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| 11369780956 | martial law | The body of law imposed by the military over civilian affairs during the Civil War. | 0 | |
| 11369780957 | merchant marine | Civilian ships and sailors who transported food, weapons,and munition during the Civil War. | 1 | |
| 11369780958 | habeas corpus | The civil right to obtain a writ of protection against illegal imprisonment; Abraham Lincoln suspended it during the Civil War. | 2 | |
| 11369780959 | greenback | A piece of U.S. paper money first issued by the North during the Civil War | 3 | |
| 11369780960 | border states | States bordering the North: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri. They were slave states, but did not secede. | 4 | |
| 11369780961 | Fort Sumter | Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the Confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War | 5 | |
| 11369780962 | Confederacy | The southern states that seceded from the United States in 1861 | 6 | |
| 11369780963 | Trent Affair | In 1861 the Confederacy sent emissaries James Mason to Britain and John Slidell to France to lobby for recognition. A Union ship captured both men and took them to Boston as prisonners. The British were angry and Lincoln ordered their release | 7 | |
| 11369780964 | Morrill Tariff Act | Passed by Congress in 1861 to meet the cost of the war. It raised the taxes on shipping from 5 to 10 percent however later needed to increase to meet the demanding cost of the war. | 8 | |
| 11369780965 | conscription | Drafting of civilians to serve in the army during the Civil War | 9 | |
| 11369780966 | New York City Draft Riots | In July 1863, just after the Battle at Gettysburg, mobs of Irish working-class men and women roamed the streets for four days until federal troops suppressed them. They loathed the idea of being drafted to fight a war on behalf of slaves who, once freed, would compete with them for jobs. | 10 | |
| 11369780967 | Alabama | Ship built for the C.S.A. by the British; fast-moving and maneuverable; wreaked havoc on Union trade and blockade attempts | 11 | |
| 11369780968 | National Banking System | Authorized by Congress in 1863 to establish a standard bank currency. Banks that joined the system could buy bonds and issue paper money. First significant step toward a national bank. | 12 | |
| 11369780969 | Billy Yank | The nickname of the Union used by the Confederate soldiers | 13 | |
| 11369780970 | Johnny Reb | 'johnny' was applied as a nickname for Confederate soldiers by the Federal soldiers in the American Civil War | 14 | |
| 11369780971 | Emancipation Proclamation | Issued by Abraham Lincoln on September 22, 1862, it declared that all slaves in the rebellious Confederate states would be free on January 1, 1863. | 15 | |
| 11369780978 | Merrimack | Was a former wooden warship turned into an ironclad. The Confederates plated it with iron railroad rails. They renamed it the Virginia. The Virginia easily wrecked Union Navy ships and threatened to destroy the whole Navy. The Confederates later destroyed the ship to keep it from the Union. This marked the end of wooden ships. | 16 | |
| 11369780979 | Monitor | Was a small Union ironclad built in about 100 days to stop the Confederate ship, the Merrimack. The Union built the ship and transported it to the Chesapeake. | 17 | |
| 11369780980 | conquistador | A Spanish conqueror or adventurer in the Americas. | 18 | |
| 11369780981 | Columbian Exchange | The transfer of goods, crops, and diseases between New and Old World societies after 1492. | 19 | |
| 11369780982 | encomienda | The Spanish labor system in which persons were held to unpaid service under the permanent control of their masters, though not legally owned by them. | 20 | |
| 11369780983 | mestizos | People of mixed Indian and European heritage, notably in Mexico. | 21 | |
| 11369780984 | middlemen | In trading systems, those dealers who operate between the original producers of goods and the retail merchants who sell to consumers. | 22 | |
| 11369780985 | nation-states | The form of political society that combines centralized government with a high degree of ethnic and cultural unity. | 23 | |
| 11369780986 | plantation | Large-scale agricultural enterprise growing commercial crops and usually employing coerced or slave labor. | 24 | |
| 11369780987 | matrilinear | The form of society in which family line, power, and wealth are passed primarily through the female side. | 25 | |
| 11369780988 | confederacy | An alliance or league of nations or peoples looser than a federation. | 26 | |
| 11369780989 | primeval | Concerning the earliest origins of things. | 27 | |
| 11369780990 | caravel | A small vessel with a high deck and three triangular sails. | 28 | |
| 11369780991 | capitalism | An economic system characterized by private property, generally free trade, and open and accessible markets. | 29 | |
| 11369780992 | province | A medium-sized subunit of territory and governmental administration within a larger nation or empire. | 30 | |
| 11369780993 | black legend | The idea developed during North American colonial times that the Spanish utterly destroyed the Indians through slavery and disease and left nothing of value. | 31 | |
| 11369780994 | Canadian Shield | The geological shape of North America estimated at 10 million years ago. It held the northeast corner of North America in place and was the first part of North America theorized to come above sea level | 32 | |
| 11369780995 | Treaty of Tordesillas | In 1494, Spain and Portugal were disputing the lands of the New World, so the Spanish went to the Pope, and he divided the land of South America for them. Spain got the vast majority, the west, and Portugal got the east. | 33 | |
| 11369780996 | coureurs de bois | French-Canadian fur-trappers; literally, "runners of the woods". | 34 | |
| 11369780997 | voyageurs | French-Canadian explorers, adventures, and traders. | 35 | |
| 11369780998 | regulars | Trained professional soldiers, as distinct from militia or conscripts. | 36 | |
| 11369780999 | domestic | Concerning the internal affairs of a country. | 37 | |
| 11369781000 | minister | In politics, a person appointed by the head of state to take charge of some department or agency of government. | 38 | |
| 11369781001 | autocratic | Marked by strict authoritarian rule, without consent or participation by the populace. | 39 | |
| 11369781002 | peasant | a farmer or agricultural laborer, sometimes legally tied to the land. | 40 | |
| 11369781003 | flotilla | A fleet of boats, usually smaller vessels. | 41 | |
| 11369781004 | ecological | Concerning the relations between the biological organisms and their environment. | 42 | |
| 11369781005 | mutinous | Concerning revolt by subordinate soldiers or seamen against their commanding officers. | 43 | |
| 11369781006 | strategic | Concerning the placement and planned movement of large-scale military forces so as to gain advantage, or usually prior to actual engagement with the enemy. | 44 | |
| 11369781007 | guerilla warfare | Unconventional combat waged by small military units using hit-and-run tactics. | 45 | |
| 11369781008 | sallies | In warfare, very rapid military movements, usually by small units against an enemy force or position. | 46 | |
| 11369781009 | commissions | An official certification granting a commanding rank in the armed forces. | 47 | |
| 11369781010 | Huguenots | French Protestants that lived from about 1560 to 1629. | 48 | |
| 11369781011 | Proclamation of 1763 | An English law enacted after gaining territory from the French at the end of the French and Indian War. It forbade the colonists from settling beyond the Appalachian Mountains. | 49 | |
| 11369781012 | Albany Congress | A conference in the colonies from June 19 through July 11, 1754. It advocated a union of the British colonies for their security and defense against French. | 50 | |
| 11369781013 | federation | This is a two-level government, the state and national (federal) levels, with the national government holding the most power. This involved the yielding by the states of their sovereignty to a completely new federal government. This would give the states freedom to control their local affairs. | 51 | |
| 11369781014 | checks & balances | This was the principle of government under which separate branches are employed to prevent actions by the other branches and are induced to share power. | 52 | |
| 11369781015 | sovereignty | Supreme and independent power or authority in government as possessed or claimed by a state. | 53 | |
| 11369781016 | mobocracy | Rule or domination by the masses. | 54 | |
| 11369781017 | consent of the governed | A condition urged by many as a requirement for legitimate government. | 55 | |
| 11369781018 | states' rights | The rights and powers held by individual US states rather than by the federal government. | 56 | |
| 11369781019 | anarchy | A state of disorder due to absence or nonrecognition of authority. | 57 | |
| 11369781020 | Society of the Cincinnati | a hereditary society with branches in the United States and France, founded in 1783, to preserve the ideals and fellowship of officers of the Continental Army who served in the Revolutionary War. | 58 | |
| 11369781021 | large-state plan | It was the plan purposed by Virginia to set up Congress where the number of representatives per state would be based on population, giving the larger states an advantage. | 59 | |
| 11369781022 | Great Compromise | Resolved that there would be representation by population in the House of Representatives, and equal representation would exist in the Senate. Each state, regardless of size, would have 2 Senators. | 60 | |
| 11369781023 | Articles of Confederation | The first "constitution" governing the Untied States after the revolution. It was ratified in 1781 and provided for a "firm league of friendship." | 61 | |
| 11369781024 | Electoral College | A group of electors chosen by the people to elect the president of the United States in every election year. | 62 | |
| 11369781025 | Three-Fifths Compromise. | A compromise where a black slave was counted as three-fifths of a person when they were counting the population. | 63 | |
| 11369781026 | Land Ordinance of 1785 | A law which stated that the disputed land of the Old Northwest (today's Midwest) was to be equally divided into townships (6 miles by 6 miles) and sold for federal income. It also promoted education (by reserving section #16 for schools) and ended confusing legal disagreements over land. | 64 | |
| 11369781027 | Northwest Ordinance | Stated that sections of land were similar to colonies for a while, and under the control of the federal government. Once a territory was inhabited by 60,000 people, then Congress would review its constitution and admit it as a state. Slavery was prohibited in the area. | 65 | |
| 11369781028 | Anti-Federalists | People who disagreed with the Constitution because they believed people's rights were being taken away without a Bill of Rights. They were angered by dropping annual elections, the non existence of God in the government, a standing army, and basically the strengthening of the federal government. | 66 | |
| 11369781029 | Shay's Rebellion | An uprising that flared up in western Massachusetts. Impoverished back country farmers, many of them Revolutionary War veterans, were losing their farms through mortgage foreclosures and tax delinquencies. They demanded cheap paper money, lighter taxes, and a suspension of mortgage foreclosures. | 67 | |
| 11369781030 | Federalists | A political party consisting of the wealthier, more educated, more respectable citizens of the time. They believed in advocating a strong federal government and fought for the adoption of the United States Constitution | 68 | |
| 11369781031 | Constitution of the United State | The foundation of our country's national government. It was drafted in Philadelphia in 1787 and ratified two years later. | 69 | |
| 11369781032 | The Federalist Papers | A series of articles written in New York newspapers as a source of propaganda for a stronger central government. The articles, written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison, were a way for the writers to express their belief that it is better to have a stronger central government. | 70 | |
| 11369781033 | bill of rights | A list of fundamental freedoms assumed to be central to society. | 71 | |
| 11369781034 | Industrial Revolution | A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods. | 72 | |
| 11369781035 | transportation revolution | A period of rapid growth in the speed and convenience of travel because of new methods of transportation. | 73 | |
| 11369781036 | nativism | A policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones | 74 | |
| 11369781037 | cult of domesticity | Tradition that housework and child care were considered the only proper activities for married women | 75 | |
| 11369781038 | factory system | This gradually replaced localized cottage industry. Workers were paid by the hour instead of for what they produce. On one hand it decreased the need for skilled labor, but in other ways it increased the amount of specialization due to labor being concentrated in factories. | 76 | |
| 11369781039 | market revolution | Drastic changes in transportation (canals, RRs), communication (telegraph), and the production of goods (more in factories as opposed to houses) | 77 | |
| 11369781040 | homesteaders | Settlers who acquired free land from the government | 78 | |
| 11369781041 | scabs | Stirkebreakers hired by employers as replacement workers when unions went on strike | 79 | |
| 11369781042 | Interchangeable Parts | Identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufacturing | 80 | |
| 11369781043 | cotton gin | A machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers. | 81 | |
| 11369781044 | Clermont | Fulton's steamboat in 1807 which powered on/by a newly designed engine. It took the this boat 32 hours to go 150 miles from New York to Albany. | 82 | |
| 11369781045 | clipper ships | American boats, built during the 1840's in Boston, that were sleek and fast but inefficient in carrying a lot of cargo or passengers. | 83 | |
| 11369781046 | Ancient Order of Hibernians | Semisecret Irish organization that became a benevolent society aiding Irish immigrants in America | 84 | |
| 11369781047 | "Molly Maguires" | An active, militant Irish organization of farmers based in the Pennsylvania anthracite coal fields who are believed responsible for much violence | 85 | |
| 11369781048 | pony express | A mail carrying service; ran from 1860-1861; was established to carry mail speedily along the 2,000 miles from St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California; they could make the trek in 10 days. | 86 | |
| 11369781049 | Commonwealth v. Hunt | A landmark ruling of the Massachusetts Supreme Court establishing the legality of labor unions and the legality of union workers striking if an employer hired non-union workers. | 87 | |
| 11369781050 | Tammany Hall | A political organization within the Democratic Party in New York city (late 1800's and early 1900's) seeking political control by corruption and bossism | 88 | |
| 11369781051 | Know Nothing Party | Group of prejudice people who formed a political party during the time when the KKK grew. Anti-Catholics and anti-foreign. They were also known as the American Party. | 89 | |
| 11369781052 | Boston Associates | They were a group of families who joined to form one of the earliest and most powerful joint capital ventures. They eventually came to dominate the textile industry, the railroads, the insurance industry, and banking in all of Massachusetts. | 90 | |
| 11369781053 | General Incorporation Law | This was created to greatly help in "building" capitalism. It stated that business people could create a corporation if they complied with the terms of the law. It was a great boost to capitalism. | 91 | |
| 11369780972 | Opium War | A war between China and Britain that resulted in Britain's right to sell opium in China, causing the US to want to catch up in the Pacific market | 92 | |
| 11369780973 | Treaty of Wanghia | The first formal diplomatic agreement between the US and China, it gave the US "most favored nation" status in China, granting them any trading rights. | 93 | |
| 11369780974 | Treaty of Kanagawa | American treaty with Japan that cracked their isolationism of several centuries. | 94 | |
| 11369780975 | Gadsden Purchase | Cession of land by Mexico to the US for $10 million that provided a viable railroad rout from Houston to Los Angeles | 95 | |
| 11369780976 | Kansas-Nebraska Act | Set forth in 1854, said that Kansas and Nebraska should come into the Union under popular sovereignty. This new law repealed the Missouri Compromise. Senator Stephen A. Douglas introduced it, and it pushed the country even closer to the Civil War by muddling the slavery issue. | 96 | |
| 11369781054 | Free-Soil Party | Was organized by anti-slavery men in the north, Democrats who were resentful of Polk's actions, and some conscientious Whigs. Was against slavery in the new territories. Foreshadowed the emergence of the Republican Party. | 97 | |
| 11369781055 | Fugitive Slave Law | Was passed just before the Civil War and also called the "Bloodhound Bill." Slaves who escaped could not testify in their behalf and were not allowed a trial by jury. Officers were expected to help catch runaway slaves. Those found helping slaves would be fined or jailed. | 98 | |
| 11369781056 | Underground Railroad | Was a secret chain of anti-slavery homes at which slaves were hidden and taken to the North. | 99 | |
| 11369781057 | Compromise of 1850 | Dealt with the controversy of whether California should join as a free state. The results were that California joined as a free state, and what was left of the Mexican Cession land became New Mexico and Utah, and did not restrict slavery. The South got the Mexican Cession lands opened to popular sovereignty and a tougher Fugitive Slave Law. | 100 | |
| 11369781058 | Ostend Manifesto | Took place in 1854. A group of Southerners met with Spanish officials in Belgium to attempt to get more slave territory. They felt this would balance out Congress. They tried to buy Cuba but the Spanish would not sell it. Southerners wanted to take it by force and the Northerners were outraged by the thought of expanding slavery. The scheme fell apart when the plan went public. | 101 | |
| 11369781059 | Clayton-Bulwer Treaty | The 1850 treaty that prevented both the US and Britain from seeking complete control of the Central American isthmus | 102 |
