Based off of The American Pageant 10th Edition textbook for AP US History, and notes from Mr. Toy's class. The longer, quoted definitions are from the workbook.
(Check: ignore punctuation, capitalization, and information in parenthesis)
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| 63164664 | (Warren) Harding | Republican president often compared to Grant; he was good-natured but his intelligence was mediocre, and his negligence allowed scandalous dealings to occur during his term. | |
| 63164665 | Ohio Gang | Poker-playing cronies from Harding's native state who contributed to the morally loose atmosphere in his administration. | |
| 63164666 | (Charles Evans) Hughes | "Strong-minded leader of Harding's cabinet and initiator of major naval agreements." (Secretary of State) | |
| 63164667 | (Andrew W.) Mellon | "Wealthy industrialist and conservative secretary of the treasury in the 1920s." Secretary of the Treasury under Harding. | |
| 63164668 | (Herbert) Hoover | Previous wartime food administrator who fed the Belgians; Secretary of Commerce under Harding. | |
| 63164669 | (Albert B.) Fall | New Mexico Senator who was Secretary of the Interior under Harding. "Convicted of taking bribes for leases on federal oil reserves in the Teapot Dome scandal." | |
| 63164670 | (Harry M.) Daugherty | U.S. attorney general and a member of Harding's corrupt "Ohio Gang" who was forced to resign in administration scandals, some involving the illegal sale of liquor permits. | |
| 63164671 | four | The number of Supreme Court justices appointed by Warren Harding. Most of them were reactionaries. Taft was the best of them. | |
| 63164672 | Adkins v. Children's Hospital | Supreme Court ruling that removed workplace protection and invalidated a minimum wage for women that had been established by Muller v. Oregon. | |
| 63164673 | Muller v. Oregon | The Adkins v. Children's Hospital case reversed the ruling of this previous Supreme Court case. | |
| 63168162 | Esch-Cummins Transportation Act | This act was passed by Congress in 1920 as an alternative to government nationalization of the railroads. It encouraged the private consolidation of the RR's, and pledged the ICC to guarantee their profitability | |
| 63168163 | Merchant Marine Act | 1920 act which authorized the Shipping Board, which controlled 1500 vessels, to dispose of much of the hastily-built wartime fleet. | |
| 63168164 | Railway Labor Board | This was a successor to the wartime labor boards; it ordered a wage cut of 12 percent in 1922, provoking a two-month strike. It ended when Attorney General Daugherty placed sweeping injunctions on the strikers. | |
| 63168165 | Veterans' Bureau | Created by Congress in 1921 to operate hospitals and provide vocational rehabilitation for disabled veterans of WWI. | |
| 63168166 | American Legion | WWI veterans' group that promoted patriotism and economic benefits for former servicemen. Founded in Paris in 1919 by Colonel Theodore Roosevelt; it met periodically and became distinguished for extreme patriotism, conservatism, and antiradicalism. | |
| 63168167 | adjusted compensation | Veterans of WWI demanded this: payment for the wages they "lost" when they were in service. | |
| 63168168 | Adjusted Compensation Act | Passed by Congress in 1924 after a bonus bill was vetoed by Harding in 1922. It gave every former soldier an insurance policy due in 20 years. It added about $3.5 billion to the total cost of the war. Coolidge vetoed it, but Congress upheld it. | |
| 63168169 | irreconcilables | Term for the Senators who would not agree to joining the League of Nations, and pressured Harding to reject it. | |
| 63171630 | Washington Disarmament Conference | Meeting held from 1921 to 1922; all naval powers were invited except for Bolshevik Russia. Secretary Hughes laid out a comprehensive plan for declaring a ten-year "holiday" on construction of battleships. He also proposed scrapping some ships already built. A 5-5-3 ratio of warships for US, England, and Japan was proposed. Several other agreements were ironed out. | |
| 63171631 | 5-5-3 | Ratio of US, English, and Japanese ships proposed by Secretary Hughes at the Washington Disarmament Conference. | |
| 63171632 | Five-Power Naval Treaty | 1922 treaty established at the Washington Disarmament Conference; it embodied Hughes's 5-5-3 ratio for navies. Britain and America conceded that they would not fortify their Far-East possessions, but the Japanese weren't subject to this. | |
| 63171633 | Nine-Power Treaty | 1922 treaty whose signatories agreed to maintain the Open Door policy in China. | |
| 63171634 | Britain, Japan, France, United States | These four powers were bound by a Four-Power Treaty at the Washington Disarmament Conference which replaced the Anglo-Japanese alliance. They agreed to preserve the status quo in the Pacific. | |
| 63171635 | (Frank B.) Kellogg | Secretary of State under Coolidge; he won a Nobel Peace Prize for his role in negotiating the Pact of Paris in 1928, which he signed with the French foreign minister. | |
| 63171636 | Kellogg-Briand Pact | "Toothless international agreement of 1928 that pledged nations to outlaw war." Agreement also known as the Pact of Paris; Coolidge's Secretary of state and the French foreign minister signed it in 1928. It was a pledge to forswear war as an instrument of national policy. It was ultimately ratified by sixty-two nations. | |
| 63171637 | Pact of Paris | An alternate name for the Kellogg-Briand Pact; it was a pledge to forswear war as a national policy. It was ultimately ratified by sixty-two nations. | |
| 63173308 | Teapot Dome | "Naval oil reserve in Wyoming that gave its name to one of the major Harding administration scandals." | |
| 63173309 | McNary-Haugen Bill | "Farm proposal of the 1920s, passed by Congress but vetoed by president Coolidge, that provided for the federal government to buy farm surpluses and sell them abroad." | |
| 63173310 | Dawes Plan of 1924 | "American-sponsored arrangement for rescheduling German reparations payments that only temporarily eased the international debt tangle of the 1920s." | |
| 63173311 | Hoovercrats | 'Southern Democrats who turned against their party's "wet" Catholic nominee and voted for the Republican in 1928.' | |
| 63173312 | Hawley-Smoot Tariff | "Sky-high tariff bill of 1930 that deepened the depression and caused international financial chaos." | |
| 63173313 | Black Tuesday | "The climactic day of the October 1929 Wall Street stock-market crash." | |
| 63173314 | Hoovervilles | "Depression shantytowns, named after the president whom many blamed for their financial distress." | |
| 63173315 | Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) | "Hoover-sponsored federal agency that provided loans to hard-pressed banks and businesses after 1932." | |
| 63173316 | Bonus Army | "Encampment of unemployed veterans who were driven out of Washington by General Douglas MacArthur's forces in 1932." | |
| 63173317 | Manchuria | "The Chinese province invaded and overrun by the Japanese army in 1932." | |
| 63178207 | Fordney-McCumber Tariff | This tariff was passed in 1922. It boosted rates from the 27% average of the Underwood Tariff to an average of 38.5%. It increased duties on farm produce; it was supposed to equalize the cost of American and foreign production. | |
| 63178208 | (Charles R.) Forbes | Colonel appointed by Harding, head of the Veterans' Bureau who in 1923 was caught embezzling and resigned. He and his accomplices took $200 million from the government in connection with building a veterans' hospital. | |
| 63178209 | Elk Hills | California location involved in the Teapot Dome scandal; a priceless naval oil reserve. | |
| 63180612 | Denby | Secretary of the Navy under Harding; Fall convinced him to transfer the valuable Teapot Dome and Elk Hills oil reserves to the control of the Department of the Interior. | |
| 63180613 | (Harry F.) Sinclair | Oilman involved in the Teapot Dome scandal; he bribed Albert Fall with about $300,000, but was not convicted with this. He was sentenced to several months in jail for "shadowing" jurors and for refusing to testify before a Senate committee. | |
| 63180614 | (Edward L.) Doheny | Oilman who bribed Fall $100,000 in the Teapot Dome scandal; he was acquitted in court. | |
| 63183308 | (Calvin) Coolidge | Tight-lipped Vermonter who promoted frugality and pro-business policies during his presidency. He was VP to Harding. He gave the Harding administration a much-needed moral fumigation. | |
| 63183309 | farm bloc | Bipartisan voting sector from the agricultural states; it sprouted up in Congress in 1921 and drove through laws such as the Capper-Volstead Act and the McNary-Haugen Bill. | |
| 63183310 | Capper-Volstead Act | Act driven through congress by the "farm bloc" of congressmen; it exempted farmers' marketing cooperatives from antitrust prosecution. | |
| 63183311 | (John W.) Davis | "Weak compromise Democratic candidate in 1924." He was a wealthy corporation lawyer, and was very conservative. | |
| 63183312 | (Robert) La Follette | "Leader of a liberal third-party (Progressive Party) insurgency who attracted little support outside the farm belt and his home state" (Wisconsin). | |
| 63183313 | Progressive Party | New party started by Robert La Follette in the 1924 election. Endorsed by the American Federation of Labor. | |
| 63186655 | (Charles) Dawes | Negotiator of the 1924 plan for rescheduling Germany's reparations payments and opening the way for more American private loans to Germany. | |
| 63186656 | (Alfred) Al Smith | The "Happy Warrior" who attracted votes in the cities but lost them in the South (because he was Catholic and against prohibition). He was a four-time governor of NY. | |
| 63186657 | rugged individualism | Doctrine preached by Herbert Hoover; it was anti-socialism and insisted that people should work themselves out of the Great Depression without government aid. | |
| 63186658 | 32 billion | Amount, in dollars, demanded of Germany as reparation for WWI. | |
| 63189883 | Agricultural Marketing Act | This act, passed under the Hoover administration set up the Federal Farm Board, with a revolving fund of half a billion dollars. Money was lent generously to farm organizations seeking to buy, sell, and store agricultural surpluses. | |
| 63189884 | Hawley-Smoot Tariff | "Extremely high tariff act that killed international trade and deepened the Great Depression." | |
| 63189886 | MIssissippi Valley | This region was struck by a drought in 1930, causing thousands of farms to be sold at auction. Farm tenancy and rental was on the rise. | |
| 63189887 | Hoover blankets | Term for newspapers, mocking president Hoover. | |
| 63189888 | Hoovervilles | Term for shantytowns cynically mocking the president. | |
| 63191749 | Muscle Shoals Bill | Bill designed to dam the Tennessee River; Hoover fought it because it was socialistic. It was later realized in the Tennessee Valley Authority under Roosevelt. | |
| 63191750 | Norris-La Guardia Anti-Injunction Act | One of the indirect benefits to labor provided for by Hoover's administration; it outlawed the "yellow dog" antiunion contracts and forbade the federal courts to issue injunctions to restrain strikes, boycotts, and peaceful picketing. | |
| 63191751 | Bonus Expeditionary Force (BEF) | 20,000 veterans who converged on the capital in the summer of 1932; they were demanding the immediate payment of their entire bonus, which was meant to be paid in later years. They set up public camps. The pending bonus bill failed to pass in Congress, and Hoover arranged to pay the return fare of 6000 of them, but the rest refused to leave and were forcibly removed by MacArthur in the Battle of Anacostia Flats | |
| 63191752 | (Douglas) Macarthur | General who, in the Battle of Anacostia Flats, evicted the veterans of the Bonus Expeditionary Force from their unsanitary public camp in the capital. | |
| 63191753 | Battle of Anacostia Flats | Event in which General Douglas MacArthur kicked the Bonus Expeditionary Force out of the capital. | |
| 63191754 | (Henry) Stimson | "Hoover's secretary of state, who sought sanctions against Japan for its aggression in Manchuria." | |
| 63191755 | Stimson doctrine | Policy toward the Japanese; proclaimed in 1932; declared that the US would not recognize and territorial acquisitions that were achieved by force. |
