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| 8512852399 | The Age of Reason | (1794) Thomas Paine's anticlerical treatise that accused churches of seeking to acquire "power and profit" and to "enslave mankind". | 0 | |
| 8512852400 | Deism | Eighteenth-centuyr religious doctrine that emphasized reasoned moral behavior and the scientific pursuit of knowledge. Most Deists rejected biblical inheritance and the divinity of Christ, but they did not believe that a Supreme Being created the universe. | 1 | |
| 8512852401 | Second Great Awakening | (early nineteenth century) Religious revival characterized by emotional mass "camp meetings" and widespread conversion. Brought about a democratization of religion as a multiplicity of denominations vied for members. | 2 | |
| 8512852402 | Burned-Over District | Popular name for western New York, a region particularly swept up in the religious fervor of the Second Great Awakening. | 3 | |
| 8512852403 | Mormons | Religious followers of Joseph Smith, who founded a communal, oligarchic religious order in the 1830s, officially known as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Mormons, facing deep hostility from their non-Mormon neighbors, eventually migrated west and established a flourishing settlement in the Utah desert. | 4 | |
| 8512852404 | Lyceum | (From the Greek name for the ancient Athenian school where Aristotle taught) Public lecture hall that hosted speakers on topics ranging from science to moral philosophy. Part of a broader flourishing of higher education in the mid-nineteenth century. | 5 | |
| 8512852405 | American Temperance Society | Founded in Boston in 1826 as part of a growing effort of nineteenth-century reformers to limit alcohol consumption. | 6 | |
| 8512852406 | Maine Law of 1851 | Prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcohol. A dozen other states followed Maine's lead, though most statutes proved ineffective and were repealed within a decade. | 7 | |
| 8512852407 | Women's Rights Convention at Seneca Falls | (1848) Gathering of feminist activists in Seneca Falls, New York where Elizabeth Lady Stanton read her "Declaration of Sentiments," stating that "all men and women are created equal". | 8 | |
| 8512852408 | New Harmony | (1825-1827) Communal society of around one thousand members, established in New Harmony, Indiana, by Robert Owen. The community attracted a hodgepodge of individuals, from scholars to crooks, and fell apart due to infighting and confusion after just two years. | 9 | |
| 8512852409 | Brook Farm | (1841-1846) Transcendental commune founded by a group of intellectuals, who emphasized living plainly while pursuing the life of the mind. The community fell into debt and dissolved when their communal home burned to the ground in 1846. | 10 | |
| 8512852410 | Oneida Community | One of the more radical utopian communities established in the nineteenth century, it advocated "free love", birth control, and eugenics. Utopian communities reflected the reformist spirit of the age. | 11 | |
| 8512852411 | Shakers | (established ca. 1770s) Called this for their lively dance worship, they emphasized simple, communal living and were all expected to practice celibacy. First transplanted to America from England by Mother Ann Lee, they counted six thousand members by 1840, though by the 1940s the movement had largely died out. | 12 | |
| 8512852412 | Federal Style | Early national style of architecture that borrowed from neoclassical models and emphasized symmetry, balance, and restraint. Famous builders associated with this style included Charles Bulfinch and Benjamin Latrobe. | 13 | |
| 8512852413 | Greek Revival | Inspired by the contemporary Greek independence movement, this building style, popular between 1820 and 1850, imitated Ancient Greek structural forms in search of a democratic architectural vernacular. | 14 | |
| 8512852414 | Hudson River School | (mid-nineteenth century) American artistic movement that produced romantic renditions of local landscapes. | 15 | |
| 8512852415 | Minstrel shows | Variety shows performed by white actors in blackface. First popularized in the mid-nineteenth century. | 16 | |
| 8512852416 | Romanticism | Early nineteenth-century movement in European and American literature and the arts that, in reaction to the hyper-rational Enlightenment, emphasized imagination over reason, nature over civilization, intuition over calculation, and the self over society. | 17 | |
| 8512852417 | Transcendentalism | (mid-nineteenth century) Literacy and intellectual movement that emphasized individualism and self-reliance, predicted upon a belief that each person possesses an "inner light" that can point the way to truth and direct contact with God. | 18 | |
| 8512852418 | The American Scholar | (1837) Ralph Waldo Emerson's address at Harvard College, in which he declared an intellectual independence from Europe, urging American scholars to develop their own traditions. | 19 | |
| 8512852419 | Peter Cartwright | Methodist revivalist who traversed the frontier from Tennessee to Illinois in the first decades of the nineteenth century, preaching against slavery and alcohol, and calling on sinners to repent. | 20 | |
| 8512852420 | Charles Grandison Finney | One of the leading revival preachers during the Second Great Awakening, he presided over mass camp meetings throughout New York state, championing temperance and abolition, and urging women to play a greater role in religious life. | 21 | |
| 8512852421 | Joseph Smith | Founder of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Mormons), he gained a following after an angel directed him to a set of golden plates which, when deciphered, became the Book of Mormon. His communal, authoritarian church and his advocacy of plural marriage antagonized his neighbors in Ohio, Missouri and finally Illinois, where he was murdered by a mob in 1844. | 22 | |
| 8512852422 | Brigham Young | Second president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, he led his Mormon followers to Salt Lake City, Utah after Joseph Smith's death. Under his discipline and guidance, the Utah settlement prospered, and the church expanded to include over 100,000 members by his death in 1877. | 23 | |
| 8512852423 | Horace Mann | Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education and a champion of public education, advocating more and better school houses, longer terms, better pay for teachers and an expanded curriculum. | 24 | |
| 8512852424 | Dorothea Dix | New England teacher-author and champion of mental health reform, she assembled damning reports on insane asylums and petitioned the Massachusetts legislature to improve conditions. | 25 | |
| 8512852425 | Neal S. Dow | Nineteenth century temperance activist, dubbed the "Father of Prohibition" for his sponsorship of the Main Law of 1851, which prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcohol in the state. | 26 | |
| 8512852426 | Lucretia Mott | Prominent Quaker and abolitionist, she became a champion for women's rights after she and her fellow female delegates were not seated at the London antislavery convention of 1840. She, along with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, held the first Woman's Rights Convention at Seneca Falls in 1848. | 27 | |
| 8512852427 | Elizabeth Cady Stanton | Abolitionist and woman suffragist, she organized the first Woman's Rights Convention near her home in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. After the Civil War, she urged Congress to include women in the fourteenth and fifteenth amendments, despite urgings from Frederick Douglass to let freedmen have their hour. In 1869, she, along with Susan B. Anthony, founded the National Woman Suffrage Association to lobby for a constitutional amendment granting women the vote. | 28 | |
| 8512852428 | Susan B. Anthony | Reformer and woman suffragist, who, with long-time friend Elizabeth Cady Stanton, advocated for temperance and women's rights in New York State, established the abolitionist Women's Loyal League during the Civil War, and founded the National Woman Suffrage Association in 1869 to lobby for a constitutional amendment giving women the vote. | 29 | |
| 8512852429 | Lucy Stone | Abolitionist and women's rights activist, who kept her maiden name after marriage, inspiring other women to follow her example. Though she campaigned to include women in the fourteenth and fifteenth amendments, she did not join Stanton and Anthony in denouncing the amendments when it became clear the changes would not be made. In 1869 she founded the American Woman Suffrage Association, which lobbied for suffrage primarily at the state level. | 30 | |
| 8512852430 | Amelia Bloomer | Reformer and women's rights activist, who championed dress reform for women, wearing short skirts with Turkish trousers or "_____s," as a healthier and more comfortable alternative to the tight corsets and voluminous skirts popular with women of her day. | 31 | |
| 8512852431 | Robert Owen | Scottish-born textile manufacturer and founder of New Harmony, a short-lived communal society of about a thousand people in Indiana. | 32 | |
| 8512852432 | John J. Audobon | French-born naturalist and author of the beautifully illustrated Birds of America. | 33 | |
| 8512852433 | Stephen C. Foster | Popular American folk composer who popularized minstrel songs, which fused African rhythms with nostalgic melodies. | 34 | |
| 8512852434 | James Fenimore Cooper | American novelist and a member of New York's Knickerbocker Group, he wrote adventure tales, including The Last of the Mohicans, which won acclaim on both sides of the Atlantic. | 35 | |
| 8512852435 | Ralph Waldo Emerson | Boston-born scholar and leading American transcendentalist, whose essays, most notably "Self- Reliance" stressed individualism, self-improvement, optimism and freedom. | 36 | |
| 8512852436 | Henry David Thoreau | American transcendentalist and author of Walden: Or Life in the Woods. A committed idealist and abolitionist, he advocated civil disobedience, spending a night in jail for refusing to pay a poll tax to a government that supported slave | 37 | |
| 8512852437 | Walt Whitman | Brooklyn-born poet and author of Leaves of Grass, a collection of poems, written largely in free verse, which exuberantly celebrated America's democratic spirit. | 38 | |
| 8512852438 | Henry Wadsworth Longfellow | Harvard Professor of modern languages and popular mid-nineteenth century poet, who won broad acclaim in Europe for his poetry. | 39 | |
| 8512852439 | Louisa May Alcott | New England born author of popular novels for adolescents, most notably Little Women. | 40 | |
| 8512852440 | Emily Dickinson | Massachusetts born poet who, despite spending her life as a recluse, created a vivid inner world through her poetry, exploring themes of nature, love, death and immortality. Refusing to publish during her lifetime, she left behind nearly two thousand poems, which were published after her death. | 41 | |
| 8512852441 | Edgar Allan Poe | American poet, short-story writer, editor and literary critic who is best known for his tales of mystery and the macabre. | 42 | |
| 8512852442 | Nathaniel Hawthorne | Novelist and author of The Scarlet Letter, a tale exploring the psychological effects of sin in seventeenth century Puritan Boston. | 43 | |
| 8512852443 | Herman Melville | New York author who spent his youth as a whaler on the high seas, an experience which no doubt inspired his epic novel, Moby Dick. | 44 | |
| 8512852444 | Francis Parkman | Early American historian who wrote a series of volumes on the imperial struggle between Britain and France in North America. | 45 |
