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| 15052664527 | Judiciary Act of 1789 | Act that established a federal district court in each state and three circuit courts to hear appeals from the districts, with the Supreme Court having a final say. | 0 | |
| 15052736007 | Bill of Rights | The first 10 amendments to the Constitution, officially ratified by 1791. The amendments safeguarded fundamental personal rights, including freedom of speech and religion, and mandated legal procedures, such as trial by jury. | 1 | |
| 15052801432 | Report on the Public Credit | Alexander Hamilton's 1790 report recommending that the federal government should assume all state debts and fund the national debt-that is, offer interest on it rather than repaying it- at full value. Hamilton's goal was to make a new country creditworthy, not debt-free. | 2 | |
| 15052875598 | Bank of the United States | A bank chartered in 1790 and jointly owned by private stockholders and the national government. Alexander Hamilton argued that the bank would provide stability to the specie-starved American economy by making loans to merchants, handling government funds, and issuing bills of credit. | 3 | |
| 15052973845 | Report on Manufactures | A proposal by treasury secretary Alexander Hamilton in 1791 calling for the federal government to urge the expansion of American manufacturing while imposing tariffs on foreign imports. | 4 | |
| 15053055098 | Proclamation of Neutrality | A proclamation issued by President George Washington in 1793, allowing U.S. citizens to trade with all belligerents in the war between France and Great Britain. | 5 | |
| 15053121935 | French Revolution | A 1789 revolution in France that was initially welcomed by most Americans because it abolished feudalism and established a constitutional monarchy, but eventually came to seem too radical to many. | 6 | |
| 15053183142 | Jacobins | A political faction in the French Revolution. Many Americans embraced the democratic ideology of the radical Jacobins and, like them, formed political clubs and began to address one another as 'citizen." | 7 | |
| 15053286105 | Whiskey Rebellion | A 1794 uprising by farmers in western Pennsylvania in response to enforcement of an unpopular excise tax on whiskey. | 8 | |
| 15053315469 | Jay's Treaty | A 1795 treaty between the United States and Britain, negotiated by John Jay. The treaty accepted Britain's right to stop neutral ships. In return, it allowed Americans to submit claims for illegal seizures and required the British to remove their troops and Indian agents from the Northwest Territory. | 9 | |
| 15053396657 | Haitian Revolution | The 1791 conflict involving diverse Haitian participants and armies from three European countries. At its end, Haiti became a free, independent nation in which former slaves were citizens. | 10 | |
| 15053434583 | XYZ Affair | A 1797 incident in which American negotiators in France were rebuffed for refusing to pay a substantial bribe. The incident led the United States into an undeclared war that curtailed American trade with the French West Indies. | 11 | |
| 15053520121 | Naturalization, Alien, and Sedition Acts | Three laws passed in 1789 that limited individual rights and threatened the fledgling party system. The Naturalization Act lengthened the residency requirement for citizenship, the Alien Act authorized the deportation of foreigners, and the Sedition Act prohibited the publication of insults or malicious attacks on the president or members of Congress. | 12 | |
| 15053634912 | Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions | Resolutions of 1798 condemning the Alien and Sedition Acts that were submitted to the federal government by the Virginia and Kentucky state legislatures could judge the constitutionality of federal laws and nullify them. | 13 | |
| 15055890127 | Treaty of Greenville | A 1795 treaty between the United States and various Indian tribes in Ohio. American negotiators acknowledged Indian ownership of the land, and in return for various payments, the Western Confederacy ceded most of Ohio to the United States. | 14 | |
| 15055945366 | Marbury v. Madison | A supreme court case that established the principle of judicial review in finding the parts of the Judiciary Act 1789 were in conflict with the Constitution. For the first time, the Supreme Court assumed legal authority to overrule acts of other branches of the government. | 15 | |
| 15056053410 | Louisiana Purchase | The 1803 purchase of French territory west of the Mississippi River that stretched from the Gulf of Mexico to Canada. The Louisiana Purchase nearly doubled the size of the United States and opened the way for future American expansion west. The purchase required President Thomas Jefferson to exercise powers not explicitly granted to him by the Constitution. | 16 | |
| 15056117838 | Embargo Act of 1807 | An act of Congress that prohibited U.S. ships from traveling to foreign ports and effectively banned overseas trade in an attempt to deter Britain from halting U.S ships at sea. The embargo caused grave hardships for Americans engaged in overseas commerce. | 17 | |
| 15056165433 | Battle of Tippecanoe | An attack on Shawnee Indians at Prophetstown on the Tippecanoe River in 1811 by American forces headed by William Henry Harrison, Indiana's territorial governor. The governor's troops traded heavy casualties with the with the confederacy's warriors and then destroyed the holy village. | 18 | |
| 15056216362 | Treaty of Ghent | The treaty signed on Christmas Eve 1814 that ended the War of 1812. It retained the prewar borders of the United States. | 19 | |
| 15056233488 | McCulloch v. Maryland | A Supreme Court case that asserted the dominance of national over state statutes. | 20 | |
| 15056261364 | Adams-Onis Treaty | An 1819 treaty in which John Quincy Adams persuaded Spain to cede the Florida territory in the United States. In return, the American government accepted Spain's claim to Texas and agreed to a compromise on the western boundary for the state of Louisiana. | 21 | |
| 15056310069 | Monroe Doctrine | The 1823 declaration by President James Monroe that the Western Hemisphere was closed to any further colonization or interference by European powers. In exchange, Monroe pledged that the United States would not become involved in European struggles. | 22 | |
| 15056353874 | Alexander Hamilton | Leader of the Federalists. First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt. | 23 | |
| 15056355379 | Thomas Jefferson | 3rd President of the United States. He favored limited central government. He was chief drafter of the Declaration of Independence; approved of the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 and promoted ideals of republicanism. Sent out the Lewis and Clark Expedition to explore this territory. | 24 | |
| 15056355387 | John Adams | America's first Vice-President and second President. one of the representatives at the First Continental Congress; swayed his colleagues to a revolutionary course; helped defeat moderate proposal of American home rule under British discretion | 25 | |
| 15056356371 | Little Turtle | Chief of the Miami who led a Native American alliance that raided U.S. settlements in the Northwest Territory. He was defeated and forced to sign the Treaty of Greenville. Later, he became an advocate for peace | 26 | |
| 15056359686 | John Marshall | Appointed by John Adams (1801) as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court- was a Virginia Federalist who was disliked by the state's rights Jeffersonians. (Served 30 days under Federalist administration and 34 years under the Jeffersonians and their successors) The Federalists died out but Marshall continued to hand down Federalist decisions. IMPORTANT ACT- Although he dismissed the Marbury suit ( 1801) to avoid direct political showdown, he said that part of the Judiciary Act of 1789, on which Marbury tried to base his appeal was unconstitutional. | 27 | |
| 15056363085 | Tecumseh | Shawnee chief who tried to united Native American tribes in Ohio and Indiana against encroaching white rule. Failed. | 28 | |
| 15056364000 | Henry Clay | Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." (responsible for the Missouri Compromise). Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however. | 29 | |
| 15056364963 | John Quincy Adams | 6th president from 1825-1829; served in the Senate and House of Representatives; son of President John Adams; helped formulate the Monroe Doctrine as Secretary of State; lost his re-election to Andrew Jackson; viewed as one of the greatest diplomats in American history. | 30 |
