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| 448711434 | Aztecs | early native tribe in Mexico who had sophisticated government; advanced agricultural practices (mainly based on corn); made astronomical observations; sought favor of their gods (through human sacrifice) | 0 | |
| 448711435 | Pueblo Indians | early tribe in the Rio Grande valley who made intricate irrigation systems to water their cornfields; dwelled in villages of multistoried buildings (pueblo=village) | 1 | |
| 448711436 | Mound Builders | early tribe in Ohio River Valley who incorporated corn planting into their daily lives | 2 | |
| 448711437 | Anasazi | early desert-dwelling tribe of the Southwest who incorporated corn-planting into their daily lives; built elaborate pueblo at Chaco Canyon in New Mexico; possibly mysteriously fell due to drought | 3 | |
| 448711438 | Cahokia | Mississippian settlement near present day St. Louis that at one time had a huge population of 25,000 | 4 | |
| 448711439 | three-sister farming | Agricultural system employed by North American Indians as early as 1000 A.D.; maize, beans and squash were grown together to maximize yields. | 5 | |
| 449453357 | Hiawatha | Iroquois leader who helped found the Iroquois Confederacy in the late 1500's | 6 | |
| 449453358 | Iroquois Confederacy | a powerful group of Native Americans in the eastern part of the United States made up of five nations: the Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondoga, and Oneida | 7 | |
| 449453359 | Marco Polo | an Italian adventurer whou soujourned in China for 22 years and was an indirect discoverer of the New World | 8 | |
| 449453360 | Bartholomeu Dias | Portuguese explorer who in 1488 was the first European to get round the Cape of Good Hope (thus establishing a sea route from the Atlantic to Asia) (1450-1500) | 9 | |
| 449453361 | Vasco de Gama | Portuguese explorer who reached India from sea-route; returned to Europe with a small cargo of jewels and spices | 10 | |
| 449453362 | Ferdinand of Aragon | He married Isabella of Castile to form a union for Spain (though they were never politically united). He and Isabella worked together to form a strong infantry army in Spain. | 11 | |
| 449453363 | Isabella of Castile | married Ferdinand of Aragon in the first step toward a unified Spain, first "Catholic monarch." | 12 | |
| 449453364 | Christopher Columbus | Italian seafarer who persuaded the Spanish monarchy to provide him with 3 ships in | 13 | |
| 451208241 | Treaty of Tordesillas | treaty that established a boundary line in 1494 to define Spanish and Portuguese possessions in the Americas. (spain=west, portugal=east) | 14 | |
| 451208242 | conquistadores | Spanish 'conqueror' or soldier in the New World. They were searching for the 3-G's: gold, God, and glory. | 15 | |
| 451208243 | Vasco Balboa | Spanish explorer who became the first European to see the Pacific Ocean in 1510 while exploring Panama | 16 | |
| 451208244 | Ferdinand Magellan | Portuguese explorer who found a sea route to the Philippines by sailing around the American continent. His crew was the first to circumnavigate the world. | 17 | |
| 451208245 | Ponce de Leon | Spanish explorer who explored Florida in search of gold | 18 | |
| 451208246 | Francisco Coronado | Spanish explorer who was in search of golden cities but instead found drab Indian villages - wandered through parts of Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas; discovered the Grand Canyon and herds of buffalo | 19 | |
| 451208247 | Hernando de Soto | Spanish explorer in search of gold who explored parts of Florida & westward; discovered and crossed Mississippi River; brutally mistreated Indians | 20 | |
| 451208248 | Francisco Pizarro | Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima | 21 | |
| 451208249 | capitalism | an economic system based on open competition in a free market, in which individuals and companies own the means of production and operate for profit | 22 | |
| 451208250 | encomienda | technique that allowed government to give Indians to certain colonists in return for Christianizing them ( = slavery) | 23 | |
| 451208251 | Bartolome de Las Casas | Spanish missionary appalled by the encomienda system in Hispaniola (Haiti & D.R.) and regarded it as a moral pestilence | 24 | |
| 451208252 | Hernan Cortes | Spanish explorer who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico, with the help of captured Indians who spoke native language | 25 | |
| 451208253 | Tenochtitlan | Aztec capital where much gold and wealth was stored | 26 | |
| 451208254 | Moctezuma | Aztec chieftain who encountered Cortes and his army and favored them at first believing they were Gods; eventually was defeated and conquered by Spanish | 27 | |
| 451208255 | Quetzalcoatl | Aztec God who lived in the sea | 28 | |
| 451208256 | Mestizos | people of mixed Indian and European heritage | 29 | |
| 451208257 | malinchista | Mexican word for traitor; named after Malinche who helped Cortes in defeated the Aztecs | 30 | |
| 451208258 | Dia de la Raza | Columbus Day in Mexico - celebrated for the birthday of a wholly new race of people | 31 | |
| 451208259 | Moors | North African Muslims known as the "Black Ones" in Spanish | 32 | |
| 451208260 | John Cabot | Italian-born navigator explored the coast of New England, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland. Gave England a claim in North America. | 33 | |
| 451208261 | Giovanni da Verrazano | Florentine navigator who explored the eastern coast of North America (circa 1485-1528); explored New York Harbor and searched for Northwest Passage | 34 | |
| 451378877 | Jacques Cartier | French explorer who explored the St. Lawrence river and laid claim to the region for France (1491-1557) | 35 | |
| 451378878 | St. Augustine FL | Spanish set up a fortress here to block French ambitions and protect sea lanes to the Carribbean; oldest continually inhabited European settlement in US | 36 | |
| 451378879 | Juan de Onate | Spanish explorer and conquistador. He claimed New Mexico for Spain in 1598 and served as its governor until 1607. | 37 | |
| 451378880 | Pope's Rebellion | An Indian uprising in 1680 where pueblo rebels in an attempt to resist catholicism and Europeans all together destroyed every catholic church in the province and killed scores of priests and hundreds of spanish settlers. | 38 | |
| 451378881 | kiva | ceremonial religious chamber | 39 | |
| 451378882 | Robert de La Salle | Frenchman who followed the Mississippi River all the way to the Gulf of Mexico, claiming the region for France and naming it Louisiana in honor of King Louis XIV | 40 | |
| 451378883 | Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo | A Spaniard who explored the coast of California in 1542. However, he failed to discover the San Francisco Bay or anythine else of interest to the Spanish. | 41 | |
| 451378884 | Junipero Serra | The leader of a group of Spanish missionaries who founded a chain of 21 missions at San Diego and stretching north of the San Francisco Bay. These missions gathered nomadic Indians into missions and taught them the values of Christianity. | 42 | |
| 451378885 | sea dogs | name given English buccaneers, these semi-pirates seized Spanish treasure ships | 43 | |
| 451378886 | Sante Fe, NM | primitive outpost of Spanish in 1610 | 44 | |
| 451378887 | Quebec, CANADA | primitive outpost of French in 1608 | 45 | |
| 451378888 | Jamestown, VA | primitive outpost of English in 1607 | 46 | |
| 451378889 | Protestantism | the theological system of any of the churches of western Christendom that separated from the Roman Catholic Church during the Reformation | 47 | |
| 451378890 | Elizabeth I | Reestablished Protestantism as the state religion of England and she led the defeat of the Spanish Armada. | 48 | |
| 451378891 | Protestant Reformation | a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches | 49 | |
| 451378892 | Francis Drake | English explorer who was a "sea dog", the 2nd person to circumnavigate the world, defended England from Spain in Spanish Armada, helped start the slave trade. | 50 | |
| 451378893 | Humphrey Gilbert | English navigator who in 1583 established in Newfoundland the first English colony in North America (1539-1583) | 51 | |
| 451378894 | Walter Raleigh | Half brother of Humphrey Gilbert; set up a failed colony at Roanoke, Virginia 1585 (named for Queen Elizabeth). | 52 | |
| 451378895 | Roanoke Island | "Lost colony" discovered by Raleigh | 53 | |
| 451378896 | Philip II of Spain | Spanish Catholic king who started the success of Spain's foreign colonies; used imperial gains to amass the Spanish Armada on England | 54 | |
| 451378897 | Spanish Armada | the Spanish fleet that attempted to invade England, ending in disaster, due to the raging storm in the English Channel as well as the smaller and better English navy led by Francis Drake. This is viewed as the decline of Spains Golden Age, and the rise of England as a world naval power. | 55 | |
| 451378898 | Richard Hakluyt | Main promoter of colonization by England in the New World. Reasons included surplus of English labor and thwarting Spain. | 56 | |
| 451378899 | primogeniture | laws that decreed only that only eldest sons were eligible to inherit landed estates -- hence younger sons got involved with colonization | 57 | |
| 451378900 | imperialism | A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries poitically, socially, and economically. | 58 | |
| 451378901 | Mungo Park | Scottish explorer in Africa who explored the Niger River | 59 | |
| 451378902 | Amerigo Vespucci | The Italian sailor who corrected Columbus's mistake, acknowledging the coasts of america as a new world. America is named after him | 60 | |
| 451378903 | Sepulveda | argued that biblical text stated that natives were inferior and destined to slavery in the New World | 61 | |
| 451378904 | mercantilism | an economic system to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests; country should sell more goods to other countries than it buys | 62 | |
| 451378905 | Prince Henry the Navigator | This was the Portuguese Prince that gave steadfast financial and moral support to the navigators believing a shortcut around Africa to Asia could be found | 63 | |
| 451378906 | Huguenots | French Protestants; many fled to America after Edict of Nantes was revoked | 64 | |
| 451378907 | Columbian exchange | The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages. | 65 | |
| 451378908 | Olauda Equiano | Kidnapped by slavetraders when he was 11; trained to be a clerk by a Philadelphia merchant; earned his freedom; published an autobiography | 66 | |
| 451378909 | Coureurs de Bois | Itinerant, unlicensed fur traders of NEW FRANCE known as "wood-runners" to the English on Hudson Bay and "bush-lopers" | 67 | |
| 451378910 | sovereignty | government free from external control | 68 | |
| 451378911 | joint-stock company | A company in which investors buy stock in the company in return for a share of its future profits and debts | 69 | |
| 451378912 | James I | King of England during start of colonization; reluctant to give colonists their own government, preferred to appoint royal governors | 70 | |
| 451378913 | Chesapeake Region | wooded area, mosquito infested and unhealthful; easy to defend; took awhile to settle and develop the area; Maryland and Virginia | 71 | |
| 451378914 | John Smith | Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter; saved by Pocahontas | 72 | |
| 451378915 | Powhatan | Indian chieftain in Chesapeake Region who kidnapped John Smith and challenged colonists in early Jamestown; daughter was Pocahontas | 73 | |
| 451378916 | Pocahontas | daughter of Indian chieftain Powhatan; saved John Smith from being murdered ; married John Rolfe (first interracial union in Virginia) | 74 | |
| 451378917 | Lord De La Warr | New governor of Jamestown who arrived in 1610, immediately imposing a military regime in Jamestown and declaring war against the Powhatan Confederacy. Employed "Irish tactics" in which his troops burned houses and cornfields. | 75 | |
| 451486278 | Powhatan's Confederacy | several tribes around Jamestown area over which Powhatan asserted supremacy | 76 | |
| 451486279 | Virginia Company | Joint-Stock Company in London that received a charter for land in the New World. Charter guarantees new colonists same rights as people back in England. | 77 | |
| 451486280 | First Anglo-Powhatan War | declared by Lord De La Warr when he took over Jamestown; marriage of Pocahontas and John Rolfe (first interracial union in Virginia) ended war in 1614 | 78 | |
| 451486281 | John Rolfe | He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony. | 79 | |
| 451486282 | Second Anglo-Powhatan War | Indians last effort to dislodge Virginians, they were defeated. Peace treaty of 1646 banished Indians from their native lands | 80 | |
| 451486283 | House of Burgesses | the first elected legislative assembly in the New World established in the Colony of Virginia in 1619, representative colony set up by England to make laws and levy taxes but England could veto its legistlative acts. | 81 | |
| 451486284 | Lord Baltimore | Founded the colony of Maryland and offered religious freedom to all Christian colonists. He did so because he knew that members of his own religion (Catholicism) would be a minority in the colony. | 82 | |
| 451486285 | indentured servants | colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years | 83 | |
| 451486286 | Maryland Act of Toleration | Ordered by Lord Baltimore after a Protestant was made governor of Maryland at the demand of the colony's large Protestant population. The act guaranteed religious freedom to all Christians. | 84 | |
| 451486287 | royal charter | Royal document granting a specified group the right to form a colony and guaranteeing settlers their rights as English citizens | 85 | |
| 451486288 | proprietary colony | a colony owned and ruled by one person who was chosen by a king or queen | 86 | |
| 451486289 | slave codes | laws that controlled the lives of enslaved african americans and denied them basic rights | 87 | |
| 451486290 | Charles I | King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1625-1649). His power struggles with Parliament resulted in the English Civil War (1642-1648) in which he was defeated. He was tried for treason and beheaded in 1649 | 88 | |
| 451486291 | Oliver Cromwell | English military, political, and religious figure who led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War (1642-1649) and called for the execution of Charles I. As lord protector of England (1653-1658) he ruled as a virtual dictator. | 89 | |
| 451486292 | Charles II | son of decapitated Charles I, restored to throne after Cromwell; King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1660-1685) who reigned during the Restoration, a period of expanding trade and colonization as well as strong opposition to Catholicism | 90 | |
| 451486293 | William Penn | A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution. | 91 | |
| 451486294 | Scrooby congregation | A congregation of Separatists from Scrooby, England who began quietly emigrating from England in 1608, although it was illegal to leave England without the consent of the king. Important because some of these people who immigrated to Leiden, Holland eventually boarded the Mayflower and sailed to Plymouth and are known as the Pilgrims who founded Plymouth Plantation. | 92 | |
| 451486295 | demography | study of populations | 93 | |
| 451486296 | Handsome Lake | A Seneca Iroquois prophet. Preached against alcoholism by appealing to religious traditions. Had Quaker missionaries teach agricultural methods to the Iroquois men. | 94 | |
| 451486297 | James Oglethorpe | founder of Georgia in 1733; soldier, statesman , philanthropist. Started Georgia as a haven for people in debt because of his intrest in prison reform. Almost single-handedly kept Georgia afloat. | 95 | |
| 451505074 | John Wesley | English clergyman and founder of Methodism (1703-1791); visited Georgia as a missionary to work with debtors and Indians | 96 | |
| 451505075 | William Berkeley | Governor of Virginia; greedy and corrupt; led to Bacon's Rebellion | 97 | |
| 451505076 | yeoman | man or farmer owning small estate; middle-class farmer | 98 | |
| 451505077 | starving time | The winter of 1609 to 1610 was known as the "starving time" to the colonists of Jamestown, Virginia. Only sixty members of the original four-hundred colonists survived. The rest died of starvation because they did not possess the skills that were necessary to obtain food in the new world. | 99 | |
| 451618879 | Martin Luther | German theologian and leader of the Reformation. He opposed the wealth and corruption of the papacy and believed the Bible and faith alone were the source of God's word and salvation; established the Lutheran Church. | 100 | |
| 451618880 | John Calvin | French theologian elaborated Luther's ideas. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings. | 101 | |
| 451618881 | Calvinism | the belief that God is all-knowing, all-powerful, and all-good; humans are weak and wicked because of original sin | 102 | |
| 451618882 | the "elect" | people who were predestined by God for eternal bliss of for eternal torment | 103 | |
| 451618883 | Henry VIII | English King that left the RCC and started the Church of England | 104 | |
| 451618884 | Puritans | A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England from its Catholic ways. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay. | 105 | |
| 451618885 | predestination | the belief that God has already chosen those who will have eternal bliss and those who will have eternal torment; one's predestination could not be changed | 106 | |
| 451618886 | "visible saints" | people who felt the stirrings of grace in their souls and could demonstrate its presence to their fellow Puritans | 107 | |
| 451618887 | Separatists | sub-group of the Puritans who vowed to break completely with the Church of England; most were Pilgrims who came on the Mayflower | 108 | |
| 451618888 | Pilgrims | a group of Puritans who fled from England to Holland, and from there took the Mayflower over to Plymouth in order to flee royal wrath and seek religious freedom | 109 | |
| 451618889 | Miles Standish | "Captain Shrimp"; English colonist and army captain at Plymouth who helped defend the Pilgrim colony against Indians | 110 | |
| 451618890 | Mayflower | the ship in which the Pilgrim Fathers sailed from England to Plymouth, Massachusetts in 1620 | 111 | |
| 451618891 | Plymouth Bay | Where the Pilgrims mistakenly sailed to from the Netherlands in 1620 and ended up settling there; outside of Virginia Company domain- had no legal rights to settle and claim land there | 112 | |
| 451618892 | Mayflower Contract | agreement to form a crude government and to submit to the will of the majority under regulations agreed upon | 113 | |
| 451618893 | William Bradford | A Pilgrim, the second governor of the Plymouth colony, 1621-1657. Self-taught scholar. He developed private land ownership and helped colonists get out of debt. He helped the colony survive droughts, crop failures, and Indian attacks. | 114 | |
| 451618894 | Massachusetts Bay Company | joint-stock company chartered by Charles I in 1629. It was controlled by Non-Separatists who took the charter with them to New England and, in effect, converted it into a written constitution for the colony | 115 | |
| 451618895 | Massachusetts Bay Colony | One of the first settlements in New England; established in 1630 and became a major Puritan colony. Became the state of Massachusetts, originally where Boston is located. It was a major trading center, and absorbed the Plymouth community; established political freedom and representative government, | 116 | |
| 451618896 | commonwealth | a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them | 117 | |
| 451618897 | "Great Migration" | in the 1630's when thousands of refugees left England for New England and the West Indies | 118 | |
| 451618898 | John Winthrop | As first governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world. | 119 | |
| 451618899 | "city upon a hill" | Winthrop regards to Boston as this; a beacon to humanity | 120 | |
| 451618900 | covenant | an agreement -- Puritan bay colonists believed they had an agreement with God to build a holy society that would be a model for humankind; purpose of govt was to enforce God's laws | 121 | |
| 451618901 | freemen | adult males who belonged to Puritan congregations (Congregational Church); granted right to vote | 122 | |
| 451618902 | Congregational Church | A church grown out of the Puritan church, was established in all New England colonies but Rhode Island. It was based on the belief that individual churches should govern themselves | 123 | |
| 451618903 | John Cotton | Criticized the Church of England, fled to Massachusetts Bay Colony, defended government's duty to enforce religious rules | 124 | |
| 451618904 | franchise | a statutory right or privilege granted to a person or group by a government (especially the rights of citizenship and the right to vote) | 125 | |
| 451618905 | Church of England | The Anglican church, which unites church and state under the monarchy; , Church created in England as a result of a political dispute between Henry VIII and the Pope, Pope would not let Henry divorce his wife | 126 | |
| 451618906 | Bible | The book that contains the writings or scriptures that Christians recognize as the written word of God. | 127 | |
| 451618907 | Quakers (Society of Friends) | English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preache a doctrine of pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania | 128 | |
| 451618908 | Anne Hutchinson | a dissenter who held unorthodox views that challenged authority of clergy and integrity of Puritan experiment in the Bay Colony; antinomianism | 129 | |
| 451618909 | antinomianism | belief that holy life was no sure sign of salvation and that the truly saved need not bother to obey the law or God or man; high heresy by Anne Hutchinson | 130 | |
| 451618910 | Roger Williams | He founded Rhode Island for separation of Church and State. He believed that the Puritans were too powerful and was ordered to leave the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his religious beliefs. | 131 | |
| 451618911 | Thomas Hooker | A Puritan minister who led about 100 settlers out of Massachusetts Bay to Hartford, Connecticut because he believed that the governor and other officials had too much power. He wanted to set up a colony in Connecticut with strict limits on government. | 132 | |
| 451618912 | Fundamental Orders | The constitution of the Connecticut River colony drawn up in 1639, it established a government controlled in democratic style by the "substantial" citizens. | 133 | |
| 451618913 | Protestant Ethic | way of life based on Biblical teaching that God expects all men to work and all work is a noble duty to be performed toward God | 134 | |
| 451618914 | Ferdinando Gorges | The Propritor of Maine, until it became part of the Massachusetts Bay Colony | 135 | |
| 451618915 | Wampanoag Indians | The Native American Tribe that helped the Pilgrims settle in Plymouth | 136 | |
| 451618916 | Squanto | Native American who helped the English colonists in Massachusetts develop agricultural techniques and served as an interpreter between the colonists and the Wampanoag. | 137 | |
| 451618917 | Massasoit | Wampanoag chieftain who befriended the pilgrims and signed a peace treaty with them in 1621 | 138 | |
| 451618918 | Pequot War | 1637- war between the colonists and the Pequot tribe in Connecticut Mystic River area- ended in destruction of the tribe and uneasy peace | 139 | |
| 451618919 | Metacom / King Philip | Indian (Massasoit's son) who united the Indian tribes and defeated 52 Puritan towns in New England | 140 | |
| 451618920 | New England Confederation | New England colonists formed the New England Confederation in 1643 as a defense against local Native American tribes and encroaching Dutch. The colonists formed the alliance without the English crown's authorization. | 141 | |
| 451618921 | Dominion of New England | 1686-The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). Ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros | 142 | |
| 451618922 | Sir Edmund Andros | Governor of the Dominion of New England from 1686 until 1692, when the colonists rebelled and forced him to return to England | 143 | |
| 451618923 | Navigation Laws | Promoted English shipping and control colonial trade; made Americans ship all non-British items to England before going to America | 144 | |
| 451618924 | William and Mary | Protestant rulers of the Netherlands who after the Glorious Revolution dethroned James II and became joint rulers of England | 145 | |
| 451618925 | salutary neglect | An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies | 146 | |
| 451618926 | Henry Hudson | Discovered what today is known as the Hudson River. Sailed for the Dutch even though he was originally from England. He was looking for a northwest passage through North America. | 147 | |
| 451618927 | New Amsterdam | a 17th-century Dutch colonial settlement that served as the capital of New Netherland. It later became the city now known as New York City. | 148 | |
| 451618928 | patroonships | vast feudal estates fronting the Hudson River that were granted to promoters who agreed to settles 50 people on them | 149 | |
| 451618929 | Peter Stuyvesant | The governor of the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam, hated by the colonists. They surrendered the colony to the English on Sept. 8, 1664; "Father Wooden Leg" | 150 | |
| 452574639 | headright system | system in which parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists. | 151 | |
| 452574640 | William Berkeley | A Governor of Virginia appointed by King Charles I, he was governor from 1641-1652 and 1660-1677. Berkeley enacted friendly policies towards the Indians that led to Bacon's Rebellion in 1676 (hanged 20 rebellions). | 152 | |
| 452574641 | Nathaniel Bacon | Planter who led a rebellion in 1676 against the governor of the Virginia Colony | 153 | |
| 452574642 | Bacon's Rebellion | A rebellion lead by Nathaniel Bacon with backcountry farmers to attack Native Americans in an attempt to gain more land and to protest against Governor Berkeley | 154 | |
| 452574643 | Royal African Company | English company that lost its monopoly on the slave trade in 1698; many colonies sprang rushed to join in on the now open slave trade | 155 | |
| 452574644 | Middle Passage | the route in between the western ports of Africa to the Caribbean and southern U.S. that carried the slave trade | 156 | |
| 452574645 | Gullah | combination of English and West African languages spoken by African Americans in the South Carolina colony | 157 | |
| 452574646 | ringshout | African American religious dance that contributed to the development of jazz | 158 | |
| 452574647 | Stono Rebellion | The most serious slave rebellion in the the colonial period which occurred in 1739 in South Carolina. 100 African Americans rose up, got weapons and killed several whites then tried to escape to S. Florida. The uprising was crushed and the participants executed. The main form of rebellion was running away, though there was no where to go. | 159 | |
| 452574648 | FFVs | Extremely wealthy tobacco planters in Virginia. FFV stands for first families of Virginia, an elite group of wealthy planters that are the aristocrats of Virginia society. The FFVs are highly influential in Virginia. | 160 | |
| 452574649 | Nathaniel Hawthorne | author of the Scarlet Letter; book portrayed what it was like to commit adultery in New England in17th century | 161 | |
| 452574650 | Harvard College | the first American college, established in 1636 by Puritan theologians who wanted to create a training center for ministers. | 162 | |
| 452648216 | Half Way Covenant | A Puritan church document that allowed partial membership rights to people not yet converted into the Puritan church; lessened difference between the "elect" members of the church from the regular members; Women soon made up a larger portion of Puritan congregations. | 163 | |
| 452648217 | witch hunting | Searches and accusations by Puritans for witches or witchcraft, often involving moral panic, mass hysteria, and lynching; irrational urge to find a scapegoat for social resentments | 164 | |
| 452648218 | Leisler's Rebellion | Jacob Leisler seized control of lower New York from 1689 to 1691. The uprising, which occurred in the midst of Britain's "Glorious Revolution," reflected colonial resentment against the policies of King James II. Royal authority was restored in 1691 by British troop | 165 | |
| 452648219 | Cotton Mather | Puritan theologian, who urged the inoculation against smallpox, played a role in Salem Witch Trials | 166 | |
| 452648220 | seasoning | An often difficult period of adjustment to new climates, disease environments, and work routines, such as that experienced by slaves newly arrived in the Americas. (p. 504) | 167 | |
| 452648221 | New England Primer | Schoolbook used by the New England Colonists to teach reading and writing | 168 | |
| 452648222 | William Bradford | United States printer (born in England) whose press produced the first American prayer book and the New York City's first newspaper | 169 | |
| 452852862 | melting pot | the mixing of cultures, ideas, and peoples that has changed the American nation. The United States, with its history of immigration, has often been called a melting pot. | 170 | |
| 452852863 | Scots-Irish | group of restless people who fled Scotland in the 1600s to escape poverty and religious oppression. Relocated to Ireland and then to America in the 1700s. Left their mark on the backcountry of Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia. These areas are home to many Presbyterian churches established by the Scots-Irish. Many people in these areas are still very independent like their ancestors. | 171 | |
| 452852864 | Presbyterian | a protestant christian religion characterized by governance by a group of elders and traditionally Calvinistic in doctrine | 172 | |
| 452852865 | Paxton Boys | group of Scots-Irish men living in the Appalachian hills that wanted protection from Indian attacks. They made an armed march on Philadelphia in 1764. They protested the lenient way that the Quakers treated the Indians; ideas started the Regulator Movement in North Carolina. | 173 | |
| 452852866 | Regulator Movement | movement during the 1760's by western North Carolinians, mainly Scots-Irish, that resented the way that the Eastern part of the state dominated political affairs. believed that the tax money was being unevenly distributed. Many of its members joined the American Revolutionists. | 174 | |
| 452852867 | de Crevecoeur | was the first to begin writing and constructing concepts of the "American Dream" | 175 | |
| 452852868 | praying towns | New England settlements where Indians from various tribes were gathered to be Christianized | 176 | |
| 452852869 | triangular trade | three-way system of trade during the eighteenth century, in which European ships transported slaves from Africa to Caribbean islands, molasses from the Caribbean to Europe, and trade goods from Europe to Africa. | 177 | |
| 452852870 | naval stores | Materials used to build and maintain ships, such as tar, pitch, rosin, and turpentine | 178 | |
| 452852871 | Molasses Act of 1733 | British legislation taxed all molasses, rum, and sugar which the colonies imported from countries other than Britain and her colonies. The British had difficulty enforcing the tax; most colonial merchants did not pay it. | 179 | |
| 452852872 | Benjamin Franklin | Printer, author, inventor, diplomat, statesman, and Founding Father. One of the few Americans who was highly respected in Europe, primarily due to his discoveries in the field of electricity; launched UPenn (first college free from religious control) | 180 | |
| 452852873 | Anglican | People that practice the faith, doctrine, system, and practice of the Anglican Church (Church of England) | 181 | |
| 452852874 | Congregational Church | grew out of Puritan Church; more extreme religion | 182 | |
| 452852875 | Jacobus Arminius | Dutch Protestant theologian who founded Arminianism which opposed the absolute predestinarianism of John Calvin (1559-1609); free will determined fate not divine decree | 183 | |
| 452852876 | Great Awakening | Religious revival in the American colonies of the eighteenth century during which a number of new Protestant churches were established. | 184 | |
| 452852877 | Jonathan Edwards | American theologian whose sermons and writings stimulated a period of renewed interest in religion in America; folly in believing in salvation through good works- need complete dependence on God; explained the torments of hell | 185 | |
| 452852878 | George Whitefield | One of the preachers of the great awakening (key figure of "New Light"); known for his talented voice inflection and ability to bring many a person to their knees. | 186 | |
| 452852879 | Old Lights/ New Lights | Old Lights= orthodox clergymen who were skeptical of emotionalism and theatrical antics of revivalists New Lights= defended Awakening in its role in reviving American religion | 187 | |
| 452852880 | Baptists | Dissenters of the Church of England; focused on the power of local churches; stresses following in example; each person interprets the Bible the way the Holy Spirit tells them how; emphasis on New Testament; no Church creeds. It was very simple and appealed to rural people | 188 | |
| 452852881 | Poor Richards Almanack | Was written by Ben Franklin. It emphasized homespun virtues; thrift, morality, industry, common sense | 189 | |
| 452852882 | John Trumbull | painter from Connecticut who was forced to pursue his talent in London; famous for Revolutionary War paintings | 190 | |
| 452852883 | Charles Willson Peale | best know for his portraits of George Washington, also ran a museum, stuffed birds, and practiced dentistry in addition to his art. | 191 | |
| 452852884 | Benjamin West | An Anglo-American self-taught painter of historical scenes around and after the time of the American Revolution, West also painted the royal family of King George III | 192 | |
| 452852885 | John Singleton Copley | American painter who did portraits of Paul Revere and John Hancock before fleeing to England to avoid the American Revolution; loyalist | 193 | |
| 452852886 | Enlightenment | movement during the 1700's that spread the idea that knowledge, reason, and science could improve society | 194 | |
| 452852887 | Phillis Wheatley | a slave girl who became a poet. At age eight, she was brought to Boston. Although she had no formal education, she was taken to England at age twenty and published a book of poetry | 195 | |
| 452852888 | John Peter Zenger | Journalist who questioned the policies of the governor of New York in the 1700's. He was jailed; he sued, and this court case was the basis for our freedom of speech and press. He was found not guilty. | 196 | |
| 452852889 | Andrew Hamilton | former indentured servant who became a distinguished Philadelphia lawyer; aided Zenger in his case | 197 |
