The Path of Empire
America on the World Stage
From American Pageant version 12
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| 316800053 | Alfred Mahan | Navy officer whose ideas on naval warfare and the importance of sea-power changed how America viewed its navy; His research into naval History led to his most important work, The Influence of Seapower Upon History,1660-1783, published in 1890 | |
| 316800054 | Valeriano Weyler | He was a Spanish General referred to as "Butcher" Weyler. He undertook to crush the Cuban rebellion by herding many civilians into barbed-wire reconcentration camps, where they could not give assistance to the armed insurrectionists. The civilians died in deadly pestholes. "Butcher" was removed in 1897. | |
| 316800055 | Dupuy de Lome | He was a Spanish minister in Washington who wrote a private letter to a friend concerning President McKinley (called him basically usless and indecisive) The discovery of his letter strained Spanish-American relations, which helped initiate the Spanish-American War. | |
| 316800056 | Theodore Roosevelt | 26th president, known for: conservationism, trust-busting, Hepburn Act, safe food regulations, "Square Deal," Panama Canal, Great White Fleet, Nobel Peace Prize for negotiation of peace in Russo-Japanese War | |
| 316800057 | George Dewey | a United States naval officer remembered for his victory at Manila Bay in the Spanish-American War, U.S. naval commander who led the American attack on the Philippines | |
| 316800058 | Emilio Aguinaldo | Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898). He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the United States Army in 1901 | |
| 316800059 | reconcentration | policy of moving Cubans to detention camps so that they could not aid rebels | |
| 316800060 | jingoism | an appeal intended to arouse patriotic emotions | |
| 316800061 | imperialism | A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries poitically, socially, and economically. | |
| 316800062 | Pan American Conference | Conference called by James Blaine that created an organization of cooperation between the US and Latin American countries; this was an international organization that dealt with trade; created to encourage cooperation and trust with the manufacturers | |
| 316800063 | Maine | The sinking of this U.S. battleship in Havanna, Cuba which the U.S. blamed on Spain was the main cause of the Spanish-American War. | |
| 316800064 | Teller Amendment | This Amendment was drafter by Henry M. Teller which declared that the US had no desire for control in Cuba & pledged the US would leave the island alone. | |
| 316800065 | Rough Riders | The First United States Volunteer Calvary, a mixure of Ivy League athletes and western frontiermen, volunteered to fight in the Spanish-American War. Enlisted by Theodore Roosevelt, they won many battles in Florida and enlisted in the invasion army of Cuba. | |
| 316800066 | Treaty of Paris | Signed by the United States and Spain in December 1898, this treaty ended the Spanish-American War. Under its terms: 1) Spain recognized Cuba's independence and assumed the Cuban debt 2) ceded Puerto Rico and Guam to the United States 3) At the insistence of the U.S. representatives, Spain also ceded the Phillipines. The Senate ratified the treaty on February 6, 1899. | |
| 316800067 | Anti-Imperialist League | objected to the annexation of the Philippines and the building of an American empire. Idealism, self-interest, racism, constitutionalism, and other reasons motivated them, but they failed to make their case; the Philippines were annexed in 1900 | |
| 316800068 | Foraker Act | This act established Puerto Rico as an unorganized U.S. territory. Puerto Ricans were not given U.S. citizenship, but the U.S. president appointed the island's governor and governing council. | |
| 316800069 | insular cases | Court cases that essentially determined that inhabitants of U.S. territories had some, but not all, of the rights of U.S. citizens; They dealt with the islands/countries that had been recently annexed and demanded the rights of a citizen. These Supreme Court cases decided that the Constitution did not always follow the flag, thus, for example, denying the rights of a citizen to Puerto Ricans and Filipinos. | |
| 316800070 | Platt Amendment | Legislation that severely restricted Cuba's sovereignty and gave the US the right to intervene if Cuba got into trouble | |
| 316800071 | William Howard Taft | 27th president of the U.S.; he angered progressives by moving cautiously toward reforms and by supporting the Payne-Aldrich Tariff; he lost Roosevelt's support and was defeated for a second term. | |
| 316800072 | John Hay | Secretary of State (1899) under McKinley and Roosevelt who pioneered the open-door policy (the Open Door Notes) and Panama canal; attempted to keep the countries that had spheres of influence in China from taking over China and closing the doors on trade between China and the U.S. | |
| 316800073 | guerrilla warfare | a hit-and-run technique used in fighting a war; fighting by small bands of warriors using tactics such as sudden ambushes | |
| 316800074 | sphere of influence | the geographical area in which one nation is very influential, especially in terms of special trading privileges and laws for its own citizens | |
| 316800075 | Philippine insurrection | Even before the Philippines was annexed by the U.S. there existed tension between U.S. troops and Filippinos. The situation deteriorated and eventually we entered into a war with the Philippines. Emilio Aguinaldo helped Americans fight Spain only to turn on them once free. In 1901, Aguinaldo surrendered which greatly hurt the Filippino cause. The Philippines was not an independent nation until July 4, 1946. | |
| 316800076 | benevolent assimilation | McKinley and the U.S. were trying to assimilate the Philippines to help them become better. American dollars went to the Philippines to improve roads, sanitation, and public health. Although the U.S. might have looked intrusive, they were actually trying to improve the condition of the Philippines. | |
| 316800077 | Open Door Policy | A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China. | |
| 316800078 | Boxer Rebellion | 1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops | |
| 316800079 | big-stick diplomacy | Diplomatic policy developed by T.R where the "big stick" symbolizes his power and readiness to use military force if necessary. It is a way of intimidating countries without actually harming them and was the basis of U.S. imperialistic foreign policy. | |
| 316800080 | Clayton-Bulwer Treaty | 1850 - Treaty between U.S. and Great Britain agreeing that neither country would try to obtain exclusive rights to a canal across the Isthmus of Panama. Abrogated by the U.S. in 1881. | |
| 316800081 | Hay-Pauncefote Treaty | permission granted by Panama for the US to dig a canal ; permitted by the British in order to make friends with US in hope of future support against Germany ; negociated under Roosevelt ; greatly facilitated trade | |
| 316800082 | Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty | 1903 - U.S. guaranteed the independence of the newly-created Republic of Panama; also, an agreement between Panama and U.S. that gave us a 99 year lease to build a canal on a ten mile ide strip of land across panama isthmas | |
| 316800083 | Panama Canal | Ship canal cut across the isthmus of Panama by United States Army engineers; it opened in 1915. It greatly shortened the sea voyage between the east and west coasts of North America. The United States turned the canal over to Panama on Jan 1, 2000 (746) | |
| 316800084 | Roosevelt Corollary | Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force | |
| 316800085 | Portsmouth Conference | The meeting between Japan, Russia, and the U.S. that ended the Russo-Japanese War in 1905. Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize for stopping the fighting between those two countries. | |
| 316800086 | Gentlemen's Agreement | Agreement when Japan agreed to curb the number of workers coming to the US and in exchange Roosevelt agreed to allow the wives of the Japenese men already living in the US to join them | |
| 316800087 | Great White Fleet | 1907-1909 - Roosevelt sent 16 white battleships on a world tour to show the world the U.S. naval power. Also to pressure Japan into the "Gentlemen's Agreement." | |
| 316800088 | Root-Takahira agreement | 1908 - Japan / U.S. agreement in which both nations agreed to respect each other's territories in the Pacific and to uphold the Open Door policy in China. |
