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| 10916706341 | Revolution of 1800 | Electoral victory of Democratic Republicans over the Federalists, who lost their Congressional majority and the presidency. The peaceful transfer of power between rival parties solidified faith in America's political system. | 0 | |
| 10916706342 | Judiciary Act of 1801 | Passed by the departing Federalist Congress, it created sixteen new federal judgeships ensuring a Federal hold on the judiciary. | 1 | |
| 10916706343 | Midnight judges | (1801) Federal justices appointed by John Adams during the last days of his presidency. Their positions were revoked when the newly elected Republican Congress repealed their Judiciary Act. | 2 | |
| 10916706344 | Marbury v. Madison | (1803) Supreme Court case that established the principle of "judicial review"—the idea that the Supreme Court had the final authority to determine constitutionality. | 3 | |
| 10916706345 | Tripolitan War | (1801-1805) Four-year conflict between the American Navy and the North-African nation of Tripoli over piracy in the Mediterranean. Jefferson, a staunch noninterventionist, reluctantly deployed American forces, eventually securing a peace treaty with Tripoli. | 4 | |
| 10916706346 | Haitian Revolution | (1797-1804) War incited by a slave uprising in French-controlled Saint Domingue, resulting in the creation of the first independent black republic in the America | 5 | |
| 10916706347 | Louisiana Purchase | (1803) Acquisition of Louisiana territory from France. The purchase more than doubled the territory of the United States, opening vast tracts for settlement. | 6 | |
| 10916706348 | Corps of Discovery | (1804-1806) Team of adventurers, led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, sent by Thomas Jefferson to explore Louisiana Territory and find a water route to the Pacific. Louis and Clark brought back detailed accounts of the West's flora, fauna and native populations, and their voyage demonstrated the viability of overland travel to the west. | 7 | |
| 10916706349 | Orders in Council | (1806-1807) Edicts issued by the British Crown closing French-owned European ports to foreign shipping. The French responded by ordering the seizure of all vessels entering British ports, thereby cutting off American merchants from trade with both parties. | 8 | |
| 10916706350 | Impressment | Act of forcibly drafting an individual into military service, employed by the British navy against American seamen in times of war against France, 1793-1815. It was a continual source of conflict between Britain and the United States in the early national period. | 9 | |
| 10916706351 | Chesapeake affair | (1807) Conflict between Britain and the United States that precipitated the 1807 embargo. The conflict developed when a British ship, in search of deserters, fired on the American Chesapeake off the coast of Virginia. | 10 | |
| 10916706352 | Embargo Act | (1807) Enacted in response to British and French mistreatment of American merchants, the Act banned the export of all goods from the United States to any foreign port. The embargo placed great strains on the American economy while only marginally affecting its European targets, and was therefore repealed in 1809. | 11 | |
| 10916706353 | Non-Intercourse Act | (1809) Passed alongside the repeal of the Embargo Act, it reopened trade with all but the two belligerent nations, Britain and France. The Act continued Jefferson's policy of economic coercion, still with little effect. | 12 | |
| 10916706354 | Macon's Bill No. 2 | Aimed at resuming peaceful trade with Britain and France, the act stipulated that if either Britain or France repealed its trade restrictions, the United States would reinstate the embargo against the non-repealing nation. When Napoleon offered to lift his restrictions on British ports, the United States was forced to declare an embargo on Britain, thereby pushing the two nations closer toward war. | 13 | |
| 10916706355 | War hawks | (1811-1812) Democratic-Republican Congressmen who pressed James Madison to declare war on Britain. Largely drawn from the South and West, they resented British constraints on American trade and accused the British of supporting Indian attacks against American settlements on the frontier. | 14 | |
| 10916706356 | Battle of Tippecanoe | (1811) Resulted in the defeat of Shawnee chief Tenskwatawa, "the Prophet" at the hands William Henry Harrison in the Indiana wilderness. After the battle, the Prophet's brother, Tecumseh, forged an alliance with the British against the United States. | 15 | |
| 10916706357 | Thomas Jefferson | A Republican who believed that the future of the U.S. would lie in the hands of farmers. He was inaugurated to the presidency in the swampy village of Washington on March 4, 1801. While he was president, the Louisiana Purchase was made, Lewis and Clark were sent to explore the newly acquired land, the Barbary Pirate threat was silenced, and the Embargo Act was passed. While all of his presidential acts were not always successful, he always put the country ahead of himself. His patriotism and loyalty to the U.S. | 16 | |
| 10916706358 | Sally Hemings | An enslaved woman of mixed race owned by President Thomas Jefferson and who is believed to have had a long-term relationship and six children with him, of whom four survived and all were given freedom by Jefferson. | 17 | |
| 10916706359 | Albert Gallatin | The secretary of the treasury under Thomas Jefferson. He was called the "Watchdog of the Treasury," and proved to be as able as Alexander Hamilton. He agreed with Jefferson that a national debt was a bane rather than a blessing. Using strict controls of the economy, he succeeded in reducing the debt, and he balanced the budget. | 18 | |
| 10916706360 | John Marshall | Appointed by John Adams (1801) as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court- was a Virginia Federalist. Even as the Federalists died out, he continued to hand down Federalist decisions. Although he dismissed the Marbury suit (1801) to avoid direct political showdown, he said that part of the Judiciary Act of 1789, on which Marbury tried to base his appeal was unconstitutional. | 19 | |
| 10916706361 | Samuel Chase | A strong supporter of the American Revolution, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, an ardent Federalist, and the only Supreme Court Justice ever to be impeached. A lawyer by profession, in 1796 he was appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court by president Washington. This was after he served as Chief Justice of the General Court of Maryland in 1791. In 1804, for alleged prejudice against the Jeffersonians in treason and sedition trials. | 20 | |
| 10916706362 | Napoleon Bonaparte | A French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the Revolutionary Wars. | 21 | |
| 10916706363 | Robert R. Livingston | He bought New Orleans and all the French territory west of the Mississippi River from Napoleon for 15 million dollars. He was only supposed to negotiate for a small part of New Orleans for 10 million so Jefferson was upset when he heard about this deal. | 22 | |
| 10916706364 | Toussaint L'Overture | He skillfully led a group of angry ex-slaves against French troops in Santo Domingo. The French were unable to reconquer this valuable island and hence, had no use for Louisiana to serve as a granary for Santo Domingo. The inability of the French to regain possession of the island caused Napoleon to cede the Louisiana territory to the United States for 15 million dollars. Thus, his military vigor indirectly provoked Napoleon's decision to sell Louisiana to the Americans. | 23 | |
| 10916706365 | Meriwether Lewis | An American explorer, soldier, politician, and public administrator, best known for his role as the leader of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, also known as the Corps of Discovery, with William Clark. | 24 | |
| 10916706366 | William Clark | Explorer along with Merriwether Lewis sent out to explore the recently purchased Louisiana Territory. He served as the artist and cartographer. Their exploring lasted from 1804-1806. They traveled up the Missouri River, through the Rockies, and to the mouth of the Columbia River. This exploration bolstered America's claim to western lands as well as opening the west to Indian trade and further exploration. | 25 | |
| 10916706367 | Sacajawea | A Native American woman who proved an indispensable guide to Lewis and Clark during their 1804-1806 expedition. She showed the men how to forage for food and helped them maintain good relations with tribes in the Northwest. | 26 | |
| 10916706368 | Aaron Burr | A running mate with Thomas Jefferson. They tied for the presidency. Jefferson won the run off. ____ killed Alexander Hamilton in a famous duel. He was tried and acquitted for treason involving a plan to separate the US and combine with Spain. | 27 | |
| 10916706369 | James Wilkinson | He was one of the Commissioners appointed to receive the Purchase Louisiana from the French, and served as Governor of Louisiana from 1805-1806. He informed Pres. Jefferson of Burr's conspiracy to take over Louisiana, and was the primary witness against Burr at his treason trial, even though Wilkinson was himself implicated in the plot. | 28 | |
| 10916706370 | James Madison | The author of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights, the father of the Federalist party, and the fourth President of the United States. He was President during the war of 1812 and was also vice-President under Jefferson. He was a great statesman, but was not a strong president. | 29 | |
| 10916706371 | Tecumseh | A Native American leader of the Shawnee and a large tribal confederacy which opposed the United States during Tecumseh's War and became an ally of Britain in the War of 1812. | 30 | |
| 10916706372 | Tenskwatawa ("the Prophet") | A Native American religious and political leader of the Shawnee tribe, known as The Prophet or the Shawnee Prophet. He was a brother of Tecumseh, leader of the Shawnee. | 31 |
