| 85157565 | The Moors | Driven out of Spain by Isabella and Ferdinand in 1492. | |
| 85157566 | Ferdinand and Isabella | Catholic monarchs of Spain during Columbus' voyages. | |
| 85157567 | Protestant Reformation | Series of revolts against the authority of the Pope in northern Europe. | |
| 85157568 | trade | Major incentive for exploration. | |
| 85157569 | Portugal | Country the the west of Spain; ruled by Henry the Navigator. One of the first two countries to lay claim to lands in the Americas. | |
| 85157570 | Henry the Navigator | Portuguese monarch who sponsored many exploratory voyages. | |
| 85157571 | nation-state | A country in which the majority of people share a common culture and common loyalties toward a central government. | |
| 85157572 | Christopher Columbus | Discovered lands across the Atlantic Ocean (the Americas). | |
| 85157573 | New World | The Americas, as referred to by the Europeans until someone came up with a better name. | |
| 85157574 | Amerigo Vespucci | Explored the east coast of South America; the person that America gets its name from. | |
| 85157575 | papal line of demarcation | Determined which lands the Spanish had a claim to and which lands the Portuguese had a claim to. Draw straight down a map of the world by the Pope. | |
| 85157576 | Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) | Treaty that moved the papal line of demarcation a few degrees to the west. | |
| 85157577 | Pedro Alvares Cabral | His explorations established Portugal's claim to Brazil. | |
| 85157578 | Vasco Nunez de Balboa | Crossed the isthmus of Panama and discovered the Pacific Ocean. | |
| 85157579 | Juan Ponce de Leon | Discovered Florida while searching for the mythical fountain of youth. | |
| 85157580 | Ferdinand Magellan | One of his ships was the first to ever circumnavigate the globe. | |
| 85157581 | Hernan Cortes | Conquered the Aztec Empire. | |
| 85157582 | Francisco Pizarro | Conquered the Inca Empire. | |
| 85157583 | Francisco Vasquez de Coronado | Explored a vast swath of North America from present-day New Mexico to Kansas. | |
| 85157584 | Hernando de Soto | Explored from Florida westward to the Mississippi. | |
| 85157585 | conquistadores | Conquerors of the New World. | |
| 85157586 | asiento system | System that took slaves to the New World to work for the Spanish. Required that a tax be paid to the Spanish ruler for each slave brought over. | |
| 85157587 | John Cabot | Explored the coast of Newfoundland for England. Gave grounds to the earliest English claims to the New World. | |
| 85157588 | Giovanni de Verrazano | Searched for a northwest passage to the Pacific for the French. | |
| 85157589 | Jacques Cartier | Explored the St. Lawrence River for the French. | |
| 85157590 | Samuel de Champlain | Established the first permanent French settlement (Quebec) in the New World. Regarded as the "Father of New France." | |
| 85157591 | Father Jacques Marquette | Explored the upper Mississippi River with Louis Jolliet. | |
| 85157592 | Robert de la Salle | Explored the Mississippi basin, which he named Louisiana. | |
| 85157593 | Henry Hudson | Explored the Hudson River for the Dutch. | |
| 85157594 | joint-stock company | English method of pooling the resources of people of moderate means in order to support potentially profitable trading ventures. | |
| 85157595 | Father Junipero Serra | Founded the mission chain in Alta California. | |
| 85157596 | Virginia Company | Joint-stock company that established the first permanent English colony (Jamestown) in the Americas. | |
| 85157597 | Jamestown | The first permanent English colony in the Americas. | |
| 85157598 | Captain John Smith | Forcefully led the people of Jamestown away from starvation. | |
| 85157599 | John Rolfe | Established Jamestown's tobacco industry. | |
| 85157600 | Pocahontas | John Rolfe's American Indian wife. | |
| 85157601 | royal colony | A colony under the direct control of a monarch. | |
| 85157602 | Puritans | Wanted to "purify" the Anglican Church of Catholic influences. Frequently persecuted in England. | |
| 85157603 | Plymouth colony | Colony established by the Pilgrims. | |
| 85157604 | Separatists | Puritans with ambitions of creating a completely new Christian church outside of the Anglican Church, rather than reforming the Anglican Church. | |
| 85157605 | Pilgrims | Separatists who set sail for America. | |
| 85157606 | Mayflower | The boat that the Pilgrims sailed upon. | |
| 85157607 | Mayflower Compact | Document that pledged the Pilgrims to make decisions by the will of the majority. | |
| 85157608 | Massachusetts Bay Colony | Colony founded by non-Separatist Puritans. | |
| 85157609 | John Winthrop | Led about a thousand Puritans to found Boston and several other towns. | |
| 85157610 | Great Migration | When some 15,000 settlers ran to the Massachusetts Bay Colony to escape the English Civil War. | |
| 85157611 | Virginia House of Burgesses | The first representative assembly in America. | |
| 85157612 | corporate colonies | Colonies operated by joint-stock companies. | |
| 85157613 | royal colonies | Colonies under the direct rule of a monarch. | |
| 85157614 | proprietary colonies | Colonies under the authority of individuals granted charters of ownership by the king. | |
| 85157615 | Chesapeake colonies | Colonial Virginia and Maryland. | |
| 85157616 | George Calvert (Lord Baltimore) | Was given control over Maryland by the English king. Was Catholic. | |
| 85157617 | Cecil Calvert ( Lord Baltimore) | The son of the first Lord Baltimore. Attempted to further his dead father's plans. | |
| 85157618 | Act of Toleration (1649) | The first colonial statute granting religious freedom to all Christians. Called for the death of anyone who denied the divinity of Jesus. | |
| 85157619 | Virginia | The first of England's colonies. | |
| 85157620 | Sir William Berkeley | Royal governor of Virginia from 1641-1652 and 1660-1677. | |
| 85157621 | indentured servant | Someone who came to America by agreeing to work for nothing but room and board for four to seven years. | |
| 85157622 | headright system | System under which Virginia offered 50 acres of land to anyone who paid for an immigrant's passage to America. | |
| 85157623 | slavery | Practice that started in the mid-1600s in Virginia. | |
| 85157624 | Roger Williams | A Puritan, exiled from the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Founded Providence. | |
| 85157625 | Bacon's Rebellion | Poor gentleman farmer who rebelled against Berkeley's government. Led an army of poor white man-virgins from the hills. Died of dysentery. | |
| 85157626 | Providence | Colony founded by Roger Williams. | |
| 85157627 | Anne Hutchinson | Dissident who was banished from Massachusetts Bay Colony. Founded Portsmouth. | |
| 85157628 | antinomianism | The idea that faith alone (not good deeds) is necessary for salvation. | |
| 85157629 | Rhode Island | Created through the joining of Providence and Portsmouth. Offered religious freedom for all. | |
| 85157630 | Thomas Hooker | Led a large group of disgruntled Boston Puritans into the Connecticut River Valley to found Hartford. | |
| 85157631 | Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639) | The first written constitution in American history. | |
| 85157632 | John Davenport | Founded New Haven. | |
| 85157633 | Connecticut | Colony formed by the joining of New Haven and Hartford. | |
| 85157634 | New Hampshire | Last colony to be founded in New England. | |
| 85157635 | halfway covenant | Allowed zeal-lacking second-generation Puritans to take part in church activities without making a formal declaration of their total belief in Christ. | |
| 85157636 | New England Confederation | Military alliance between the New England colonies. Created because of frequent attacks by Indians, the Dutch, and the French, and because England was in the throes of a civil war and wasn't going to send aid. Lasted until 1684. | |
| 85157637 | Wampanoags | Indian tribe led by Metacom (aka King Philip). | |
| 85157638 | Metacom, aka King Philip | Chief of the Wampanoags. | |
| 85157639 | King Philip's War | Vicious Indian vs. New England Confederation conflict. Thousands dead, Indian resistance in New England virtually gone by the end of it. | |
| 85157640 | Restoration colonies | Colonies founded during the period of English history known as the Restoration. | |
| 85157641 | the Carolinas | Granted to eight nobles by Charles II as a reward for helping him gain the English throne. | |
| 85157642 | rice plantations | Plantations commonly found in mid-18th-century South Carolina. Worked by African slaves. | |
| 85157643 | tobacco farms | Frequently found in North Carolina. A lack of good transportation prevented these from growing into large plantations. | |
| 85157644 | New York | Taken from the Dutch (who called it New Amsterdam) by the Duke of York. | |
| 85157645 | New Jersey | Divided from New York by King James in 1664. The piece of land between the Hudson River and Delaware Bay. | |
| 85157646 | Peter Stuyvesant | Last Dutch governor of New Amsterdam. | |
| 85157647 | Pennsylvania | "Paid" to William Penn by the crown in 1681 to repay a large debt owed him. | |
| 85157648 | Quakers | Pacifist Christians with highly radical beliefs. | |
| 85157649 | William Penn | Young convert to the Quaker faith. Founded Pennsylvania. | |
| 85157650 | holy experiment | William Penn's plan to make Pennsylvania a place where persecuted peoples and liberal ideas could thrive. | |
| 85157651 | Frame of Government (1682-1683) | Guaranteed Pennsylvanians a representative assembly elected by landowners. | |
| 85157652 | Charter of Liberties (1701) | Guaranteed Pennsylvanians freedom of worship and unrestricted immigration. | |
| 85157653 | Delaware | Created when William Penn granted the three lower counties of Pennsylvania their own assembly. | |
| 85157654 | Georgia | The last colony to be chartered. Was created to provide a buffer against Spanish Florida and to serve as a penal colony. | |
| 85157655 | James Oglethorpe | First governor of Georgia. Led the founding of Savannah. | |
| 85157656 | mercantilism | Economic policy that looked upon trade, colonies, and the accumulation of wealth as the basis for a country's military and political strength. | |
| 85157657 | Navigation Acts | English-implemented laws stating that 1.Trade to and from the colonies could only be carried by English or colonial crews on English or colonial ships. 2.All goods imported into the colonies, except for some perishables, could pass only through ports in England. 3.Specific (or "enumerated") goods from the colonies could only be exported to England. | |
| 85157658 | Dominion of New England | The result of King James' combining of various New England colonies into a single unit. | |
| 85157659 | Sir Edmund Andros | Governor of the Dominion of New England. | |
| 85157660 | Glorious Revolution | Succeeded in deposing James and replacing him with William and Mary. | |
| 85157661 | triangular trade | Trade between the British colonies, West Africa, and the West Indies. | |
| 85157662 | slave trade | Increased massively as the colonies shifted towards more labor-intensive crops and grew in size. | |
| 85157663 | Middle Passage | The route African-bearing ships took to get to the West Indies from West Africa. | |
| 87746941 | Salem Witchcraft Trials (1692) | Almost 20 hanged by accused of practicing witchcraft in Salem, Massachusetts. Ended by the governor when his wife was accused of witchcraft. | |
| 87746942 | primogeniture | A practice created in England where the first born son receives all land from father. | |
| 87746943 | Puritan Church Members | These free white men were allowed to vote in the Massachusetts Bay Colony for representative positions yearly for the colony's governor, his assistants, and a representative assembly. |
