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| 976039522 | Bill of Rights | First 10 amendment to the constitution. The amendments secure key rights for individuals and reserve to the states all powers not explicitly delegated or prohibited by the Constitution. | |
| 976039523 | Judiciary Act of 1789 | Organized the federal legal system, established the Supreme Court, federal district and circuit courts, and the office of the attorney general. | |
| 976039524 | John Jay | American emissary to foreign nations who helped to shape foreign policy, founding father, statesman, patriot, first chief justice of the United States, served as president of the Continental Congress, governor of New York State, author of five of the Federalist papers and a Federalist. | |
| 976039525 | Funding at par | Payment of debts, such as government bonds, at face value. In 1790, Alexander Hamilton proposed that the federal government pay its Revolutionary war debts in full in order to bolster the nation's credit. | |
| 976039526 | Assumption | Transfer of debt from one party to another. In order to strengthen the union, the federal government assumed states' Revolutionary Way debts in 1790, thereby tying the interests of wealthy lenders with those of the national government. | |
| 976039527 | tariff | Tax levied on imports. Traditionally, manufacturers support tariffs as protective and revenue-raising measures, while agricultural interests, dependent on world markets, oppose high tariffs. | |
| 976039528 | Excise tax | Tax on goods produced domestically. Excise taxes, particularly the 1791 tax on whiskey, were a highly controversial component of Alexander Hamilton's financial program. | |
| 976039529 | Strict construction | refers to a particular legal philosophy of judicial interpretation that limits or restricts judicial interpretation. | |
| 976039530 | Implied powers | Those powers authorized by a legal document. | |
| 976039531 | Loose construction | Legal doctrine which holds that the federal government can use powers not specifically granted or prohibited in the Constitution to carry out its constitutionally mandated responsibilities. | |
| 976039532 | Elastic clause | Congress has all power to make laws that are necessary and proper. Also known as the "Necessary and Proper" clause. | |
| 976039533 | Bank of the United States (1791) | Chartered by Congress as part of Alexander Hamilton's financial program, the bank printed paper money and served as a depository for Treasury funds. It drew opposition from Jeffersonian Republicans, who argued that the bank was unconstitutional. | |
| 976039534 | Whiskey Rebellion | Popular uprising of whiskey distillers in southwestern Pennsylvania in opposition to an excise tax on whiskey. In a show of strength and resolve by the new central government, Washington put down the rebellion with militia drawn from several states. | |
| 976039535 | Democratic-Republicans | Opposed to the Federalist Party. Also known as the Jeffersonian Republican party. An ancestor to the modern Democratic party. Favored states' rights and a strict interpretation of the Constitution. They believed that a powerful central government posed a threat to individual liberties. They viewed the United States more as a confederation of sovereign entities woven together by a common interest. | |
| 976039536 | Federalists | Proponents of the 1787 Constitution, they favored a strong national government, arguing that the checks and balances in the new Constitution would safeguard the people's liberties. | |
| 976039537 | Neutrality Proclamation (1793) | Issued by George Washington, it proclaimed America's formal neutrality in the escalating conflict between England and France, a statement that enraged pro-French Jeffersonians. | |
| 976039538 | Citizen Edmund Genet | Man who tried to turn the American populace towards the war. | |
| 976039539 | Jays Treaty (1794) | Negotiated by Chief Justice John Jay in an effort to avoid war with Britain, the treaty included a British promise to evacuate outposts on U.S. soil and pay damages for seized American vessels, in exchange for which Jay bound the United States to repay pre-Revolutionary war debts and to abide by Britain's restrictive trading policies toward France. | |
| 976039540 | Pinckney's Treaty (1795) | Signed with Spain which, fearing an Angle-American alliance, granted Americans free navigation of the Mississippi and the disputed territory of Florida. | |
| 976039541 | Washington's Farewell Address | Written into the papers but never spoken, urged Americans not to go into a war. | |
| 976039542 | Charles Maurice Talleyrand | French diplomat to the Americas. | |
| 976039543 | X, Y, Z Affair (1797) | Diplomatic conflict between France and the United States when American envoys to France were asked to pay a hefty bribe for the privilege of meeting with the French foreign minister. Many of the U.S. Called for war against France, while American sailors and privateers waged an undeclared war against French merchants in the Caribbean. | |
| 976039544 | Convention of 1800 | Agreement to formally dissolve the United States' treaty with France, originally signed during the Revolutionary War. The difficulties posed by American's peacetime alliance with France contributed to America's longstanding opposition to entangling alliances with foreign powers. | |
| 976039545 | Alien Laws | Acts passed by a Federalist Congress raising the residency requirement for citizenship to fourteen years and granting the president the power to deport dangerous foreigners tin times of peace. | |
| 976039546 | Sedition Act | Enacted by the Federalist Congress in an effort to clamp down on Jeffersonian opposition, the law made anyone convicted of defaming government officials or interfering with government policies liable to imprisonment and a heavy fine. The act drew heavy criticism from Republicans, who let the act expire in 1801. | |
| 976039547 | Compact theory | Theories related to the development of the Federal Constitutions. It holds that the nation was formed through a compact agreed upon by all the states, and that the federal government is consequently a creation of the states. Consequently, states should be the final arbiters over whether the federal government had overstepped the limits of its authority as set forth in the compact. | |
| 976039548 | Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions | Statements secretly drafted by Jefferson and Madison for the legislatures of Kentucky and Virginia. Argued that states were the final arbiters of whether the federal government overstepped its boundaries and could therefore nullify, or refuse to accept, national legislation they deemed unconstitutional. | |
| 976039549 | Describe the 1790 census finding regarding America's total population and its distribution, despite the cities disproportionate growth and westward expansion. (3 pts) | A.)Almost 4 million B.)90% rural C.)All but 5% of the people lived east of the Appalachian Mountains | |
| 976039550 | How was George Washington's 1789 presidential election unique to American history? | A.) He was unanimously drafted by the Electoral College in 1789 | |
| 976039551 | What was the first U.S. capital to welcome a president under the new Constitution? | A.)New York City | |
| 976039552 | Although not found within the Constitution, the president established the executives first cabinet. Who served in Washington's first cabinet and in what positions? (3 pts) | A.)At first only 3 delegates served under Washington B.)Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, and Secretary of War Henry Knox | |
| 976039553 | Who essentially drafted the Bill of Rights himself in order to avoid another constitutional convention? | A.) James Madison | |
| 976039554 | Why were the 9th and 10th Amendments included in the Bill of Rights? (2 pts) | A.)To guard against such danger that enumerating rights might lead to the conclusion that they were the only ones protected B.)In the gesture of reassuring the states ritures | |
| 976039555 | What key elements are included in the Judiciary Act of 1789? (3 pts) | A.)The act organized the Supreme Court, with a chief justice and 5 associates B.)Organized the federal district and Circuit Courts C.)And established the office of the Attorney General | |
| 976039556 | Describe Alexander Hamilton's rationale for shaping Americas fiscal policies to favor the wealthier groups? (2 pts) | A.)They in turn would gratefully lend the government monetary and financial support B.)And the new federal regime would thrive | |
| 976039557 | In what two ways did Hamilton bolster the nation's credit by boosting public confidence in the government? (2 pts) | A.)He urged congress to fund the national debt B.) and to assume the debts incurred by the states in the recent war | |
| 976039558 | How did Hamilton justify his case for federal assumption of $21.5 million of state debts? (3 pts) | A.)The state debts would be regarded as proper national obligations B.)The assumption would chain the states more tightly | |
| 976039559 | How did Hamilton convince both a reluctant Thomas Jefferson and the state of Virginia populous state with low debt to agree to federal assumption of state debts (essentially a federal bailout of states with burdensome debts)? | A.)He convinced him to lineup enough votes in Congress | |
| 976039560 | Why did Hamilton believe that a national debt was a good thing, like a kind of Union adhesive? As a result, what was Hamilton's unique contribution to America's economic history? (2 pts) | A.)The more creditors to whom the government owed money, the more people there would be with a personal stake in the success B.)His unique contribution was to make a debt an asset for vitalizing the financial system | |
| 976039561 | How high was Hamilton's tariff, and what two goals did the tariff law in 1789 hope to accomplish? (3 pts) | A.)Of only 8% B.)Designed to erect a low protective law around infant industries C.)Hoped to bring the Industrial revolution to America | |
| 976039562 | Describe the capstone for Hamilton's financial system of national bank's modeled on the Bank of England and its benefits. (3 pts) | A.)He proposed a private institution B.)The central government would not only have a central strong box, but federal funds would stimulate business C.)The bank would print urgently needed paper money | |
| 976039563 | How did Jefferson justify his vehement opposition to Hamilton's national bank? Who did Jefferson believe had the authority to charter banks? (3 pts) | A.)There was no specific authorization in the constitution for such a financial octopus B.)He was convinced that all power not for the Federal Government would be granted to the States C.)He therefore concluded that the states, not congress had the power to charter banks | |
| 976039564 | How does the text contrast Hamilton's and Jefferson's perspectives on powers not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution? (2 pts) | A.)Hamilton believed that the constitution forbid it permitted B.)Jefferson in contrast, believed that what it did not permit it forbade | |
| 976039565 | How did the Congressional debate regarding the national bank manifest regionally? (2 pts) | A.)The most enthusiastic support came from the North B.)Whereas the South strongly opposed the National Bank | |
| 976039566 | What were the significant consequences of the Whiskey Rebellion? (2 pts) | A.)Rye and Corn crops were more easily distributed to the eastern empires B.)Defiant distillers erected a whiskey tax | |
| 976039567 | What political liability resulted from Hamilton's financial successes (such as funding, assumption, the excise tax, the bank, and the suppression of the Whiskey Rebellion), especially for Americans who were dubious about the new Constitution in the first place? | A.)All these schemes encroached strongly on states' rights | |
| 976039568 | How did the Founding Fathers originally view organized political opposition in a democratic government based on popular consent? Why? (2 pts) | A.)Seemed tainted by disloyalty B.)Opposition to the government affronted the spirit of national unity | |
| 976039569 | What traditional role has the loyal opposition played in American politics? | A.) Plays the role of the balance wheel on the machinery government | |
| 976039570 | How was the United States bound to France according to the Franco-American Alliance of 1778, which was intended to last forever? | A.)It bound the United States to help the French defend their West Indies | |
| 976039571 | What factors caused Washington's reluctance to join sides in the growing conflict between France and Great Britain by avoiding war at all costs? Explain Washington's rationale as it pertained to America's future. (2 pts) | A.)The nation was militarily feeble, economically wobbly, and politically disgruntled B.)Washington wisely reasoned that if America could keep its distance from Europe for a decade or so then it could finely gain population and strength to rival them | |
| 976039572 | How did British naval activity violate America's rights as a neutral nation, outraging the Jeffersonian once again to fight George III in defense of American liberties (although it did not convince the Federalists to take drastic action)? (3 pts) | A.)They seized 300 American merchant ships in the West Indies B.)Impressed seamen into service on British vessels C.)And threw hundreds of others into foul dungeons | |
| 976039573 | How did the French perceive Jays Treaty, and how did France retaliate? (3 pts) | A.)They condemned it as the first step towards a treaty with Britain. B.)Flagrant violation of the Franco-American Alliance of 1778. C.)French warships began to seize American merchant ships. | |
| 976039574 | What effect did the X, Y, Z Affair have on the American military? (3 pts) | A.)The Navy was created B.)The Marines were reinstated C.)An army of 10,000 men was authorized but never gathered | |
| 976039575 | In what three ways did the Alien laws violate the traditional American policy of open-door hospitality to foreigners as well as the Constitution? (3 pts) | door hospitality to foreigners as well as the Constitution? (3 pts) A.)They raised the residence requirement from 5 to 14 years B.)The president was empowered to deport dangerous foreigners in time of war C.)Or imprison them in times of hostilities | |
| 976039576 | What two Constitutional protections were violated by the Sedition Act? (2 pts) | A.)Freedom of Speech B.)Freedom of Press | |
| 976039577 | Why did the Federalists intend the Sedition Act to expire in 1801? | A.)So that it could not be used against them if they lost the next election | |
| 976039578 | Explain how Jefferson applied the compact theory specifically to the Alien and Sedition Acts. (2 pts) | A.)The national government was consequently the agent B.)The states were the final judge in whether the agents had broken the contract C.)He had concluded that the federal regime had overstepped its power | |
| 976039579 | How were the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions used by extreme states' rights supporters in the future? | A.)They were later used by Southerners to support nullification | |
| 976039580 | How did Federalists view full-blown democracy? What kind of government did Hamiltonians advocate? (3 pts) | A.)They distrusted full-blown democracy B.)They advocated a strong central government with the power to crush democratic excesses like Shay's rebellion, protect the estates of the wealthy, subordinate the sovereignty, and promote foreign trade. C.)They believed that the government should support private enterprise and not interfere with it. | |
| 976039581 | According to the Jeffersonian Republicans, what is the best form of government? | A.)The one that governed the least | |
| 976039582 | How was Thomas Jefferson's view of democracy limited, despite advocating the rule of the people? Who should rule? What should precede universal suffrage? (3 pts) | A.)He did not propose thrusting the ballot into the hand of every white male B.)Only the white men who were literate enough to inform themselves C.)And wear the mantle of American citizenship worthily |
