Terms : Hide Images
| 7058300314 | coureurs de bois | French-Canadian fur-trappers; literally, "runners of the woods". | 0 | |
| 7058300315 | voyageurs | French-Canadian explorers, adventures, and traders. | 1 | |
| 7058300316 | regulars | Trained professional soldiers, as distinct from militia or conscripts. | 2 | |
| 7058300317 | domestic | Concerning the internal affairs of a country. | 3 | |
| 7058300318 | minister | In politics, a person appointed by the head of state to take charge of some department or agency of government. | 4 | |
| 7058300319 | autocratic | Marked by strict authoritarian rule, without consent or participation by the populace. | 5 | |
| 7058300320 | peasant | a farmer or agricultural laborer, sometimes legally tied to the land. | 6 | |
| 7058300321 | flotilla | A fleet of boats, usually smaller vessels. | 7 | |
| 7058300322 | ecological | Concerning the relations between the biological organisms and their environment. | 8 | |
| 7058300323 | mutinous | Concerning revolt by subordinate soldiers or seamen against their commanding officers. | 9 | |
| 7058300324 | strategic | Concerning the placement and planned movement of large-scale military forces so as to gain advantage, or usually prior to actual engagement with the enemy. | 10 | |
| 7058300325 | guerilla warfare | Unconventional combat waged by small military units using hit-and-run tactics. | 11 | |
| 7058300326 | sallies | In warfare, very rapid military movements, usually by small units against an enemy force or position. | 12 | |
| 7058300327 | commissions | An official certification granting a commanding rank in the armed forces. | 13 | |
| 7058300328 | Huguenots | French Protestants that lived from about 1560 to 1629. | 14 | |
| 7058300329 | Proclamation of 1763 | An English law enacted after gaining territory from the French at the end of the French and Indian War. It forbade the colonists from settling beyond the Appalachian Mountains. | 15 | |
| 7058300330 | Albany Congress | A conference in the colonies from June 19 through July 11, 1754. It advocated a union of the British colonies for their security and defense against French. | 16 | |
| 7058300331 | new lights | Ministers who took part in the revivalist, emotive religious tradition pioneered by George Whitefield during the Great Awakening. | 17 | |
| 7058300332 | royal colonies | Colonies where governors were appointed directly by the King. | 18 | |
| 7058300333 | regulator movement | Eventually violent uprising of backcountry settlers in North Carolina against unfair taxation and the control of colonial affairs by the seaboard elite. | 19 | |
| 7058300334 | old lights | Orthodox clergymen who rejected the emotionalism of the Great Awakening in favor of a more rational spirituality. | 20 | |
| 7058300335 | proprietary colonies | Colonies under the control of local proprietors, who appointed colonial governors. | 21 | |
| 7058300336 | melting pot | The mingling of diverse ethnic groups in America, including the idea that these groups are or should be "melting" into a single culture or people. | 22 | |
| 7058300337 | sect | A small religious group that has broken away from some larger mainstream church, often claiming superior or exclusive possession of religious truth. | 23 | |
| 7058300338 | agitators | Those who seek to excite or persuade the public on some issue. | 24 | |
| 7058300339 | stratification | The visible arrangement of society into a hierarchical pattern, with distinct social groups layered one on top of the other. | 25 | |
| 7058300340 | mobility | The capacity to pass readily from one social or economic condition to another. | 26 | |
| 7058300341 | elite | The smaller group at the top of a society or institution, usually possessing wealth, power, or special privileges. | 27 | |
| 7058300342 | almshouse | a home for the poor, supported by charity or public funds. | 28 | |
| 7058300343 | gentry | Landowners of substantial property, social standing, and leisure, but not titled nobility. | 29 | |
| 7058300344 | tenant farmer | One who rents rather than owns land. | 30 | |
| 7058300345 | penal code | The body of criminal laws specifying offenses and prescribing punishments. | 31 | |
| 7058300346 | veto | The executive power to prevent acts passed by the legislature from becoming law. | 32 | |
| 7058300347 | apprentice | A person who works under a master to acquire instruction in a trade or profession. | 33 | |
| 7058300348 | speculation | Buying land or anything else in the hope of profiting by an expected rise in price. | 34 | |
| 7058300349 | revival | In religion, a movement of renewed enthusiasm and commitment often accompanied by special meetings or evangelical activity. | 35 | |
| 7058300350 | secular | Belonging to the worldly sphere rather than to the specifically sacred or churchly. | 36 | |
| 7058300351 | Great Awakening | a religious revival occurring in the 1730's and 1740's to motivate the souls of colonial America. | 37 | |
| 7058300352 | Congregational Church | Self-governing Puritan congregations without the hierarchical establishment of the Anglican Church. | 38 | |
| 7058300353 | headright system | The right to acquire a certain amount of land granted to the person who finances the passage of laborer | 39 | |
| 7058300354 | jeremiad | A sermon or prophecy recounting wrongdoing, warning of doom, and calling for repentance. | 40 | |
| 7058300355 | Middle Passage | That portion of a slave ship's journey to which slaves were carried from Africa to the Americas. | 41 | |
| 7058300356 | disfranchise | To take away the right to vote. | 42 | |
| 7058300357 | civil war | Any conflict between the citizens or inhabitants of the same country. | 43 | |
| 7058300358 | tidewater | The territory adjoining water affected by tides---that is, near the seacoast or coastal rivers. | 44 | |
| 7058300359 | fertility | The ability to mate and produce abundant young. | 45 | |
| 7058300360 | menial | Fit for servants, humble or low | 46 | |
| 7058300361 | militia | An armed force of citizens called out only in emergencies. | 47 | |
| 7058300362 | hierarchy | A social group arranged in ranks or classes. | 48 | |
| 7058300363 | corporation | A group or institutional granted legal rights to carry on certain specified activities. | 49 | |
| 7058300364 | lynching | The illegal execution of an accused person by mob action, without due process of law. | 50 | |
| 7058300365 | hinterland | An inland region set back from a port, river, or seacoast | 51 | |
| 7058300366 | social structure | The basic pattern of the distribution of status and wealth in a society. | 52 | |
| 7058300367 | blue blood | Of noble or upper-class descent. | 53 | |
| 7058300368 | Separatists | Small group of Puritans who sought to break away entirely from the Church of England; after initially settling in Holland, a number of English Separatists made their way to Plymouth Bay, Massachusetts in 1620. | 54 | |
| 7058300369 | Cavlinism | Dominant theological credo of the New England Puritans based on the teachings of John Calvin. Calvinists believed in predestination—that only "the elect" were destined for salvation. | 55 | |
| 7058300370 | conversion | Intense religious experience that confirmed an individual's place among the "elect," or the "visible saints." Calvinists who experienced conversion were then expected to lead sanctified lives to demonstrate their salvation. | 56 | |
| 7058300371 | blue laws | Also known as sumptuary laws, they are designed to restrict personal behavior in accord with a strict code of morality. Blue laws were passed across the colonies, particularly in Puritan New England and Quaker Pennsylvania. | 57 | |
| 7058300372 | Quakers | Religious group known for their tolerance, emphasis on peace, and idealistic Indian policy, who settled heavily in Pennsylvania in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries | 58 | |
| 7058300373 | predestination | The Calvinist doctrine that God has foreordained some people to be saved and some to be damned. | 59 | |
| 7058300374 | elect | In Calvinist doctrine, those who have been chosen by God for salvation. | 60 | |
| 7058300375 | visible saints | In Calvinism, those who publicly proclaimed their experience of conversion and were expected to lead godly lives. | 61 | |
| 7058300376 | calling | In Protestantism, the belief that saved individuals have a religious obligation to engage in worldly work. | 62 | |
| 7058300377 | heresy | Departure from correct or officially defined belief. | 63 | |
| 7058300378 | seditious | Concerning resistance to or rebellion against the government. | 64 | |
| 7058300379 | commonwealth | An organized civil government or social order united for a shared purpose. | 65 | |
| 7058300380 | autocratic | Absolute or dictatorial rule. | 66 | |
| 7058300381 | passive resistance | Nonviolent action or opposition to authority, often in accord with religious or moral beliefs. | 67 | |
| 7058300382 | asylum | A place of refuge and security, especially for the persecuted or unfortunate. | 68 | |
| 7058300383 | proprietary | Concerning exclusive legal ownership, as of colonies granted to individuals by the monarch. | 69 | |
| 7058300384 | naturalization | The granting of citizenship to foreigners or immigrants. | 70 | |
| 7058300385 | ethnic | Concerning diverse peoples or cultures, specifically those of non-Angelo-Saxon background. | 71 | |
| 7058300386 | Fundamental Orders | In 1639 the Connecticut River colony settlers had an open meeting and they established a constitution. It was the first constitution in the colonies and was a beginning for the other states' charters and constitutions. | 72 | |
| 7058300387 | General Court | a Puritan representative assembly elected by the freemen; they assisted the governor; this was the early form of Puritan democracy in the 1600's | 73 | |
| 7058300388 | Pilgrams | Separatists; worried by "Dutchification" of their children they left Holland on the Mayflower in 1620. | 74 | |
| 7058300389 | buffer | In politics, a territory between two antagonistic powers, intended to minimize the possibility of conflict between them. In British North America, Georgia was established as a buffer colony between British and Spanish territory. | 75 | |
| 7058300390 | charter | Legal document granted by a government to some group or agency to implement a stated purpose, and spelling out the attending rights and obligations. British colonial charters guaranteed inhabitants all the rights of Englishmen, which helped solidify colonists' ties to Britain during the early years of settlement. | 76 | |
| 7058300391 | House of Burgesses | Representative parliamentary assembly created to govern Virginia, establishing a precedent for government in the English colonies. | 77 | |
| 7058300392 | Iroquois Confederacy | Bound together five tribes—the Mohawks, the Oneidas, the Onondagas, the Cayugas, and the Senecas—in the Mohawk Valley of what is now New York State. | 78 | |
| 7058300393 | joint-stock company | Short-term partnership between multiple investors to fund a commercial enterprise; such arrangements were used to fund England's early colonial ventures. | 79 | |
| 7058300394 | primogeniture | Legal principle that the oldest son inherits all family property or land. Landowner's younger sons, forced to seek their fortunes elsewhere, pioneered early exploration and settlement of the Americas. | 80 | |
| 7058300395 | squatter | A Frontier farmer who illegally occupied land owned by others or not yet officially opened for settlement. | 81 | |
| 7058300396 | nationalism | Fervent belief and loyalty given to the political unit of the nation-state. | 82 | |
| 7058300397 | census | An official count of population, often also including other information about the population. | 83 | |
| 7058300398 | feudal | Concerning the decentralized medieval social system of personal obligations between rulers and ruled. | 84 | |
| 7058300399 | indentured servant | A poor person obligated to a fixed term of unpaid labor, often in exchange for a benefit such as transportation, protection, or training. | 85 | |
| 7058300400 | toleration | Originally, religious freedom granted by an established church to a religious minority. | 86 | |
| 7058300401 | melting pot | Popular American term for an ethnically diverse population that is presumed to be "melting" toward some eventual commonality. | 87 | |
| 7058300402 | proprietor | a person who was granted charters of ownership by the king: | 88 | |
| 7058300403 | yeoman | An owner and cultivator of a small farm | 89 | |
| 7058300404 | starving time | The name for thewinter of 1609 to 1610 in the colony of Virginia in which only sixty members of the original four hundred colonists survived. | 90 | |
| 7058300405 | conquistador | A Spanish conqueror or adventurer in the Americas. | 91 | |
| 7058300406 | Columbian Exchange | The transfer of goods, crops, and diseases between New and Old World societies after 1492. | 92 | |
| 7058300407 | encomienda | The Spanish labor system in which persons were held to unpaid service under the permanent control of their masters, though not legally owned by them. | 93 | |
| 7058300408 | mestizos | People of mixed Indian and European heritage, notably in Mexico. | 94 | |
| 7058300409 | middlemen | In trading systems, those dealers who operate between the original producers of goods and the retail merchants who sell to consumers. | 95 | |
| 7058300410 | nation-states | The form of political society that combines centralized government with a high degree of ethnic and cultural unity. | 96 | |
| 7058300411 | plantation | Large-scale agricultural enterprise growing commercial crops and usually employing coerced or slave labor. | 97 | |
| 7058300412 | matrilinear | The form of society in which family line, power, and wealth are passed primarily through the female side. | 98 | |
| 7058300413 | confederacy | An alliance or league of nations or peoples looser than a federation. | 99 | |
| 7058300414 | primeval | Concerning the earliest origins of things. | 100 | |
| 7058300415 | caravel | A small vessel with a high deck and three triangular sails. | 101 | |
| 7058300416 | capitalism | An economic system characterized by private property, generally free trade, and open and accessible markets. | 102 | |
| 7058300417 | province | A medium-sized subunit of territory and governmental administration within a larger nation or empire. | 103 | |
| 7058300418 | black legend | The idea developed during North American colonial times that the Spanish utterly destroyed the Indians through slavery and disease and left nothing of value. | 104 | |
| 7058300419 | Canadian Shield | The geological shape of North America estimated at 10 million years ago. It held the northeast corner of North America in place and was the first part of North America theorized to come above sea level | 105 | |
| 7058300420 | Treaty of Tordesillas | In 1494, Spain and Portugal were disputing the lands of the New World, so the Spanish went to the Pope, and he divided the land of South America for them. Spain got the vast majority, the west, and Portugal got the east. | 106 |
