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| 5927969991 | Crittenden Compromise | A plan proposed by Senator John J. Crittenden for a constitutional amendment to protect slavery from federal interference in any state where it already existed and for the westward extension of the Missouri Compromise line to the California border. |  | 0 |
| 5927969992 | total war | A form of warfare that mobilizes all of a societies resources-economic, political and cultural-in support of the military effort. | 1 | |
| 5927969993 | Draft (conscription) | The system for selecting individuals for compulsory military service, first implemented in the Civil War |  | 2 |
| 5927969994 | habeas corpus | A legal writ forcing government authorities to justify their arrest and detention of an individual. | 3 | |
| 5927969995 | King Cotton | The Confederate belief during the Civil War that their cotton was so important to the British and French economies that those governments would recognize the South as an independent nation and supply it with loans and arms. |  | 4 |
| 5927969996 | greenbacks | Paper money issued by the U. S. Treasury during Civil War to finance the war effort. | 5 | |
| 5927969997 | "contrabands" | Slaves who fled the plantations and sought protection behind Union lines during the Civil War. |  | 6 |
| 5927969998 | Radical Republicans | The members of the Republican Party who were bitterly opposed to slavery and to southern slaveholders since the mid-1850s. | 7 | |
| 5927969999 | Emancipation Proclamation | Issued by President Lincoln, legally abolished slavery that remained outside of the union. |  | 8 |
| 5927970000 | scorched-earth campaign | A campaign in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia by Union general Philip H. Sheridan's troops. The troops destroyed grain, barns, and other useful resources to punish farmers who had aided Confederate raiders. |  | 9 |
| 5927970001 | "War" and "Peace" Democrats | Members of the Democratic Party that split into two camps over war policy during the Civil War. War Democrats vowed to continue fighting until the rebellion ended, while Peace Democrats called for a constitutional convention to negotiate a peace settlement. | 10 | |
| 5927970002 | "hard war" | The philosophy and tactics used by General Sherman which treated civilians as combatants. |  | 11 |
| 5927970003 | March to the Sea | Military campaign from September to December 1864 in which Union forces under General Sherman marched from Atlanta, Georgia to Savannah, Georgia. Carved a path of destruction. | 12 | |
| 5927970004 | Abraham Lincoln | 16th president Lincoln led the United States through its Civil War—its bloodiest war and its greatest moral, constitutional and political crisis.[1][2] In doing so, he preserved the Union, abolished slavery, strengthened the federal government, and modernized the economy. |  | 13 |
| 5927970005 | Jefferson Davis | President of the Confederacy during the Civil War |  | 14 |
| 5927970006 | Robert E. Lee | He was offered the command of the U.S. Army, but resigned to defend his home state of Virginia. |  | 15 |
| 5927970007 | General George McClellan | Union general who replaced McDowell after he lost at Bull Run. Overly cautious, had to retreat after losing 7 Days Battle and thrown out of command. Reinstated after John Pope lost the Second Battle of Bull Run, but removed after not pursuing Lee after winning at Antietam. Ran as Democratic candidate in 1864, but lost to Lincoln. |  | 16 |
| 5927970008 | Ulysses S. Grant | Ulysses S. Grant was the 18th President of the United States. As Commanding General, Grant worked closely with President Abraham Lincoln to lead the Union Army to victory over the Confederacy in the American Civil War. |  | 17 |
| 5927970009 | William T. Sherman | -He commanded the Union army in Tennessee. In September of 1864 his troops captured Atlanta, Georgia. He then headed to take Savannah. This was his famous "march to the sea.". His troops burned barns and houses, and destroyed the countryside. His march showed a shift in the belief that only military targets should be destroyed. Civilian centers could also be targets. |  | 18 |
| 5927970010 | Albert G. Brown | Senator from Mississippi who wanted Cuba and Mexican states for spreading slavery | 19 | |
| 5927970011 | General Irvin McDowell | Union general at the Battle of Bull Run/Manassas |  | 20 |
| 5927970012 | General P. G. T. Beauregard | Confederate general at the Battle of Bull Run/Manassas and Shiloh. | 21 | |
| 5927970013 | General Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson | Confederate General, Second Battle of Bull Run | 22 | |
| 5927970014 | General Ambrose E. Burnside | Union General who replaced McClellan, more aggressive, less competent. |  | 23 |
| 5927970015 | Joseph "Fighting Joe" Hooker | Union General who replaced General Burnside when he resigned. |  | 24 |
| 5927970016 | David G. Farragut | Union naval officer | 25 | |
| 5927970017 | Albert Sydney Johnson | Confederate General who died during the Battle of Shiloh. | 26 | |
| 5927970018 | John B. Hood | Confederate General who abandoned Atlanta | 27 | |
| 5927970019 | Jefferson Davis | He served as President of the Confederate States during the Civil War. (p. 270) | | 28 |
| 5927970020 | Alexander H. Stephens | He served as vice president of the Confederate States of America during the Civil War. He acted in defense of states' rights, and even urged the secession of Georgia in response to the "despotic" actions of the Confederate government. (p. 270) |  | 29 |
| 5927970021 | greenbacks | Name given to paper money issued by the Union government during the Civil War. They bills were not redeemable for gold, which contributed to creeping inflation. (p. 280) |  | 30 |
| 5927970022 | Morrill Tariff Act | In 1861, this tariff act raised rates to increase revenue and protect American manufacturers. (p. 281) |  | 31 |
| 5927970023 | Morrill Land Grant Act | In 1862, this act encouraged states to use the sale of federal land grants to maintain agricultural and technical colleges. (p. 281) |  | 32 |
| 5927970024 | Pacific Railway Act | In 1862, this act authorized the building of a transcontinental railroad over a northern route in order to link the economies of California and the western territories to the eastern states. (p. 281) |  | 33 |
| 5927970025 | Homestead Act | In 1862, this act promoted settlement of the Great Plains by offering parcels of 160 acres of public land free to any person or family that farmed that land for at least five years. (p. 281) |  | 34 |
| 5927970026 | Fort Sumter | A federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. It was cut off from vital supplies because the South controlled the harbor. President Lincoln announced that he was sending provisions to the Union fort. On April 12, 1861, Carolina guns opened on the Union, and the Civil War began. (p. 269) |  | 35 |
| 5927970027 | Bull Run | In July 1861, 30,000 federal troops marched from Washington D.C. to attack Confederate forces near Bull Run Creek at Manassas Junction, Virginia. In the first major battle of the Civil War, Union forces seemed close to victory, but then Confederate reinforcements counterattacked and sent the inexperienced Union troops in retreat. (p. 271) |  | 36 |
| 5927970028 | Thomas (Stonewall) Jackson | In July 1861, at the First Battle of Bull Run, this Confederate general counterattacked the Union and sent their troops in a retreat back to Washington D.C. (p. 271) |  | 37 |
| 5927970029 | Winfield Scott | He was the Union General-in-Chief at the start of the Civil War. (p. 271) |  | 38 |
| 5927970030 | Anaconda Plan | The Union's Civil War plan, created by General Winfield Scott. It called for the U.S. Navy to blockade Southern ports cutting off essential supplies from reaching the Confederacy. (p. 271) |  | 39 |
| 5927970031 | George McClellan | The commander of the Union army in the East. After extensive training of his army, he invaded Virginia in March 1862. The Union army was stopped as a result of brilliant tactical moves by the Confederate army. After five months he was forced to retreat to the Potomac, and was replaced by General John Pope. (p. 271) |  | 40 |
| 5927970032 | Robert E. Lee | Confederate general who defeated the Union at the Second Battle of Bull Run. At the Battle of Antietam (in Maryland) he was unable to break through the Union line and had to retreat back to Virginia. At Fredericksburg, Virginia his army suffered 5,000 casualties compared to 12,000 casualties for the Union army. His army was finally defeated and he surrendered to Union General Grant at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865. (p. 272 273, 277, 278) | | 41 |
| 5927970033 | Antietam | This battle took place in September 1862, when Confederate General Robert E. Lee moved his troops into Union territory in Maryland. The Union army met them at Antietam Creek, in Sharpsburg, Maryland. It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with more than 22,000 killed or wounded. Unable to break through the Union lines the Confederate army retreated to Virginia. The win was important because it stopped the Confederate invasion of the North and gave Lincoln the victory he was waiting for. He could now act against slavery. (p. 273) |  | 42 |
| 5927970034 | Monitor vs. Merrimac | First engagement ever between two iron-clad naval vessels. On March 9, 1862, the two ships battled for five hours, ending in a draw. This marked a turning point in naval warfare, wooden ships would be replaced by ironclad ones. (p. 273) |  | 43 |
| 5927970035 | Ulysses S. Grant | In early 1862, this Union general led his troops from Illinois to capture Fort Henry and Fort Donelson on the Cumberland River (branch of the Mississippi). These victoires opened up the state of Mississippi to attack by the Union. A Confederate army surprised him at Shiloh, Tennessee, but the his army held its ground and finally forced the Confederates to retreat after 23,000 total casualties. In July 1863, he captured Vicksburg, Mississippi and the Union now controlled the Mississippi River. In early 1864 Lincoln made him commander of all the Union armies. As General Robert E. Lee tried to flee to mountains with army of less than 30,000 men he cut off his army and forced them to surrender at Appomattox Court House. (p. 273, 274, 277, 278) | | 44 |
| 5927970036 | Shiloh | Major battle in the American Civil War, fought in 1862, in southwestern Tennessee. Confederate forces led by Albert Johnston launched a surprise attack against the Union army led by General Ulysses S. Grant. The Union army held its ground and finally forced the Confederates to retreat after 23,000 casualties (dead and wounded) on both sides. (p. 274) |  | 45 |
| 5927970037 | David Farragut | He led the Union navy when they captured New Orleans, in April 1862. (p. 274) |  | 46 |
| 5927970038 | Gettysburg | On July 1, 1863, General Robert E. Lee led a Confederate army into Pennsylvania. He surprised the Union troops, and started the most crucial and bloodiest battle of the war. There were 50,000 casualties, but the Confederate army eventually retreated to Virginia, never to regain the offensive. (p. 277) |  | 47 |
| 5927970039 | Vicksburg | In May 1863, Union General Ulysses S. Grant began an artillery bombardment of this Mississippi city, which last for seven weeks. On July 4, 1863, the Confederates finally surrendered the city, along with 29,000 soldiers. The Union now controlled the full length of the Mississippi River. (p. 277) |  | 48 |
| 5927970040 | Sherman's March | Union General William Tecumseh Sherman led a force of 100,000 troops on a destructive march through Georgia. Destroying everything in their path, they captured Atlanta, Georgia in September 1864, then marched into Savannah by that December, then they captured and burned Columbia, South Carolina in February 1865. (p. 277) |  | 49 |
| 5927970041 | Appomattox Court House | Site of the surrender of the Confederate army led by Robert E. Lee to Union commander Ulysses S. Grant, on April 9, 1865. (p. 278) |  | 50 |
| 5927970042 | habeas corpus | This is the term for the constitutional right to be informed of charges and to be given a fair trial. During the Civil War Abraham Lincoln suspended this right, and arrested an estimated 13,000 people on suspicion of aiding the Confederates. (p. 279) |  | 51 |
| 5927970043 | Emancipation Proclamation | After the Battle of Antietam, on September 22, 1862, President Lincoln warned that enslaved people in all states still in rebellion on January 1, 1863 would be freed. He also urged the border states to draft plans for emancipation of slaves in their states. On January 1, 1863, Lincoln as promised issued this famous proclamation. This led to slaves joining the Union army and increased Union support from Europe. (p. 276) | | 52 |
| 5927970044 | 13th Amendment | This constitutional amendment, ratified in December 1865, forbade slavery and involuntary servitude in all states. (p. 276) |  | 53 |
| 5927970045 | Ex Parte Milligan | In 1866, the Supreme Court ruled that the government had acted improperly in Indiana where, certain civilians had been subject to a military trial during the war. The Court ruled that such trials could be used only when regular civilian courts were unavailable. (p. 279) |  | 54 |
| 5927970046 | draft riots | In July 1863 riots against the draft erupted in New York City. Some 117 people were killed before federal troops and a temporary suspension of the draft restored order. (p. 280) |  | 55 |
| 5927970047 | Copperheads | Northern Democrats who opposed the Civil War and wanted a negotiated peace. (p. 279) |  | 56 |
| 5927970048 | Trent Affair | In 1861, the Confederacy sent diplomats to Britain on a British steamer, to gain recognition for their government. A Union ship captured both men and took them as prisoners of war. The British threatened war if they were not released, and Lincoln gave into their demands. However, the diplomats were not able to get recognition for the Confederacy, from Britain or France. (p. 274) |  | 57 |
| 5927970049 | CSS Alabama | A Confederate war ship purchased from Britain. It captured more than 60 Union merchant ships before being sunk off the coast of France. (p. 274) |  | 58 |
| 5927970050 | John Wilkes Booth | An American stage actor who, as part of a conspiracy plot, assassinated President Abraham Lincoln at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., on April 14, 1865. (p. 278) |  | 59 |
| 5927970051 | Massachusetts 54th Regiment | An all black regiment in the Civil War. (p. 276) |  | 60 |
| 5927970052 | border states | During the Civil War the term for the the states of Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri. Keeping these states in the Union was a primary political and military goal of President Lincoln. They were slave states, but did not secede. (p. 269) |  | 61 |
| 5927970053 | Confederate States of America | In February 1861, representatives of South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas met in Montgomery, Alabama to form this new country. After the attack on Fort Sumter, the states of Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas also seceded and joined the Confederacy. The Confederate capital was moved to Richmond, Virginia. The Confederate Constitution was modeled after the U.S. Constitution, except that it provided a single six-year term for the president and gave the president an item veto (power to veto part of a bill). (p. 269, 270) |  | 62 |
| 5927970054 | Jefferson Davis | He served as President of the Confederate States during the Civil War. (p. 270) | | 63 |
| 5927970055 | Alexander H. Stephens | He served as vice president of the Confederate States of America during the Civil War. He acted in defense of states' rights, and even urged the secession of Georgia in response to the "despotic" actions of the Confederate government. (p. 270) | | 64 |
| 5927970056 | Second American Revolution | A term sometimes used for the Civil War. (p. 282) |  | 65 |
| 5927970057 | greenbacks | Name given to paper money issued by the Union government during the Civil War. They bills were not redeemable for gold, which contributed to creeping inflation. (p. 280) | | 66 |
| 5927970058 | Morrill Tariff Act | In 1861, this tariff act raised rates to increase revenue and protect American manufacturers. (p. 281) | | 67 |
| 5927970059 | Morrill Land Grant Act | In 1862, this act encouraged states to use the sale of federal land grants to maintain agricultural and technical colleges. (p. 281) | | 68 |
| 5927970060 | Pacific Railway Act | In 1862, this act authorized the building of a transcontinental railroad over a northern route in order to link the economies of California and the western territories to the eastern states. (p. 281) | | 69 |
| 5927970061 | Homestead Act | In 1862, this act promoted settlement of the Great Plains by offering parcels of 160 acres of public land free to any person or family that farmed that land for at least five years. (p. 281) | | 70 |
| 5927970062 | Fort Sumter | A federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. It was cut off from vital supplies because the South controlled the harbor. President Lincoln announced that he was sending provisions to the Union fort. On April 12, 1861, Carolina guns opened on the Union, and the Civil War began. (p. 269) | | 71 |
| 5927970063 | Bull Run | In July 1861, 30,000 federal troops marched from Washington D.C. to attack Confederate forces near Bull Run Creek at Manassas Junction, Virginia. In the first major battle of the Civil War, Union forces seemed close to victory, but then Confederate reinforcements counterattacked and sent the inexperienced Union troops in retreat. (p. 271) | | 72 |
| 5927970064 | Thomas (Stonewall) Jackson | In July 1861, at the First Battle of Bull Run, this Confederate general counterattacked the Union and sent their troops in a retreat back to Washington D.C. (p. 271) | | 73 |
| 5927970065 | Winfield Scott | He was the Union General-in-Chief at the start of the Civil War. (p. 271) | | 74 |
| 5927970066 | Anaconda Plan | The Union's Civil War plan, created by General Winfield Scott. It called for the U.S. Navy to blockade Southern ports cutting off essential supplies from reaching the Confederacy. (p. 271) | | 75 |
| 5927970067 | George McClellan | The commander of the Union army in the East. After extensive training of his army, he invaded Virginia in March 1862. The Union army was stopped as a result of brilliant tactical moves by the Confederate army. After five months he was forced to retreat to the Potomac, and was replaced by General John Pope. (p. 271) | | 76 |
| 5927970068 | Robert E. Lee | Confederate general who defeated the Union at the Second Battle of Bull Run. At the Battle of Antietam (in Maryland) he was unable to break through the Union line and had to retreat back to Virginia. At Fredericksburg, Virginia his army suffered 5,000 casualties compared to 12,000 casualties for the Union army. His army was finally defeated and he surrendered to Union General Grant at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865. (p. 272 273, 277, 278) | | 77 |
| 5927970069 | Antietam | This battle took place in September 1862, when Confederate General Robert E. Lee moved his troops into Union territory in Maryland. The Union army met them at Antietam Creek, in Sharpsburg, Maryland. It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with more than 22,000 killed or wounded. Unable to break through the Union lines the Confederate army retreated to Virginia. The win was important because it stopped the Confederate invasion of the North and gave Lincoln the victory he was waiting for. He could now act against slavery. (p. 273) | | 78 |
| 5927970070 | Fredericksburg | On December 13, 1862, General Ambrose Burnside launched a frontal attack on General Lee's strong position at this Virginia city. The Union army suffered 12,000 casualties (dead or wounded), while the Confederates only 5,000 casualties. (p. 273) |  | 79 |
| 5927970071 | Monitor vs. Merrimac | First engagement ever between two iron-clad naval vessels. On March 9, 1862, the two ships battled for five hours, ending in a draw. This marked a turning point in naval warfare, wooden ships would be replaced by ironclad ones. (p. 273) | | 80 |
| 5927970072 | Ulysses S. Grant | In early 1862, this Union general led his troops from Illinois to capture Fort Henry and Fort Donelson on the Cumberland River (branch of the Mississippi). These victoires opened up the state of Mississippi to attack by the Union. A Confederate army surprised him at Shiloh, Tennessee, but the his army held its ground and finally forced the Confederates to retreat after 23,000 total casualties. In July 1863, he captured Vicksburg, Mississippi and the Union now controlled the Mississippi River. In early 1864 Lincoln made him commander of all the Union armies. As General Robert E. Lee tried to flee to mountains with army of less than 30,000 men he cut off his army and forced them to surrender at Appomattox Court House. (p. 273, 274, 277, 278) | | 81 |
| 5927970073 | Shiloh | Major battle in the American Civil War, fought in 1862, in southwestern Tennessee. Confederate forces led by Albert Johnston launched a surprise attack against the Union army led by General Ulysses S. Grant. The Union army held its ground and finally forced the Confederates to retreat after 23,000 casualties (dead and wounded) on both sides. (p. 274) | | 82 |
| 5927970074 | David Farragut | He led the Union navy when they captured New Orleans, in April 1862. (p. 274) | | 83 |
| 5927970075 | Gettysburg | On July 1, 1863, General Robert E. Lee led a Confederate army into Pennsylvania. He surprised the Union troops, and started the most crucial and bloodiest battle of the war. There were 50,000 casualties, but the Confederate army eventually retreated to Virginia, never to regain the offensive. (p. 277) | | 84 |
| 5927970076 | Vicksburg | In May 1863, Union General Ulysses S. Grant began an artillery bombardment of this Mississippi city, which last for seven weeks. On July 4, 1863, the Confederates finally surrendered the city, along with 29,000 soldiers. The Union now controlled the full length of the Mississippi River. (p. 277) | | 85 |
| 5927970077 | Sherman's March | Union General William Tecumseh Sherman led a force of 100,000 troops on a destructive march through Georgia. Destroying everything in their path, they captured Atlanta, Georgia in September 1864, then marched into Savannah by that December, then they captured and burned Columbia, South Carolina in February 1865. (p. 277) | | 86 |
| 5927970078 | Appomattox Court House | Site of the surrender of the Confederate army led by Robert E. Lee to Union commander Ulysses S. Grant, on April 9, 1865. (p. 278) | | 87 |
| 5927970079 | executive power | During the Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln acted in unprecedented ways, often without the approval of Congress. He called for 75,000 volunteers to stop the Confederacy, authorized spending for the war, and suspended habeas corpus. (p. 270) |  | 88 |
| 5927970080 | habeas corpus | This is the term for the constitutional right to be informed of charges and to be given a fair trial. During the Civil War Abraham Lincoln suspended this right, and arrested an estimated 13,000 people on suspicion of aiding the Confederates. (p. 279) | | 89 |
| 5927970081 | insurrection | A term President Lincoln used, to describe the Confederacy actions at the start of the Civil War. (p. 269) | 90 | |
| 5927970082 | Confiscation acts | Series of acts passed by the Union government, designed to liberate slaves in Confederate states. The second act in July 1862, freed slaves from anyone engaged in rebellion against the United States (Union). (p. 275) |  | 91 |
| 5927970083 | Emancipation Proclamation | After the Battle of Antietam, on September 22, 1862, President Lincoln warned that enslaved people in all states still in rebellion on January 1, 1863 would be freed. He also urged the border states to draft plans for emancipation of slaves in their states. On January 1, 1863, Lincoln as promised issued this famous proclamation. This led to slaves joining the Union army and increased Union support from Europe. (p. 276) | | 92 |
| 5927970084 | 13th Amendment | This constitutional amendment, ratified in December 1865, forbade slavery and involuntary servitude in all states. (p. 276) | | 93 |
| 5927970085 | Ex Parte Milligan | In 1866, the Supreme Court ruled that the government had acted improperly in Indiana where, certain civilians had been subject to a military trial during the war. The Court ruled that such trials could be used only when regular civilian courts were unavailable. (p. 279) | | 94 |
| 5927970086 | draft riots | In July 1863 riots against the draft erupted in New York City. Some 117 people were killed before federal troops and a temporary suspension of the draft restored order. (p. 280) | | 95 |
| 5927970087 | Copperheads | Northern Democrats who opposed the Civil War and wanted a negotiated peace. (p. 279) | | 96 |
| 5927970088 | election of 1864 | In this presidential election, the Democrats nominated the popular General George McClellan. The Republicans renamed to the Unionist party, nominated President Abraham Lincoln. Abraham Lincoln won the election, however McClellan did win 45 percent of the popular vote. (p. 278) |  | 97 |
| 5927970089 | Trent Affair | In 1861, the Confederacy sent diplomats to Britain on a British steamer, to gain recognition for their government. A Union ship captured both men and took them as prisoners of war. The British threatened war if they were not released, and Lincoln gave into their demands. However, the diplomats were not able to get recognition for the Confederacy, from Britain or France. (p. 274) | | 98 |
| 5927970090 | Alabama | A Confederate war ship purchased from Britain. It captured more than 60 Union merchant ships before being sunk off the coast of France. (p. 274) | | 99 |
| 5927970091 | Laird rams | These ships with iron rams could have been used against the Union's naval blockade. However, the Union persuaded the British government to cancel the sale of these ships to the Confederacy, rather than risk war with the Union. (p. 274) |  | 100 |
| 5927970092 | John Wilkes Booth | An American stage actor who, as part of a conspiracy plot, assassinated President Abraham Lincoln at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., on April 14, 1865. (p. 278) | | 101 |
| 5927970093 | segregated black troops | Almost 200,000 African Americans joined the Union army during the Civil War. (p. 276) |  | 102 |
| 5927970094 | Massachusetts 54th Regiment | An all black regiment in the Civil War. (p. 276) | | 103 |
| 5927970095 | women in the workplace | As men went off to battle in the Civil War, women stepped into the labor vacuum, operated farms and took factory jobs customarily held by men. (p. 282) |  | 104 |
| 5927970096 | women in nursing | During the Civil War women played a critical role as military nurses. (p. 282) |  | 105 |
| 5927970097 | war's long term effects | The Civil War had long term effects on women. The field of nursing was now open to women for the first time. The enormous responsibilities undertaken by women gave impetus to the movement to obtain equal voting rights for women. (p. 282) |  | 106 |
| 5927970098 | 4 million freedmen | With the passage of the thirteenth amendment in 1865, 4 million African Americans were now free. (p. 282) |  | 107 |
