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| 15469532740 | "Self-Reliance" | (1841) Ralph Waldo Emerson's popular lecture-essay that reflected the spirit of individualism pervasive in American popular culture during the 1830s and 1840s. | 0 | |
| 15469532741 | Rendezvous | The principal marketplace of the Northwest fur trade, which peaked in the 1820s and 1830s. Each summer, traders set up camps in the Rocky Mountains to exchange manufactured goods for beaver pelts. | 1 | |
| 15469532742 | Ecological imperialism | Historians' term for the spoliation of western natural resources through excessive hunting, logging, mining, and grazing. | 2 | |
| 15469532743 | Ancient Order of Hibernians | (mid-nineteenth century) Irish semisecret society that served as a benevolent organization for downtrodden Irish immigrants in the United States. | 3 | |
| 15469532744 | Molly Maguires | (1860s-1870s) Secret organization of Irish miners who campaigned, at times violently, against poor working conditions. | 4 | |
| 15469532745 | Tammany Hall | (established 1789) Powerful New York political machine that primarily drew support from the city's immigrants, who depended on Tammany Hall patronage, particularly social services. | 5 | |
| 15469532746 | Know-Nothing party | (1850s) Nativist political party, also known as the American party, that emerged in response to an influx of immigrants. | 6 | |
| 15469532747 | Awful Disclosures | (1836) Maria Monk's sensational exposé of alleged horrors in Catholic convents. Its popularity reflected nativist fears of Catholic influence. | 7 | |
| 15469532748 | Industrial Revolution | Shift toward mass production and mechanization that included the creation of the modern factory system. | 8 | |
| 15469532749 | Cotton gin | (1793) Eli Whitney's invention that sped up the process of harvesting cotton. This made cotton cultivation more profitable, revitalizing the southern economy and increasing the importance of slavery in the South. | 9 | |
| 15469532750 | Patent Office | Federal government bureau that reviews applications. A patent is a legal recognition of a new invention, granting exclusive rights to the inventor for a period of years. | 10 | |
| 15469532751 | Limited liability | Legal principle that facilitates capital investment by offering protection for individual investors, who, in cases of legal claims of bankruptcy, cannot be held responsible for more than the value of their individual shares. | 11 | |
| 15469532752 | Commonwealth v. Hunt | (1842) Massachusetts Supreme Court decision that strengthened the labor movement by upholding the legality of unions. | 12 | |
| 15469532753 | Factory girls | Young women employed in the growing factories of the early nineteenth century, they labored long hours in difficult conditions, living in socially new conditions away from farms and families. | 13 | |
| 15469532754 | Cult of domesticity | Pervasive nineteenth-century cultural creed that venerated the domestic role of women. It gave married women greater authority to shape the home life but limited opportunities outside the domestic sphere. | 14 | |
| 15469532755 | McCormick reaper | (1831) Mechanized the harvest of grains, such as wheat, allowing farmers to cultivate larger plots. The introduction of this in the 1830s fueled the establishment of large-scale commercial agriculture in the Midwest. | 15 | |
| 15469532756 | Turnpike | Privately funded, toll-based public road constructed in the early nineteenth century to facilitate commerce. | 16 | |
| 15469532757 | Erie Canal | (completed 1825) New York state canal that linked Lake Erie to the Hudson River. It dramatically lowered shipping costs, fueling an economic boom in upstate New York and increasing the profitability of farming in the Old Northwest. | 17 | |
| 15469532758 | Clipper ships | (1840S-1850s) Small, swift vessels that gave American shippers an advantage in the carrying trade. These were made largely obsolete by the advent of sturdier, roomier iron steamers on the eve of the Civil War. | 18 | |
| 15469532759 | Pony Express | (1860-1861) Short-lived, speedy mail service between Missouri and California that relied on lightweight riders galloping between closely placed posts. | 19 | |
| 15469532760 | Transportation revolution | Term referring to a series of nineteenth-century transportation innovations - turnpikes, steamboats, canals, and railroads - that linked local and regional markets, creating a national economy. | 20 | |
| 15469532761 | Market revolution | Eighteenth- and nineteenth-century transformation from a disaggregated, subsistence economy to a national commercial and industrial network. | 21 | |
| 15469532762 | Samuel Slater | British-born mechanic and father of the American "Factory System," establishing textile mills throughout New England. | 22 | |
| 15469532763 | Eli Whitney | Great American inventor, best known for his Cotton Gin, which revolutionized the Southern economy. He also pioneered the use of interchangeable parts in the production of muskets. | 23 | |
| 15469532764 | Elias Howe | Massachusetts-born inventor of the sewing machine. Unable to convince American manufacturers to adopt his invention, he briefly moved to England before returning to the United States to find his sewing machine popularized by Isaac Singer. He won a patent infringement suit against Singer in 1854 and continued to produce sewing machines until his death. | 24 | |
| 15469532765 | Isaac Singer | American inventor and manufacturer, who made his fortune by improving on Elias Howe's sewing machine. His machine fueled the ready-made clothing industry in New England. | 25 | |
| 15469532766 | Samuel Morse | Inventor of the telegraph and the telegraphic code that bears his name. He led the effort to connect Washington and Baltimore by telegraph and transmitted the first long-distance message—"What hath God wrought"—in May of 1844. | 26 | |
| 15469532767 | John Deere | Inventor of the steel plow, which revolutionized farming in the Midwest, where fragile wooden plows had failed to break through the thick soil. | 27 | |
| 15469532768 | Cyrus McCormick | Inventor of the _____ mower-reaper, a horse-drawn contraption that fueled the development of large-scale agriculture in the trans-Allegheny West. | 28 | |
| 15469532769 | Robert Fulton | Pennsylvania-born painter-engineer, who constructed the first operating steam boat, the Clermont, in 1807. | 29 | |
| 15469532770 | DeWitt Clinton | Governor of New York state and promoter of the Erie Canal, which linked the Hudson River to the Great Lakes. "_____'s Big Ditch", as the canal was called, transformed upstate New York into a center of industry and gave rise to the Midwestern cities of Cleveland, Detroit and Chicago. | 30 | |
| 15469532771 | Cyrus Field | Promoter of the first transatlantic cable which linked Ireland and Newfoundland in 1854. After the first cable went dead, he lobbied for a heavier cable, which was finally laid in 1866. | 31 | |
| 15469532772 | John Jacob Astor | German-born fur trader and New York real estate speculator, who amassed an estate of $30 million by the time of his death. | 32 |
