Industry Comes of Age
America Moves to the City
The Great West and the Agricultural Revolution
from American Pageant version 12
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| 296017081 | Leland Stanford | One of the "Big Four" tycoons who became president of the Central Pacific Railroad and later went on to become governor of California where he founded Stanford University. | |
| 296017082 | Collis Huntington | One of the Big Four with Leland Stanford, he was involved in both railroads and shipping. He founded Newport News Shipping, the largest privately owned shipyard in the United States. | |
| 296017083 | James Hill | He was a successful railroad builder, and was considered as the best. In the 1890's he created the Great Northern, which ran from Deluth to Seattle. He knew that the success of the railroad would depend on the prosperity of those who used it. His enterprise was so financially secure, that when financial storms came his enterprise was not fazed. | |
| 296017084 | Cornelius Vanderbilt | a railroad owner who built a railway connecting Chicago and New York called the New York Central Railroad. He popularized the use of steel rails in his railroad, which made railroads safer and more economical. | |
| 296017085 | Alexander Graham Bell | He was an American inventor who was responsible for developing the telephone. This greatly improved communications in the country. | |
| 296017086 | Thomas Edison | This scientist received more than 1,300 patents for a range of items including the automatic telegraph machine, the phonograph, improvements to the light bulb, a modernized telephone and motion picture equipment. | |
| 296017087 | Andrew Carnegie | A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry. Eventually bought out by JP Morgan, and the industry was renamed U.S. Steel. | |
| 296017088 | John D. Rockefeller | an American industrialist and philanthropist. Revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy. In 1870, founded the Standard Oil Company and ran it until he retired in the late 1890s. He kept his stock and as gasoline grew in importance, his wealth soared and he became the world's richest man and first U.S. dollar billionaire, and is often regarded as the richest person in history | |
| 296017089 | J.P. Morgan | The bankers' banker; Business man -refinanced railroads during depression of 1893 - built intersystem alliance by buying stock in competeing railroads - marketed US governemnt securities on large scale; bought out Carnegie's steel industry | |
| 296017090 | Terence Powderly | In 1879, president of the Knight of Labor. He worked to strenghten the union by opening membership to immigrants, blacks, women and unskilled workers. He wanted to make the world a better place for both workers and employers. He did not believe in strikes. He relied on rallies and meetings. | |
| 296017091 | Samuel Gompers | led the AFL (American Federation of Labor), a SKILLED craft union, fought for wages and working conditions, they went on strike, boycotted and used collective bargaining | |
| 296017092 | land grant | land designated by the federal government for building schools, roads, or railroads | |
| 296017093 | stock watering | originally referring to cattle, term for the practice of railroad promoters of the 1800s exaggerationg the profitability of stocks in excess of its actual value | |
| 296017094 | pool | an economic agreement between CEOs to divide business in a given area and share the profits. This was ineffective due to personal greed, but it led the way to Trusts. | |
| 296017095 | rebate | a return of part of the original payment for some service or merchandise; partial refund. | |
| 296017096 | vertical integration | practice in which a single manufacturer controls all of the steps used to change raw materials into finished products | |
| 296017097 | horizontal integration | Type of monopoly where a company buys out all of its competition. Ex. Rockefeller | |
| 296017098 | trust | term generally used to describe any large scale business operation inspired by horizontal integration; other companies would assign their stocks to the board of trust who would manage them. This made the head of the board, or the corporate leader wealthy, and at the same time killed off competitors not in the trust. Used and developed by Rockefeller to make him extremely wealthy. It was also used in creating monopolies. | |
| 296017099 | interlocking directorate | A situation in which the same people serve on the boards of directors of several companies or corporations. This ensured harmony among future rivals. | |
| 296017100 | capital goods | buildings, machinery, tools, and other goods that provide productive services over a period of time. | |
| 296017101 | plutocracy | a political system governed by the wealthy people | |
| 296017102 | injunction | a court order that forces or limits the performance of some act by a private individual or by a public official | |
| 296017103 | Union Pacific | the railroad company that began building of the transcontinental railroad from its eastern starting point in Omaha, Nebraska...it eventually connected with the Central Pacific | |
| 296017104 | Central Pacific | the railroad company based on the West Coast that helped build the transcontinental railroad; starting point was Sacramento, California...it eventually connected with the Union Pacific | |
| 296017105 | Grange | an association formed by farmers in the last 1800s to make life better for farmers by sharing information about crops, prices, and supplies | |
| 296017106 | Wabash Case | 1886 supreme court case that decreed that individual states had no power to regulate interstate commerce. The result of the case was denial of state power to regulate interstate rates for railroads, and the decision led to creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission | |
| 296017107 | Bessemer process | A way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities. | |
| 296017108 | US Steel | Carnegie sold his company in 1900 for over 400 million to a new steel combination headed by JP Morgan. The new corporations, United States Steel, was the first billion dollar company and also the largest enterprise in the world, employing 168,000 people and controlling over 3/5th of the nations steel business | |
| 296017109 | gospel of wealth | This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy. | |
| 296017110 | William Graham Sumner | He was an advocate of Social Darwinism claiming that the rich were a result of natural selection and benefits society. He, like many others promoted the belief of Social Darwinism which justified the rich being rich, and poor being poor. | |
| 296017111 | New South | The term has been used with different applications in mind. The original use of the term "New South" was an attempt to describe the rise of a South after the Civil War which would no longer be dependent on now-outlawed slave labor or predominantly upon the raising of cotton, but rather a South which was also industrialized and part of a modern national economy | |
| 303772250 | yellow dog contract | an agreement some companies forced workers to take that forbade them from joining a union. This was a method used to limit the power of unions, thus hampering their development. | |
| 303772251 | National Labor Union | 1866 - established by William Sylvis - wanted 8hr work days, banking reform, and an end to conviction labor - attempt to unite all laborers | |
| 303772252 | Haymarket riot | 100,000 workers rioted in Chicago. After the police fired into the crowd, the workers met and rallied in Haymarket Square to protest police brutality. A bomb exploded, killing or injuring many of the police. The Chicago workers and the man who set the bomb were immigrants, so the incident promoted anti-immigrant feelings. | |
| 303772253 | AFL | American Federation of Labor. A union of skilled workers from one or more trades which focused on collective bargaining (negotiation between labor and management) to reach written agreements on wages hours and working conditions. The AFL used strikes as a major tactic to win higher wages and shorter work weeks. | |
| 303772254 | Jane Addams | Prominent social reformer who was responsible for creating the Hull House. She helped other women join the fight for reform, as well as influencing the creation of other settlement houses., the founder of Hull House, which provided English lessons for immigrants, daycares, and child care classes | |
| 303772255 | Florence Kelley | reformer who worked to prohibit child labor and to improve conditions for female workers | |
| 303772256 | Mary Baker Eddy | She founded the Church of Christ(Christian Science) in 1879. Preached that the true practice of Christianity heals sickness. (No need for a doctor, if have enough faith can heal self). Wrote a widely purchased book, "Science and Health with a key to the Scriptures". | |
| 303772257 | Charles Darwin | English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882); "On the Origin of Species" | |
| 303772258 | Booker T. Washington | African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality; was head of the Tuskegee Institute in 1881. His book "Up from Slavery." | |
| 303772259 | WEB DuBois | 1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard, encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination, helped create NAACP in 1910;brake the color line...demanded equal rights | |
| 303772260 | William James | founder of functionalism; studied how humans use perception to function in our environment; wrote first psychology textbook - The Principles of Psychology | |
| 303772261 | Henry George | He wrote Progress and Poverty in 1879, which made him famous as an opponent of the evils of modern capitalism. | |
| 303772262 | Horatio Alger | United States author of inspirational adventure stories for boys; virtue and hard work overcome poverty (1832-1899); , Popular novelist during the Industrial Revolution who wrote "rags to riches" books praising the values of hard work | |
| 303772263 | Mark Twain | a.k.a. Samuel Clemmens;, United States writer and humorist best known for his novels about Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn (1835-1910) | |
| 303772264 | Charlotte Perkins Gilman | A major feminist prophet during the late 19th and early 20th century. She published "Women and Economics" which called on women to abandon their dependent status and contribute more to the community through the economy. She created centralized nurseries and kitchens to help get women into the work force., The Yellow Wallpaper | |
| 303772265 | Carrie Chapman Catt | Spoke powerfully in favor of suffrage, worked as a school principal and a reporter ., became head of the National American Woman Suffrage, an inspiried speaker and abrilliant organizer. Devised a detailed battle plan for fighting the war of suffrage. | |
| 303772266 | settlement house | a house where immigrants came to live upon entering the U.S. At these places, instruction was given in English and how to get a job, among other things. The first one was the Hull House, which was opened by Jane Addams in Chicago in 1889. These centers were usually run by educated middle class women. The houses became centers for reform in the women's and labor movements. | |
| 303772267 | nativism | a policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones | |
| 303772268 | yellow journalism | sensationalist journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers | |
| 303772269 | New Immigration | The second major wave of immigration to the U.S.; betwen 1865-1910, 25 million new immigrants arrived. Unlike earlier immigration, which had come primarily from Western and Northern Europe, the New Immigrants came mostly from Southern and Eastern Europe, fleeing persecution and poverty. Language barriers and cultural differences produced mistrust by Americans. | |
| 303772270 | social gospel | Movement led by Washington Gladden - taught religion and human dignity would help the middle class over come problems of industrialization | |
| 303772271 | Hull House | Settlement home designed as a welfare agency for needy families. It provided social and educational opportunities for working class people in the neighborhood as well as improving some of the conditions caused by poverty. | |
| 303772272 | American Protective Association | an American anti-Catholic and anti-immigration society (similar to the Know Nothings) that was founded on March 13, 1887 by nativists like Attorney Henry F. Bowers in Clinton, Iowa | |
| 303772273 | Modernist | Movement of poetry that gained momentum in the 1890's. These people thought that poetry didn't need complicated schemes or language. They wanted to use the best of all past cultures in their poetry. | |
| 303772274 | Chautauqua movement | One of the first adult education programs. Started in 1874 as a summer training program for Sunday School teachers, it developed into a travelling lecture series and adult summer school which traversed the country providing religious and secular education though lectures and classes. | |
| 303772275 | Morrill Act | of 1862, in this act, the federal government had donated public land to the states for the establishment of college; as a result 69 land- grant institutions were established. | |
| 303772276 | Cornstock Law | 1873-Barred the sending of "obscene materials" (including information on birth control) in the mail. Represented the limitations on women's rights during reconstruction. | |
| 303772277 | Women's Christian Temperance Movement | an organization led by Frances Willard, an organized against alcohol | |
| 303772278 | 18th Amendment | Ban on sale, manufacture, and transport of alcoholic beverages. Repealed by 21st amendment | |
| 303772279 | Sitting Bull | a chief of the Sioux; took up arms against settlers in the northern Great Plains and against United States Army troops; he was present at the battle of Little Bighorn (1876) when the Sioux massacred General Custer's troops (1831-1890) | |
| 303772280 | George Custer | United States general who was killed along with all his command by the Sioux at the battle of Little Bighorn (1839-1876) | |
| 303772281 | Chief Joseph | Leader of Nez Perce. Fled with his tribe to Canada instead of reservations. However, US troops came and fought and brought them back down to reservations | |
| 303772282 | Geronimo | Apache leader who fought U.S. soldiers to keep his land. He led a revolt of 4,000 of his people after they were forced to move to a reservation in Arizona. | |
| 303772283 | Helen Hunt Jackson | A writer. Author of the 1881 book A Century of Dishonor. The book exposed the U.S. governments many broken promises to the Native Americans. For example the government wanted Native Americans to assimilate, i.e. give up their beliefs and ways of life, that way to become part of the white culture. |
