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| 5814785432 | Homestead Lockout | The 1892 lockout of workers at the Homestead, Pennsylvania, steel mill after Andrew Carnegie refused to renew the union contract. Union supporters attacked the guards hired to close them out and protect strikebreakers who had been employed by the mill, but the National Guard soon suppressed this resistance and Homestead, like other steel plants, became a non-union mill. | 0 | |
| 5814810836 | Management Revolution | An internal management structure adopted by many large, complex corporations that distinguished top executives from those responsible for day-to-day operations and departmentalized operations by function. | 1 | |
| 5814785168 | vertical integration | business model in which a corporation controlled all aspects of production from raw materials to packaged products. Industrial innovators pioneered this business form at the end of the Civil War. | 2 | |
| 5814785169 | horizontal integration | a business concept invented in the late nineteenth century to pressure competitors and force rivals to merge their companies into a conglomerate. John D. Rockefeller of Standard Oil pioneered this business model. | 3 | |
| 5814785170 | trust | a small group of associates that hold stock from a group of combined firms, managing them as a single entity. Quickly evolved into other centralized business forms, but progressive critics continued to refer to giant firms like US Steel and Standard Oil as examples. | 4 | |
| 5835347793 | deskilling | The elimination of skilled labor under a new system of mechanized manufacturing, in which workers completed discrete, small-scale tasks rather than crafting an entire product. With deskilling, employers found they could pay workers less and replace them more easily. | 5 | |
| 5814785171 | mass production | a phrase coined by Henry Ford, who helped to invent a system of good based on assembly instead of standardized parts. This system accompanied the continued deskilling of industrial labor. | 6 | |
| 5835349542 | scientific management | A system of organizing work developed by Frederick W. Taylor in the late nineteenth century. It was designed to coax maximum output from the individual worker, increase efficiency, and reduce production costs. | 7 | |
| 5814785172 | Chinese Exclusion Act | The 1882 law that barred certain immigrant laborers from entering the US. continued in effect until the 1940s. | 8 | |
| 5814785173 | Great Railroad Strike of 1877 | A nationwide protest of thousands of workers and labor allies, who protested the growing power of the corporations an the steep wage cuts imposed by managers and a severe economic depression that had begun in 1873. | 9 | |
| 5814785174 | Greenback Labor Party | a national political movement calling on the government to increase the money supply in order to assist borrowers and foster economic growth. Called for greater regulation of corporations and laws enforcing an eight hour workday. | 10 | |
| 5835352541 | producerism | The argument that real economic wealth is created by workers who make their living by physical labor, such as farmers and craftsmen, and that merchants, lawyers, bankers, and other middlemen unfairly gain their wealth from such "producers." | 11 | |
| 5814785175 | Granger laws | Economic regulatory rules passed in some Midwestern states in the late 1870s, triggered by pressure from farmers and the Greenback Labor Party. | 12 | |
| 5814785176 | Knights of Labor | the first mass labor organization created among America's working class. Founded in 1869 and peaking the in theid-1880s, they attempted to bridge boundaries of ethnicity, gender, ideology, race, and occupation to build a "universal brotherhood" of all workers. | 13 | |
| 5814785177 | Anarchism | The advocacy of a stateless society achieved by revolutionary means. Feared for their views, the people became scapegoats for the 1886 Haymarket Square bombing. | 14 | |
| 5814785178 | Haymarket Square | The May 4, 1886 conflict in Chicago in which both workers and policemen were killed or wounded during a labor demonstration called by local anarchists. The incident created a backlash against all labor organizations, including the Knights of Labor. | 15 | |
| 5814785179 | Farmers' Alliance | a rural movement founded in Texas during the depression of the 1870s that spread across the plains states and the South. Advocated cooperative stores and exchanges that would circumvent middlemen, and it called for greater government aid to farmers and stricter regulation of railroads. | 16 | |
| 5814785180 | Interstate Commerce Act | An 1887 rule that created the federal regulatory agency designed to oversee the railroad industry and prevent collusion and unfair rates. | 17 | |
| 5814785181 | closed shop | a workplace in which a job seeker had to be a union member to gain employment. Advocated by craft unions as a method of keeping out lower wage workers and strengthening the unions' bargaining position with employers. | 18 | |
| 5814785182 | American Federation of Labor | organization created by Samuel Gompers in 1886 that coordinated the activities of craft unions and called for direct negotiation with employers in order to achieve benefits for skilled workers. | 19 | |
| 5814785183 | Andrew Carnegie | A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry because of his use of vertical integration | 20 | |
| 5814785184 | Gustavus Swift | Developer of an efficient system of mechanical refrigeration, an innovation that earned him a fortune and provided a major stimulus to the growth of the cattle industry. | 21 | |
| 5814785185 | John D. Rockefeller | An American industrialist and philanthropist, in 1870, founded the Standard Oil Company and ran it until he retired in the late 1890s. Often forced rival companies to sell out by drastically lowering his own prices. At one point he controlled 90% of the oil business. He became the world's richest man and first U.S. dollar billionaire. | 22 | |
| 5814785186 | Henry George | San Francisco journalist published a provocative book in 1879 that was an instant best seller. It jolted readers to look more critically at the effects of laissez-faire economics. The book is called "Progress and Poverty" and proposes on putting a single tax on land as the solution to poverty. | 23 | |
| 5814785187 | Terence Powderly | In 1879, president of the Knight of Labor. He worked to strengthen the union by opening membership to immigrants, blacks, women and unskilled workers. He wanted to make the world a better place for both workers and employers. He did not believe in strikes. He relied on rallies and meetings. | 24 | |
| 5814785188 | Leonora Barry | Labor leader and social reformer who from 1886-1890 served as general investigator for women's work for the Knights of Labor. Under her leadership, the organization recruited women of many different occupations, including factory workers, teachers, waitresses, domestics, and housewives, with the result that women composed as much as 20% of the Knights' membership. | 25 | |
| 5814785189 | Samuel Gompers | An American labor leader, he, as president of the American Federation of Labor (AFL), stressed cooperation between management and labor instead of strike actions, as a means of obtaining labor demands. He led the AFL for forty years, until his death in 1924. | 26 |
