Prep for American Pageant, chapters 25-28.
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| 1006116105 | William McKinley | This Republican candidate defeated William Jennings Bryan in the 1896 presidential election. As a supporter of big business, he pushed for high protective tariffs. Under his leadership, the U.S. became an imperial world power. He was assassinated by an anarchist in 1901. | |
| 1006116106 | Interstate Commerce Act | In 1887, Congress passed this law at the behest of farmers who sought to forbid price discrimination and other monopolistic practices of the railroads. The commission created by this law had no real power until the Theodore Roosevelt administration, though. | |
| 1006116107 | Farmers' Alliance | This organization replaced the National Grange as a support group for the nation's farmers during the 1880s. This kind of organization was politically active in the Midwest and South and was central to the founding of the Populist Party. | |
| 1006116108 | National Grange | The more common name of the Patrons of Husbandry—this organization was formed in 1867 as a support system for struggling western farmers. This organization was a educational and social organization, but under the leadership of Oliver Kelley, this organization began to lobby state and federal governments for legislation that would protect farmers from the effects of big business. | |
| 1006116109 | William Jennings Bryan | This Democratic candidate ran for president most famously in 1896 (and again in 1900). His goal of "free silver" (unlimited coinage of silver) won him the support of the Populist Party. Though a gifted orator, he lost the election to Republican William McKinley. He ran again for president and lost in 1900. Later he opposed America's imperialist actions, and in the 1920s, he made his mark as a leader of the fundamentalist cause and prosecuting attorney in the Scopes Monkey Trial. | |
| 1006116110 | Munn vs. Illinois | This 1876 Supreme Court case seemed like a victory for the Grangers movement and represented a step toward greater governmental regulation of the economy. The court decided that states had the right to regulate commerce within their states (particularly railroad and grain elevator companies), but this decision was largely overturned 10 years later by the Wabash case. | |
| 1006116111 | Wabash case | This 1886 case overturned the earlier Munn vs. Illinois case. In this case, the Supreme Court severely limited the right of states to regulate businesses that dealt with interstate commerce. This meant only the federal government had a power that had been granted to the states. Farmers responded to this case with increased political organizing, and Congress responded by creating the first real business regulatory body: the Interstate Commerce Commission. | |
| 1006116112 | Inflation | This term refers to the increase of available paper money and bank credit, leading to higher prices and less-valuable currency. The Populists of the 1890s wanted a policy of bimetallism to encourage _________ and reduce the burden of farmer debt. In the 1970s, high _________ and a lack of economic growth led to an uncommon condition economists called "stagflation." | |
| 1006116113 | Ocala Platform | This series of demands was the result of an 1892 farmers' convention held in ____, Florida. The farmers demanded: (1) the direct election of senators, (2) lower tariff rates, (3) a graduated income tax, and (4) a new banking system regulated by the federal government. | |
| 1006116114 | Populist | A political party formed in 1891 mostly by farmers & members of labor unions who demanded government help with falling farm prices, regulation of railroad rates, and the free coinage of silver (more money to be put in circulation) | |
| 1006116115 | William McKinley | This Republican candidate defeated William Jennings Bryan in the 1896 presidential election. As a supporter of big business, he pushed for high protective tariffs. Under his leadership, the U.S. became an imperial world power. He was assassinated by an anarchist in 1901. | |
| 1006116116 | Interstate Commerce Act | In 1887, Congress passed this law at the behest of farmers who sought to forbid price discrimination and other monopolistic practices of the railroads. The commission created by this law had no real power until the Theodore Roosevelt administration, though. | |
| 1006116117 | Farmers' Alliance | This organization replaced the National Grange as a support group for the nation's farmers during the 1880s. This kind of organization was politically active in the Midwest and South and was central to the founding of the Populist Party. | |
| 1006116118 | National Grange | The more common name of the Patrons of Husbandry—this organization was formed in 1867 as a support system for struggling western farmers. This organization was a educational and social organization, but under the leadership of Oliver Kelley, this organization began to lobby state and federal governments for legislation that would protect farmers from the effects of big business. | |
| 1006116119 | William Jennings Bryan | This Democratic candidate ran for president most famously in 1896 (and again in 1900). His goal of "free silver" (unlimited coinage of silver) won him the support of the Populist Party. Though a gifted orator, he lost the election to Republican William McKinley. He ran again for president and lost in 1900. Later he opposed America's imperialist actions, and in the 1920s, he made his mark as a leader of the fundamentalist cause and prosecuting attorney in the Scopes Monkey Trial. | |
| 1006116120 | Munn vs. Illinois | This 1876 Supreme Court case seemed like a victory for the Grangers movement and represented a step toward greater governmental regulation of the economy. The court decided that states had the right to regulate commerce within their states (particularly railroad and grain elevator companies), but this decision was largely overturned 10 years later by the Wabash case. | |
| 1006116121 | Wabash case | This 1886 case overturned the earlier Munn vs. Illinois case. In this case, the Supreme Court severely limited the right of states to regulate businesses that dealt with interstate commerce. This meant only the federal government had a power that had been granted to the states. Farmers responded to this case with increased political organizing, and Congress responded by creating the first real business regulatory body: the Interstate Commerce Commission. | |
| 1006116122 | Inflation | This term refers to the increase of available paper money and bank credit, leading to higher prices and less-valuable currency. The Populists of the 1890s wanted a policy of bimetallism to encourage _________ and reduce the burden of farmer debt. In the 1970s, high _________ and a lack of economic growth led to an uncommon condition economists called "stagflation." | |
| 1006116123 | Populist | A political party formed in 1891 mostly by farmers & members of labor unions who demanded government help with falling farm prices, regulation of railroad rates, and the free coinage of silver (more money to be put in circulation) | |
| 1006116124 | Credit Mobilier | a joint-stock company organized in 1863 and reorganized in 1867 to build the Union Pacific Railroad. It was involved in a scandal in 1872 in which high government officials were accused of accepting bribes. | |
| 1006116125 | Transcontinental RR | cerated standered time, end of na, killed their food supply, brouth setlers west, connected the contry by shipingh goods all over the country, allowed cattle industry | |
| 1006116126 | Comstock Lode | first discovered in 1858 by Henry Comstock, some of the most plentiful and valuable silver was found here, causing many Californians to migrate here, and settle Nevada. | |
| 1006116127 | The Long Drive | driving the herd, A term used when cowboys would drive the herd long distances to cattle towns (ended w/ the expansion of the RR) | |
| 1006116128 | barbed wire | Used to fence in land on the Great Plains, eventually leading to the end of the open frontier. | |
| 1006116129 | dry farming | a way of farming dry land in which seeds are planted deep in ground where there is some moisture--essential to farming the inhospitable Great Plains | |
| 1006116130 | frontier thesis | Historian Fr Jackson Turner's belief that Americans had developed unique characteristics (rugged, democratic, and individualistic) b/c of the frontier experience and westward expansion | |
| 1006116131 | Treaty of Ft. Laramie | 1868 treaty with the Sioux that led to a brief period of peace but that focused on Americanizing the Sioux. It was repeatedly violated by whites who wanted gold on Lakota Sioux land. | |
| 1006116132 | Little Big Horn | 1876 battle in which General Custer and his men were wiped out by a coalition of Sioux and Cheyenne Indians led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse | |
| 1006116133 | A Century of Dishonor | 1881 Helen Hunt Jackson book designed to expose the atrocities the United States committed against Native Americans in the 19th century | |
| 1006116134 | The Dawes Act | 1887 federal law supposed to "Americanize" Native Americans by encouraging in them the desire to own property and to farm reservation land distributed to Native American families; actually resulted in the loss of 2/3rds of remaining tribal land | |
| 1006116135 | Ghost Dance | widespread spiritual revival (approx 1890) by Indians that would lead to the massacre at Wounded Knee | |
| 1006116136 | Wounded Knee | 1890 massacre; after killing Sitting Bull, the 7th Cavalry rounded up Sioux at this place in South Dakota and 300 Natives were murdered and only a baby survived | |
| 1006116137 | The Atlanta Compromise | A speech by Booker T. Washington, where he stated that blacks were willing to cooperate and submit to segregation as long as they were given the oppurtunity to grow economically. | |
| 1006116138 | Plessy v. Ferguson | supreme court ruled that segregation public places facilities were legal as long as the facilites were equal | |
| 1006116139 | Jim Crow Laws | The "separate but equal" segregation laws state and local laws enacted in the Southern and border states of the United States and enforced between 1876 and 1965 | |
| 1006116140 | Grandfather Clause | A clause in voter registration laws allowing people who do not meet registration requirements to vote if they or their ancestors had voted before 1867. (essentially a way of preventing black suffrage) | |
| 1006116141 | Tuskegee Institute | Booker T. Washington built this school to educate black students on learning how to support themselves (technical training, not higher education) | |
| 1006116142 | The Grange | Originally a social organization between farmers, it developed into a political movement for government ownership of railroads | |
| 1006116143 | farmers' alliances | groups of farmers of those in sympathy with farming issues, whosent lectures from town to town to educate people about agriculural and rural issues, | |
| 1006116144 | ICC | Interstate Commerce Commission, a federal regulatory agency that governed over the rules and regulations of the railroading industry. (a weak agency, strengthened later by Teddy Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson) | |
| 1006116145 | Ocala Demands | This series of demands was the result of an 1892 farmers' convention held in ____, Florida. The farmers demanded: (1) the direct election of senators, (2) lower tariff rates, (3) a graduated income tax, and (4) a new banking system regulated by the federal government. | |
| 1006116146 | Populist Party | U.S. political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other monopolies | |
| 1006116147 | stock watering | Price manipulation by strategic stock brokers of the late 1800s. The term for selling more stock than they actually owned in order to lower prices, then buying it back. | |
| 1006116148 | Bessemer process | A way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities; essential to the creation of skyscrapers and the steel boom | |
| 1006116149 | horizontal integration | the combining of competing firms into one corporation | |
| 1006116150 | vertical integration | when a firm would strive to control all aspects of production (from acquisition of raw materials to the finished product) | |
| 1006116151 | laissez-faire capitalism | system in which the government does not regulate businesses (even if those companies become monopolies); this mindset characterized the Gilded Age | |
| 1006116152 | Social Darwinism | The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion. | |
| 1006116153 | Social Gospel | A movement in the late 1800s / early 1900s which emphasized charity and social responsibility as a means of salvation. | |
| 1006116154 | mail-order catalogs | Sears & Roebuck was the most famous one of these; settlers in the Great Plains could use these to buy goods even if the settlers lived in isolated regions | |
| 1006116155 | Horatio Alger | Writer of 106 novels stressing rags to riches stories of boys. He spread ideas of becoming the fittest individual supporting aspects of Social Darwinism | |
| 1006116156 | The Great RR Strike | Occurred when the presidents of the nations 4 largest RR collectively decided to cut employees wages by 10% the workers struck back. The govt used the army to stop the strikers | |
| 1006116157 | The National Labor Union | Established 1866, and headed by William Sylvis and Richard Trevellick, it concentrated on producer cooperation to achieve goals. It didn't last long. | |
| 1006116158 | The Knights of Labor | 1st national labor organization led by Uriah Stephens, a baptist minister. Lawyers, bankers, liquor dealers and pro-gamblers were excluded from the Union. They called for 8 hr. work days, elimination of child labor, and equal pay for equal work for women. By 1886 it had over 700,000 members. Terrence V. Powderley was its most famous leader. It included factory and industrial workers including women and blacks. Bad image b/c of Haymarket Square Riot. | |
| 1006116159 | The AFL | American Federation of Labor created by Samuel Gompers, a cigar company, owner in 1886. | |
| 1006116160 | The Haymarket Affair | A disturbance/riot that took place on Tuesday May 4, 1886, at the Haymarket Square. Began a riot in support of striking workers. An unknown person threw a bomb starting the blast of gunfire. | |
| 1006116161 | The Pullman Strike | first use of an injunction to end a strike- leader Eugene V. Debs | |
| 1006116162 | The Homestead Strike | 28 June, 1892; Carnegie Steel Plant strikers attempted to unite skilled and unskilled workers; there were battles when the strikers fought hired Pinkerton guards; the factory owners (Carnegie and Frick) won | |
| 1006116163 | The Chinese Exclusion Act | a nativist policy used to restrict immigration from Asia (supported by Knights of Labor) | |
| 1006116164 | The Gilded Age | the name associated with America in the late 1800s, referring to the extravagent wealth and the terrible poverty that lay underneath | |
| 1006116165 | The Pendleton Act | changed the civil service system from a patronage system to a merit system. imposed an exam all civil servants had to take | |
| 1006116166 | Political Machines | Corrupt organized groups that controlled political parties in the cities. A boss leads the machine and attempts to grab more votes for his party. | |
| 1006116167 | Tammany Hall | NYC's most notorious political machine, led by Boss Tweed | |
| 1006116168 | Stalwarts | Republicans fighting for civil service reform during Garfield's term; they supported Cleveland. | |
| 1006116169 | Halfbreeds | Favored tariff reform and social reform, major issues from the Democratic and Republican parties. They did not seem to be dedicated members of either party; were between stalwarts and mugwumps. They were less patronage-oriented than the Stalwarts, but not as reform-minded as the Mugwumps. | |
| 1006116170 | Mugwumps | A group of renegade Republicans who supported 1884 Democratic presidential nominee Grover Cleveland instead of their party's nominee, James G. Blaine. | |
| 1006116171 | Cross of Gold Speech | An impassioned address by William Jennings Bryan at the 1896 Deomcratic Convention, in which he attacked the "gold bugs" who insisted that U.S. currency be backed only with gold. | |
| 1006116172 | Election of 1896 | Republican William McKinley defeated Democrat William Jennings Bryan in 1896. Bryan was the nominee of the Democrats, the Populist Party, and the Silver Republicans.Economic issues, including bimetallism, the gold standard, Free Silver, and the tariff, were crucial. | |
| 1006116173 | Progress and Poverty | Written by Henry George, critical of entreprenuers, after studying poverty in America, determined that rich didn't pay fair share of taxes and proposed "Single Tax" on incremental value of land | |
| 1006116174 | Looking Backward | written in 1888 by Edward Bellamy, tells the story of a young man who wakes in 2000 | |
| 1006116175 | skyscrapers | tall steel frame buildings, which were a big part of the USA's new urban environment | |
| 1006116176 | dumbbell tenements | 5 or 6 story dwellings, with a shape to accommodate the air flow requirements, tenements built in New York City after the Tenement House Act of 1879 and before the so-called "New Law" of 1901. | |
| 1006116177 | How the Other Half Lives | a book by John Riis that told the public about the lives of the immigrants and those who live in the tenements | |
| 1006116178 | Mark Twain | satirist and author of southern literature (Huck Finn, Tom Sawyer); was also a cultural critic who came up with the nickname "the Gilded Age" | |
| 1006116179 | Helen Hunt Jackson | Author of the 1881 book A Century of Dishonor. The book exposed the U.S. governments many broken promises to the Native Americans. | |
| 1006116180 | Oliver Kelly | Responsible for founding the Grange | |
| 1006116181 | William Jennings Bryan | Politician who ran for president 1896, 1900 and 1908 under Democrats, was a pro-silverite and Populist leader | |
| 1006116182 | Boss Tweed | A political boss who carried corruption to new extremes, and cheated New York City out of more than $100 million | |
| 1006116183 | Fredrick Jackson Turner | author of the 1893 The Significance of the Frontier in American History (America needed a frontier) | |
| 1006116184 | Booker T. Washington | felt that African Americans should accept segregation and that the best way to overcome it was to improve farming and vocational skills | |
| 1006116185 | W.E.B. DuBois | 1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard, encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination, helped create NAACP in 1910. Was critical of Booker T. Washington | |
| 1006116186 | Mother Jones | socialist leader who helped railroad workers and coal miners get better working conditions; called attention to hard lives of children working in textile mills | |
| 1006116187 | Terence Powderly | He was a well-known national figure as leader of the Knights of Labor from 1883-1893. | |
| 1006116188 | Samuel Gompers | He was the creator of the American Federation of Labor. He provided a stable and unified union for skilled workers. | |
| 1006116189 | Eugene Debs | Prominent socialist leader (and five time presidential candidate) who founded the American Railroad Union and led the 1894 Pullman Strike | |
| 1006116190 | Herbert Spencer | Social Darwinist author; influential British writer | |
| 1006116191 | William G. Sumner | Yale academic who advocated social darwinism and a laissez faire approach to the economy | |
| 1006116192 | Jane Addams | the founder of Hull House, which provided English lessons for immigrants, daycares, and child care classes | |
| 1006116193 | Henry George | He wrote Progress and Poverty in 1879, which made him famous as an opponent of the evils of modern capitalism. | |
| 1006116194 | Edward Bellamy | In 1888, he wrote Looking Backward, 2000-1887, a description of a utopian society in the year 2000. | |
| 1006116195 | Jacob Riis | A Danish immigrant, he became a reporter who pointed out the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800s. He wrote How The Other Half Lives in 1890. | |
| 1006116196 | Andrew Carnegie | Creates Carnegie Steel, which later gets bought out by banker JP Morgan and is renamed US Steel. He used vertical integration and invested heavily in technology. Believed in the Gospel of Wealth and was a philanthropist (even though he was called a "Robber baron") | |
| 1006116197 | Jay Gould | an American financier that was partnered with James Fisk in tampering with the railroad stocks for personal profit He, like other railroad kings, controlled the lives of the people more than the president did and pushed the way to cooperation among the kings where they developed techniques such as pooling. | |
| 1006116198 | William Vanderbilt | son of Cornelius Vanderbilt, He took over his father's railroad company and doubled the family fortune. Was known for his greed (social Darwinist) | |
| 1006116199 | John D. Rockefeller | formed Standard Oil Trust and made millions while monopolizing the oil industry | |
| 1006116200 | protestant work ethic | way of life based on Biblical teaching that God expects all men to work and all work is a noble duty to be performed toward God | |
| 1006116201 | sand creek massacre | an attack on a village of sleeping Cheyenne Indians by a regiment of Colorado militiamen on 29 November 1864 that resulted in the death of more than 200 tribal members | |
| 1006116202 | Chief Joseph | Leader of the Nez Perce, surrendered to US forces in 1877 and was exiled to Oklahoma |
