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| 7422394811 | John Whites | -Commander of Raleigh's -Settler of Roanoke -father of Virginia Dare | 0 | |
| 7422396545 | Sir Richard Grenville | -Raleigh's cousin -led first expedition to Roanoke | 1 | |
| 7422411118 | Sir Walter Raleigh | Main pioneer of English colonization -attempted to colonize ROANOKE -Charter from Queen Elizabeth | 2 | |
| 7422413616 | Apaches/Navajos | ENEMIES OF PUEBLO and SPANISH -Raiders | 3 | |
| 7422417493 | Seigneuries | French agricultural estates along the St. Lawrence River -factor that enabled French to fight for control of America | 4 | |
| 7422420454 | St. Augustine | First European settlement in USA -Military outpost, HQ | 5 | |
| 7422422572 | Francisco Coronado | Spanish conquistador -Traveled North from Mexico and opened up southwest to Spanish settlement | 6 | |
| 7422422573 | Francisco Pizarro | Spanish conquistador who conquered Peru and showed value of the Incas -Opened door to advances in South America | 7 | |
| 7422427255 | Hernando de soto | Spanish Conquistador -deputy of Pizarro -Led expeditions in search of gold, silver, jewels -First white man to cross Mississippi | 8 | |
| 7422429048 | Henry Hudson | Dutch explorer who thought he found passage to Pacific while sailing in large river in NY -Led to Dutch territories in America | 9 | |
| 7422431354 | Samuel de Champlain | French man who founded Quebec -led attack on Mohawks because French were allied against Iroquois with the Algonquians | 10 | |
| 7422434981 | John Cabot | First Englishman to New World -searched for the Northwest passage to the orient | 11 | |
| 7422436705 | John Smith | Captain of ship sailing to Jamestown -"Thall who shallnot work shall not eat" -Created bad relationships with natives -imposed work and order on settlement | 12 | |
| 7422441654 | Richard Hakluyts | English clergyman known for advocating for colonization 1.) Colonies create new markets 2.) decrease unemployment and poverty because lowers population in England 3.) Poor would have jobs 4.) England would get resources from new land | 13 | |
| 7422444413 | 3 aspects of colonization | Explore, Conquer, Colonize | 14 | |
| 7422444414 | Encomiendas | Licenses to force labor and tribute from natives -used by Oñate in Pueblos area | 15 | |
| 7422447453 | Conquistadores | First Spaniards to arrive in Americas -To get rich and find gold -God, Glory, Gold | 16 | |
| 7422447454 | Ordinandes of Discovery | Spanish law banning brutal conquests -encouraged expansion through colonization rather than wars | 17 | |
| 7422450025 | Pueblo revolt of 1680 | Revolt of pueblos due to suppression of their tribal rituals and instability from Apache raids and a major drought -Pope (religious leader) led an uprising -Pope killed many and captured Santa Fe -Spanish drivin out, but later came back and recaptured it | 18 | |
| 7422452550 | Ridged Royal Trad Control | Spanish government required all imports to go through one port twice a year all at once -to reduce pirating and increase collection of duties -Hurt the economic development | 19 | |
| 7422452551 | Hispaniola | Columbus landed here and killed all the natives due to desease | 20 | |
| 7422454774 | North Guinea | Most of slaves came from here -traded with Mediterranean world -ivory, slaves, gold in exchange for fished goods -Converts to Islam due to Mediterranean influence | 21 | |
| 7422454775 | Ghana->Mali | Northern African Settlements -After Ghana collapsed, Mali emerged -Big trading and education city was Timbuktu | 22 | |
| 7422457336 | Benin, Congo, Songhay | Southern African kingdoms (groups of villages) -Traded fabrics, ceramics, wooden goods, crops, etc | 23 | |
| 7422462431 | Matrilineal Societies | African society in which women played a dominant role -Heredity and land given through mother's side not fathers -More sex equality | 24 | |
| 7422465173 | Enclosure Movement | -Wool became highly demanded so wealthy farmers bought land and created sheep farms -many small farmers lost jobs -led to food shortage because land being used for sheep not food | 25 | |
| 7422468866 | Chartered Companies | -Merchants combined to for companies -monopolized a region -Investors made $$$ -urge to expand due to mercantilism *began with domestic wool industry in England* | 26 | |
| 7422471475 | Mercantilism (relating to chap 1) | Belief that worlds money is finite -extracting as much $ as possible while exporting as little as possible -gave merchants government assistance because helped the country as a whole -Increases competition among countries -increased colonization to acquire more goods and keep other countries from having the land | 27 | |
| 7422471476 | Puritan Goals | 1.) Simplify worship 2.) Reduce power of bishops 3.) Reform local clergy | 28 | |
| 7422474266 | James I antagonizing puritans (3 things) | 1.) Taxing them extra 2.) favoring Catholics(special treatment) 3.) Supported high church (priest authority, sacraments, etc) | 29 | |
| 7422475852 | Ireland | First English colony -Governed by Gilbert | 30 | |
| 7422478566 | Plantation Model | Established system by English: First used in Ireland -A separate society in a foreign land -because they saw natives as savages | 31 | |
| 7422478567 | Factors that allowed French to compete for America | 1.) Seigneuries along St. Lawrence RIver 2.) Development of trade/military centers in Quebec 3.) Alliance with Algonquians | 32 | |
| 7422480188 | Spanish Armada | Fleet of ships sent by Phillip II -Spanish ships heading through English channel to fight English -Destroyed: boosted English morale | 33 | |
| 7422481993 | Dutch West India Company | -Encouraged settlement by all of Europe in New land -Led to New Netherland -Transported families and promised land to landlords if they brought other Europeans to settle | 34 | |
| 7422483653 | Dutch in America | -First settlement was in New York -Created New Amsterdam and New Netherland | 35 | |
| 7422483654 | French in America | -First American settlement was in Quebec -Fur trading -Good relations with the Algonquins | 36 | |
| 7422487181 | Coureurs de bois | French fur traders who moved into the wilderness and developed trade with Indians -Allies with the Algonquins -In Quebec, Canada | 37 | |
| 7422487182 | Roanoke | English settlement off of North Carolina -Attempted to colonize by Raleigh -Named "Virginia" after Queen Elizabeth by Raleigh to receive funding -"The Lost Colony" | 38 | |
| 7422488877 | London Group | Previously appointed group by Raleigh -James I allowed to colonize South of America | 39 | |
| 7422488878 | Plymouth Group | Group James I allowed to colonize the North of Americas | 40 | |
| 7422491600 | Virginia Dare | -Birthed the first English Child born in America -Part of the second wave of settlers of Roanoke -John White's daughter | 41 | |
| 7422491641 | Sir Humphrey Gilbert | Main English colonizer along with Raleigh -Charter from Queen Elizabeth -Led expedition into Newfoundland and took control of it -Used colony as a military outpost and future settlement -^First British colony in the new world -Also the governor of the Irish districs -Harsh and killed Irish whom he though were less than human and savages | 42 | |
| 7422494211 | Santa Fe | -Town in New Mexico created by Oñate as he conquered the Pueblos | 43 | |
| 7422496016 | New Netherland | Dutch colony in modern day New York -Created by the Dutch Indian Company | 44 | |
| 7422503833 | Jesuit Missionaries | French missionaries -Among first to penetrate into Indian land in Quebec -Established first connections with the Indians | 45 | |
| 7422503834 | New Amsterdam | Dutch city in New Netherland -in modern day Manhattan Island | 46 | |
| 7422506463 | Montezuma | Leader of the Aztecs -Fought back against cortez | 47 | |
| 7422506464 | Hernando Cortez | Spanish conquistador -Led military expedition into Mexico -Wiped out the Aztecs due to smallpox then finished them off with military forces | 48 | |
| 7422509106 | Don Juan de Oñate | Spanish conquistador -Claimed land of Pueblos as he traveled North from Mexico -Distributed encomiendas to the native Pueblos -Harsh treatment (removed from governor) -Founded Santa Fe -Economy of colony was sheep/cattle raised on "ranchos" | 49 | |
| 7422509107 | Mestizos | People of mixed American and Spanish race -Emerged because more men than women immigrated to America | 50 | |
| 7422511021 | Martin Luther | Began protestant reformation -Went against the Catholic idea that you must give to Church to be saved and that God communicated through the clergy -not against church, simply wanted to reform it | 51 | |
| 7422511022 | Iroquois | Eastern Tribe of America -Enemies of Algonquins (therefore French too) | 52 | |
| 7422513975 | Alonquins | Eastern Tribe of America -Allies with French because the fur trade business | 53 | |
| 7422513976 | John Calvin | -Tried to reform Catholic Church -Believed your fate was predetermined -Led to puritans | 54 | |
| 7422518748 | King Henry VIII | King of England -Cut ties with Catholic Church because the Pope wouldn't let him divorce his Spanish wife | 55 | |
| 7422518749 | Protestants | -Followed the reformation and separated from catholic church -Emerged during King Henry VIII reforms | 56 | |
| 7422521018 | Quakers | Separatist group -Allowed women to hold high positions in the church | 57 | |
| 7422521019 | Separatists | Radical Puritan group -Worshiped as they pleased -most puritans against the separatists -Quaker was a type of this | 58 | |
| 7422523381 | Phillip II | Spanish King -Wanted to end 1.) England's problems with Spanish commercial supremacy and 2.) Bring English back to the Catholic church -Assembled the Spanish armada | 59 | |
| 7422526764 | Queen Elizabeth | English ruler -Cut ties with catholic church again after Bloody Queen Mary - made Anglicanism the official religion of -Many protestants turned to puritanism because Queen Elizabeth's reforms were too political and selfish and not theological enough | 60 | |
| 7422526765 | Bloody Mary | Queen Mary of England -After King Henry VIII -Executed protestants -Wanted to return to catholic church | 61 | |
| 7422528969 | Puritans | Protestant group wanting to purify the church -took refuge during James I rule ... increased English need to colonize and immigrate to America for refuge | 62 | |
| 7422530579 | James I | English King after queen Elizabeth -Believed in his divine right to rule -Tension With parliament -ridiculed the puritans-> immigration of the puritans | 63 | |
| 7422532898 | Sir Thomas More | Wrote "utopia" -Propaganda for English immigration to the United States | 64 | |
| 7422546254 | Clouis People | First people to come into America -through Bering Straight (Crossed into Alaska) -Mongolian from modern day Siberia -Migrated because had new hunting tools so followed big animals into America | 65 | |
| 7422549871 | Archaic Period | The history of humans from 8000 BCE to 5000 years after. -At first hunted/gathered, then developed traps, fishing, etc, eventually some farmed | 66 | |
| 7422549872 | Incas | People of Peru -Largest empire in Americas in their time -Began in region of Cuzco | 67 | |
| 7422552006 | Pachacuti | Powerful leader of Incas -created large empire with paved roads and many allies | 68 | |
| 7422554140 | Maya | Large area in modern day Mexico -civilization here developed written language, calendar, number system, trade routes, agriculture system, etc | 69 | |
| 7422554141 | Olmec People | First Truly complex society in America | 70 | |
| 7422557372 | Aztec | Name of Meso-American tribe following the Mayans -water ducts, public buildings, schools, military, medical system, slaves -Religion involved human sacrifice | 71 | |
| 7422557373 | Mexica | What the Aztecs called themselves. | 72 | |
| 7422560085 | Tenochtitlan | Aztec City -Present day Mexico City | 73 | |
| 7422560086 | Eskimos | From arctic circle -traveled by dogsled -fished and hunted seals | 74 | |
| 7422560087 | Woodland Indians | -Eastern settlers of America -Forest region -Greatest food resources -Farm, hunt, gathered, fished | 75 | |
| 7422562403 | Cahokia | Major city in the South east.. present day Illinois -traded corn and grains grown on Mississippi | 76 | |
| 7422565723 | Agricultural revolution | Natives experienced agricultural revolution in the last centuries before European settlers came | 77 | |
| 7422568022 | Prince Henry the Navigator | Portuguese explorer -Was exploring west African coast to establish Christian empire to fight Moors and find gold -His mission had failed | 78 | |
| 7422569948 | Christopher Columbus | Born in Italy, served Portuguese, but turned to Spain to support his venture to reach Asia by going west. -Queen Isabella allowed him to go -first landed on Bahamas and Cuba, then Hispaniola, and finally South America. -believed he was fulfilling a divine mission | 79 | |
| 7422571831 | Amerigo Vespucci | Portuguese explorer who first recognized Americas as new continents. | 80 | |
| 7422571832 | Ferdinand Magellan | Portuguese man employed by Spanish found straight in South America -Expedition was first circumnavigation of the globe | 81 | |
| 7430575998 | 1606 Charters | Charters issued by James I -LED TO London company colonizing Virginia | 82 | |
| 7430584534 | Jamestown | First English Settlement in America -Malaria was an issue because swampy land -settled on peninsula to stay away from Indians -Indians taught English how to make canoes | 83 | |
| 7430611681 | Charter of Jamestown | Allowed them to 1.) increase settlements power and territory 2.) Give stock to planters who would immigrate 3.) Offer free passage for poor people if they served company for 7 years | 84 | |
| 7430629138 | The starving Time | Tough winter in Jamestown -Indians stopped them from moving inland -couldn't hunt or grow food | 85 | |
| 7430629139 | Lord de la warr | Jamestown's first governor -harsh discipline, and organized settlers into work groups - delaware | 86 | |
| 7430632278 | John Rolfe | Cultivated tobacco in Jamestown -First profitable crop in Jamestown | 87 | |
| 7430632280 | Sir Thomas Dale | Governor of Jamestown after la Warr -Created incentives to work -Granted ownership of land in turn for work and contributions of grain to the company | 88 | |
| 7430638364 | The headright system | Company's effort to attract settlers by granting them sections of land -First used in Jamestown | 89 | |
| 7430645368 | House of Burgesses | Elected delagates from Jamestown community met in a church -First meeting pf elected legislature in America | 90 | |
| 7430648943 | Powhatan | Leader of Powhatan Indians -Constantly fighting with Jamestown -Dale fought them and captured his daughter, Pocahontas -She ended up marrying John Rolfe | 91 | |
| 7430655549 | Opechancanough | Leader of Powhatan Indians after Powhatan -Continued to fight Jamestown, but lost | 92 | |
| 7430662036 | Demise of Virginia Company | After Powhatan uprising, went bankrupt -Colony came under British crown | 93 | |
| 7430667256 | Start of slavery in America | Dutch ships bringing slaves from Africa to Jamestown | 94 | |
| 7430673819 | Exchanges of Agricultural technology in Jamestown | Indians taught farming techniques, girdling (Killing trees by cutting near base), corn | 95 | |
| 7430676089 | George Calvert | First lord Baltimore -Dreamed of colony in Maryland | 96 | |
| 7430679708 | Cecilius Calvert | Received charter for Maryland | 97 | |
| 7430679709 | Toleration Act | Used in Maryland because protestants outnumbered the Catholics, and wanted to avoid conflicts | 98 | |
| 7430683021 | Sir William Berkely | Appointed governor of Virginia after it was under crowns control -Underrepresented Backcountry settlers | 99 | |
| 7430689570 | Oliver Cromwell | Leader of Roundheads -Enemies moved to Virginia leading to over population and forced to settle over lines of Indian agreement | 100 | |
| 7430694972 | Nathaniel Bacon | Won seat on Governors counsel in Virginia -Part of Backcountry group -Hated Berkely because... 1.) excluded form inter circle of the counsel 2.) Berkely wouldn't let him have a part in the fur trade | 101 | |
| 7430694973 | Bacon's Rebellion | -Westerner(Backcountry-newer settlers on Indian land) and Easterner(Tidewater) disagreed on the policy regarding Indians -Doeg Indians attacked a western plantation and killed a servant -Bacon went against Berkely's orders and fought back -Berkely named Bacon and his followers rebels, and Bacon burnt down city of Jamestown -Exiled Berkely -Indians signed new treaty | 102 | |
| 7430698327 | Doeg Indians | Indians in Virginia that attacked a plantation and killed a servant because settlers broke their agreement on land borders | 103 | |
| 7430702761 | Significance of Bacon's Rebellion | 1.) Showed how unwilling the English were to abide by Indian agreement 2.) Indians unwillingness to tolerate white movement into their territory 3.) Bitterness between East and West 4.) Instability of free landless men, many indentured servants that joined Bacon's group 5.) Realized need to prevent unrest among indentured servants: African slaves | 104 | |
| 7430748414 | Francis Nicholson | Governor of NY (Taking orders from Andros) -Support from rich fur traders and merchants -Poorer farmers and traders despised him | 105 | |
| 7430748415 | Thomas Hooker | Defied Massachusetts Government -Founded Hartford -Founded Connecticut -Established a Government and Constitution | 106 | |
| 7430751131 | Sir George Carteret | -1/2 Proprietor of New Jersey -One of proprietors of carolinas | 107 | |
| 7430753907 | Sir John Berkely | -One of proprietors of carolinas -1/2 Proprietor of New Jersey | 108 | |
| 7430755793 | John Wheelwright | Disciple of Anne Hutchinson -Founded New Hampshire | 109 | |
| 7430755794 | Articles of Capitulation | Agreement between Dutch and English -If Dutch surrendered New Netherland, Dutch settlers can still live there in peace | 110 | |
| 7430760396 | Roger Williams | Separatist who thought Massachusets should separate from Church of England -Banished from Massachusetts -Created town of Providence -Founded Rhode Island and has complete religious tolerance | 111 | |
| 7430760397 | King Phillip's War | Wampanoags rose up against English because English were moving into their land and imposing laws on them -Metacomet (King Phillip) led Indians to attack English in massachusetts | 112 | |
| 7430762876 | Mercantilism (relating to chapter 2) | -Believed reorganizing colonies would provide market for English goods and give source for new raw materials -led to Dominion of England -Navigation acts supported this | 113 | |
| 7430762877 | Mayflower Compact | Document written by the Pilgrims establishing allegiance to King and establishing a civil government -Written after Pilgrims landed to wrong place in the middle of winter | 114 | |
| 7430765851 | Navigation acts | Laws arised from mercantilism views -1st act-> Closed colonies to all trade but English -2nd act-> Made all exports to colonies pass through England to be taxed -3rd act-> Imposed duties on costal trade among English colonies and set up people to enforce the acts | 115 | |
| 7430765852 | Praying Indians and Mohawks | Allies of the English in King Phillip's War -Mohawks killed Metacomet | 116 | |
| 7430768527 | General James Oglethorpe | Founder of Georgia -Money, military, helping needy, refuge, prisoners -founded partly to protect the southern boarder of English colonies from southern Spanish -Imposed strict rules to keep safe from Spanish, but also made people not want to settle there -NO slaves, rum, Indian trade, Catholics, limited land | 117 | |
| 7430770916 | Anne Hutchinson | Claimed Massachusetts Clergy wasn't reformed -Banished and her followers immigrated to Maine or New Hampshire | 118 | |
| 7430774022 | Dominion of New England | James II brought Massachusetts, New England, NY, New Jersey into one dominion -Appointed Andros to govern it all | 119 | |
| 7430779169 | The glorious revolution | James II appointed Catholics to high position in government and tried to control parliament -Protestants feared Pope would soon rule over the colonies -Parliament forced him to step down -Replaced by Mary II and William of Oranges -Colonists took down the dominion | 120 | |
| 7430779170 | English Civil War | Charles I dissolved parliament and ruled as an absolute monarch -Called for parliament back to get $$$ -Dissolved them again -Parliament launched military challenge -Roundheads captured king and beheaded him | 121 | |
| 7430781804 | Charters of Liberties | William Penn agreed to establish representitive assembly and allow lower counties to establish their own because settlers complained he held too much power -led to emerging of Delaware | 122 | |
| 7430781805 | Pequot War | Settlers of Connecticut Valley and Pequot Indians fought over trade with the Dutch in New Netherland and friction over land -Captain John mason led English and set Pequot stronghold on fire killing most | 123 | |
| 7430786163 | Massachusetts Bay Company | Puritan merchants wanted to take advantage of economic opportunities in America -Later used as safe haven for Puritans | 124 | |
| 7430786164 | Jacob Leisier | Opposed Francis Nicholson and made militia and captured city fort in NY -Forced Nicholson out and appointed himself governor -Killed because he resisted Mary II and William | 125 | |
| 7430789103 | John Coode | During Glorious Revolution, he started a revolt in Maryland driving out lord Baltimores officials in name of Protestantism -William and Mary II let them choose committee to rule government -Made church of England official religion, and banned Catholics from voting, holding office, and practicing their religion | 126 | |
| 7430792222 | Richard Nicolls | Led English fleet on Duke of York's behalf to take New Amsterdam | 127 | |
| 7430796063 | Narragansett Indians | Took in Rodger Williams -Allied with the English in Pequot War -Against English in King Phillip's War | 128 | |
| 7430796064 | Cavaliers | Supported the king in the English Civil War | 129 | |
| 7430800228 | Mary II and William of Orange | Replaced King James II in Glorious Revolution -Ruled Jointly | 130 | |
| 7430800229 | Sir Edmund Andros | Governed the New England Dominion, appointed by James II -Unpopular because he 1) Strengthened Anglican Church 2) Enforced Navigation Acts 3.) Dismissed colonist's rights | 131 | |
| 7430804110 | Earl of Shafteburry | Drafted the Constitution for the Carolinas along with John Locke | 132 | |
| 7430808102 | William Bradford | Leader of the Puritans -Governor of Plymouth -Very well liked 1.) Ended Standish's labor plan and distributed land 2.) Took over colonies debt and paid it off with fur trade money 3.) Gave them legal permission from council of New England to settle there | 133 | |
| 7430808103 | William Penn | Wanted to find safe place for Quakers to live -King gave him land of Pennsylvania -Advertised indifferent languages very informatively -So many immigrated | 134 | |
| 7430812628 | Peter Stuyvesant | Dutch governor of New Netherland that was forced to surrender to the English fleet | 135 | |
| 7430815548 | George Fox and Margaret Fell | Quakers based on their teachings | 136 | |
| 7430815549 | Wampanoags | Led by King Phillip (Metacomet) -Rose up against English in King Phillip's War | 137 | |
| 7430823718 | Captain John Mason | Led English against the Pequots in the Pequot War | 138 | |
| 7430826741 | Miles Standish | military officer -Introduced flintlock rifle -Imposed discipline and labor plans on Plymouth settlers | 139 | |
| 7430829858 | James (Duke of York) | Received charter from Charles II to found New York, and he governed it -Eventually ruled England as King James II | 140 | |
| 7430829859 | Squanto | Pawtuxet Indian who spoke English -Helped English form alliance with Chief Massasoit leading to the first Thanks Giving | 141 | |
| 7430832619 | Roundheads | Members of parliament and puritans who were against King Charles I and Cavaliers in the English Civil War | 142 | |
| 7430839674 | Anthony Ashley Cooper | 1/8 proprietors of carolinas -Convinced partners to finance migration to carolinas from England | 143 | |
| 7430839675 | Charles I | Disbanded parliament -led to English Civil War | 144 | |
| 7430854624 | John Elliot | Converted bible to Algonquian language -wanted to civilize Indians by converting them | 145 | |
| 7430854625 | Presidios | Forts along California coast when governor of Baja was ordered to create outposts farther north. | 146 | |
| 7430858702 | Fundamental Constitution for carolina | -Constitution created by Earl of Shaftesburry with help from John Locke -Created elaborate social order and system of land distrobution | 147 | |
| 7430858703 | Plymouth | Modern day Cape Cod -Where Pilgrims landed | 148 | |
| 7430861214 | John Winthrop | Governor of Massachusetts -Commanded largest migration to New England -Dominated colonial politics and the Massachusetts Bay Company | 149 | |
| 7430864400 | Queen Anne's War | Indians from Florida, under Spanish authority, attacked South Carolina settlement -Oglethorpe was a veteran of this war | 150 | |
| 7430864401 | Leyden, Holland | First place Puritans migrated after being persecuted in England -Left because low paying jobs and Dutch tolerated all religions | 151 | |
| 7430866638 | Cambrige | Where Puritans met in secret to discuss turning Massachusetts into a safe haven for Puritans | 152 | |
| 7430866639 | Providence | Town created by Rodger Williams | 153 | |
| 7430868920 | Charle's Town | Town made by first shipment of people to the Carolinas -Ashley Cooper convinced partners to finance this migration | 154 | |
| 7430868921 | Ashley and Cooper Rivers | Area where most people settled in The Carolinas -Rice was the biggest trading item here | 155 | |
| 7430871807 | Hudson valley | Most settlers in NY lived here -Largest settlement in NY | 156 | |
| 7430871808 | Philadelphia | City in Pennsylvania -Supervised by William Penn | 157 | |
| 7430875029 | The Caribbean | Spanish claimed islands -Many lived here from various countries, but always at risk for Spanish attacks -landowners only settled here for money -No women -harsh to slaves to produce sugar -very few Indians | 158 | |
| 7430877381 | Boston | City at the mouth of Charles River -Massachusetts bay Company HQ -"City on a hill" -"beacon" | 159 | |
| 7430882688 | Congregational Church | In Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth -Originated in Massachusetts because puritans didn't want to break from the church of England -Chose own minister and managed own affairs, and accepted John Calvin's beliefs -Authority based within the community and monitored by the members | 160 | |
| 7430885802 | Fundamental Articles of New haven | Established a religious government in Connecticut even stricter than Boston's | 161 | |
| 7430885803 | Matchlock Rifle | Heavy, inaccurate, had to light with a match -replaced by flintlock rifle | 162 | |
| 7430889689 | Flintlock Musket | Replaced the Matchlock rifle -Introduced by Miles Standish -Indians traded for them, increasing fatalities in King Phillips War | 163 | |
| 7430892431 | Sugar | Most cultivated resource in the Caribbean -cut down forests and destroyed animal habitats to grow it -Led to food shortage -Led to slavery because labor intensive, not many natives, indentured servants were discouraged | 164 | |
| 7430892432 | Society of friends | Quakers -Different from puritans because rejected predestination and women had equal position in the church | 165 | |
| 7430897132 | The Carolinas | Southern Carolina-> Fertile land, good harbors, good economy Northern Carolina-> Subsistence farmers, poor, no slaves or high class -Given to 8 court families to rule over -King eventually split the Carolinas -religious freedom to Christians -Headright system -South Carolina traded with Barbados a lot | 166 | |
| 7430897133 | Georgia | Founded by General James Oglethorpe -"Charity colony" -religious refugees, poor people, prisoners, military buffer | 167 | |
| 7430900776 | Pennsylvania | Founded by William Penn -"The holy experiment" -Safe Haven for Quakers -Philadelphia was "City of brotherly love" | 168 | |
| 7430900777 | Delaware | After The Charter of Liberties, emerged from Pennsylvania | 169 | |
| 7430903196 | Hartford | -Established by Thomas Hooker in Connecticut | 170 | |
| 7430903197 | New Haven | Created by puritan minister who though Massachusetts government was too lax in terms of religion -In Connecticut | 171 | |
| 7430918185 | Virginia | John smith was the leader and Lord de la warr was the governor -Established for commercial reasons -London Company, Headright system, tobacco, Powhatan Confederacy | 172 | |
| 7430922060 | New Hampshire | Established by John Wheelwright -Puritan haven from Massachusetts | 173 | |
| 7430922061 | Maryland | Founded by Cecilius Calvert -Governed by Leonard Calvert -Was a catholic retreat and real estate venture -headright -protestants outnumbered the Catholics | 174 | |
| 7430925379 | Connecticut | Founded by Thomas Hooker -People who didn't want to conform to Massachusetts Puritan practices -Hartford and New Haven | 175 | |
| 7430925380 | Rhode Island | Founded by Rodger Williams -total religious tolerance | 176 | |
| 7430929141 | New York | Duke of York founded it -Kings Charles gave land to his brother -Taken from Dutch -Very diverse -Religious Toleration | 177 | |
| 7430929142 | New jersey | Founded by George Calteret and lord Berkely -No major cities, very diverse, | 178 | |
| 7430951595 | The Elect | People who were predestined by God to go to Heaven -Belief of Puritans -Anne Hutchinson believed she was part of the elect | 179 | |
| 7430975235 | Louisiana | French settlement that posed threat to the spanish -led to more Spanish in Texas | 180 | |
| 7431004281 | New England Colonies | Massachusetts bay, Connecticut, Rhode island, New Hampshire | 181 | |
| 7437368623 | Indentured Servants | Europeans worked for fixed time to acquire passage to America, food, shelter -Often didn't get many perks promised to them by master like tools, clothing, etc -Government sent prisoners, POWs, orphans, and kidnapped people to be servants in America -Most servants left service in a very bad place -Eventually resorted to African slaves because landowners realized it was bad to have many unstable previous-indenture-servants | 182 | |
| 7437374284 | New England Demographics | Population increased exponentially -Cool climate, disease free, clean water, smaller population - | 183 | |
| 7437374285 | Southern Demographics | -High death rate, lots of widows, orphans, etc -dirty salt water, lots of disease -Women had a lot of responsibility because often outlived husband -Many more men than women, so easy for women to find husband -Complex households were common because lots of widows/widowers marrying -As birthrate increased, which took longer than north, the sex ration balanced out -Eventually became immune to diseases and life expectancy rebounded | 184 | |
| 7437377685 | Midwives | Assisted women in childbirth and gave other medical advice -Often friends with patients -Example of how easy it was to enter the medical field | 185 | |
| 7437380760 | Humoralism | Idea that the body is divided in four humors: Blood, phlem, black bile, yellow bile -Illness meant imbalance in one of the humors: had to drain it -Popularized by Physician Galen | 186 | |
| 7437387681 | Patriarchal | Society in which the male is the head of the house -South became this after their charter was changed -The standard puritan family in New England | 187 | |
| 7437397311 | Royal African Company | Company that had a monopoly on slave trade -Why initial slave population in America was so low | 188 | |
| 7437403395 | Growing Slave population | 1.) Monopoly of Royal African Company was broken-> Prices of slaves went down, and importation of slaves to America increased | 189 | |
| 7437409476 | Middle Passage | Voyages brought slaves to America through the middle passage by ship from Africa | 190 | |
| 7437416344 | Slave Codes | Law passed by colonial assemblies -Limited rights of blacks in the eye of the law -Ensured owners had complete authority over slaves -Anyone who has African history considered black and must abide by the rules | 191 | |
| 7437425829 | Why decreasing immigration to America from England? | 1.) Population in England decreased, so government placed restrictions on immigrating 2.) Economic conditions in England got better, so more people wanted to stay | 192 | |
| 7437434309 | Huguenots | First group of non-English immigrants to come to America -Immigrated after Edict of Nantes, allowing them to be their own state in France, was revoked | 193 | |
| 7437442004 | Pennsylvania Dutch | German protestants who suffered from harsh religious policies and suffered from wars with French -Harsh winter was last straw, so many went to America and came to Pennsylvania after being kicked out of NY | 194 | |
| 7437442005 | Scots-Irish | Most numerous new non-English new comers -Scottish Presbyterians from Northern Ireland in province of Ulster -English took away right to Presbyterian in Ireland, so many settled in America | 195 | |
| 7437456543 | Top 5 Cities | 1.) NY 2.) Philadelphia 3.) Boston 4.) Charleston 4.) Newport | 196 | |
| 7437456544 | Southern Economy | -Tobacco was basis for economy in Chesapeake -South Carolina and Georgia produced rice -Indigo, introduced by Eliza Lucas, was an important crop in South Carolina *Less industrialized than north, and had less cities because depended on cash crops | 197 | |
| 7437462007 | Northern Economy | -Agriculture was still most important part of economy -Exported wheat mainly -Many were craftsmen, artisans, entrepreneurs -Shipbuilding flourished -Ironworks were big as well -Extractive industries provided things to export to England in return for manufactured goods: led to commercial class | 198 | |
| 7437466834 | Peter Hasenclever | Led largest industrial enterprise in North America in New Jersey -Employed metal workers from Germany | 199 | |
| 7437470878 | Iron Act of 1750 | Restricted iron production in the colonies -Supported mercantilism | 200 | |
| 7437479890 | American Merchant Difficulties | 1.) didn't have currency to use because parliament banned tobacco and land certificates 2.) Hard to impose order on trade because didn't know supply of products or where good markets were | 201 | |
| 7437482580 | Triangular Trade | Trade between America, Europe, England, and Africa. -Rum from New England to Africa -Slaves from Africa to west indies -Sugar and molasses from west indies to America | 202 | |
| 7437489903 | Merchant Class | Emerged from the triangular trade: were adventurous entrepreneurs in the North -Broke rules of navigation acts and sold to various countries -illegal trade allowed them to buy manufactured goods from England | 203 | |
| 7437501840 | Factors leading to rising Consumerism | 1.) Development of various social classes 2.) Industrial revolution made English goods more affordable to Americans 3.) Colonists take on debt to finance big purchases | 204 | |
| 7437507741 | Results of Increasing Consumerism | 1.) Once luxury goods turned into practical, everyday items 2.) Everyone striving to be refined | 205 | |
| 7437521469 | The Plantation | First plantations in Virginia because tobacco -was own community because far away from everything like cities -Has schools, church -"Great house" was where planter lived -risky to own plantation because never know when crop will not become needed anymore -Large plantations had inside servants and often men raped them | 206 | |
| 7437521470 | Slave Society | Created families because 1.) increased life expectancy of slaves 2.) Equalized sex ratio 3.) growth of population by natural increase -religion was hybrid of African and Christian -house servants had better conditions | 207 | |
| 7437529732 | Gullah | In South Carolina, slaves had their own language called Gullah | 208 | |
| 7437535379 | Negro Act | Passed in South Carolina -Banned slaves from 1.) growing own food 2.) earning own money 3.) learning to read/write 4.) assembling in groups | 209 | |
| 7437535380 | Stono Rebellion | African slaves in South Carolina revolted and stole weapons and killed many whites -Were killed and shut down by whites -Led to the Negro Acts | 210 | |
| 7437546767 | Puritan Community | -Binded residents of a town to social and religious commitment -Divided land among families -Meeting house in the center of town -Yearly meeting to select group of people to govern for the year -didn't follow primogeniture -Farmers cultivated land far away from center of town, so they moved close to land, and built a new church by their land, so the original townspeople were mad -land was divided into very small parts after a few generations, so people moved elsewhere | 211 | |
| 7437555133 | Primogeniture | English norm of passing land down from father to fist born son -Puritans didn't follow this, they divided it equally to each kid, but eventually land got too small and led to them moving away from puritan town | 212 | |
| 7437573868 | Salem Witch trials | In Salem, Massachusetts, girls claimed some servants were doing which craft -Spread around New England among puritans -produced hysteria and many women were accused and killed -Targeted middle aged women who were outcasts, widows, etc because weren't in traditional puritan family | 213 | |
| 7437573869 | Cities | Trading centers led by merchants -Social distinctions were especially visible -Center of industry, school, shops, etc -Crime, pollution, sickness -Elaborate governments (Fire dept, supported poor, ect) -New ideas circulated through discussions and newspaper | 214 | |
| 7437582951 | Inequality | Rich has more rights than poor -Elite referred to as ladies and gentlemen -Poor referred to as goodman and goodwife -men has more power than women -Servants had less rights -Thought inequality reflected god's intention | 215 | |
| 7437582952 | Religious Patterns in America | -religious toleration flourished because one couldn't impose a single religion on that diverse of a population -Church of Enland was main religion of Chesapeake and south, but wasn't followed -In NY, Dutch established their Calvinist denomination, Dutch reformed -American Baptists, introduced by Rodger Williams, developed various sects -Roman Catholics were rare in colonies, but most in Maryland -Jews were rare, but most in NY City -Rise of commercial prosperity created non-religious outlook | 216 | |
| 7437638038 | Jeremaids | Puritan Oligarchy was afraid of the decline of power of the church, so minister preached Jeremaids -Sermons of despair and hell | 217 | |
| 7437641377 | The Great Awakening | Movement caused by growing secularism -brought new feelings toward religion -Emphasized ability to start fresh with God -Led to division between new light revivalists and old light traditionalists | 218 | |
| 7437641378 | George Whitefield | Made evangelizing tours through colonies, drawing crowds of people | 219 | |
| 7437646426 | Jonathan Edwards | Attacked new ideas of easy salvation and promoted traditional ideas of predestination, absolute sovereignty of God, and salvation from Gods grace alone. -Vivid descriptions of hell terrifying listeners | 220 | |
| 7437650642 | The Enlightenment | Movement following the Great Awakening -Product of scientific and intellectual discoveries in Europe -Argued reason, not simply faith, could advance technology -Insisted individuals could make a difference in society -Encouraged education, politics, government -Didn't challenge religion, believed it would support Christianity -Borrowed ideas from mainland and John Locke/Francis bacon | 221 | |
| 7437669097 | Old Deluder Satan law | Education law in Massachusetts mandating every major town must have a public school | 222 | |
| 7437672742 | Dame Schools | Widows of some communities ran these schools which were private classes in their house | 223 | |
| 7437672743 | Literacy rate in Americas | Very high due to schools -Male was over one half -Women was very high to -Led to Almanacs becoming a selling book | 224 | |
| 7437679625 | First Colleges in America | Harvard was first established by puritans, William and Mary college was next by evangelists to train clergy, then Yale for congregationalist purposes, Princeton(President John Edwards), then Columbia and University of Pennsylvania | 225 | |
| 7437683644 | Royal Society of London | Leading English science organization | 226 | |
| 7437683645 | Benjerman Franklin | Won fame by inventing lightning rod and proving electricity and lightning were the same thing | 227 | |
| 7437688065 | Cotton Mather | Made smallpox vaccine practical by implementing it in Boston during an outbreak | 228 | |
| 7437693633 | Zenger Trial | John Zenger was tried because he spoke out against government, but wasn't illegal if it was true -Start of free speech in America | 229 | |
| 7437697088 | Law in America vs. Law in England | Law in America was less deadly because needed people for labor -more embarrassing punishments -Court procedures were simpler | 230 | |
| 7437704397 | Colonial Governments | Americans had mostly independent self-government -Governors of crown were powerless because weren't familiar with colonists, not sure when they were fired because based on people in England, and lacked control over contracts | 231 | |
| 7437704398 | Halfway Covenant | Puritan idea that one can worship without officially being part of the church or being baptized -because wanted more people to join -Couldn't hold positions in the church | 232 | |
| 7437712623 | Three factors of enlightenment | Scientific Inquiry, Human reasoning, and faith | 233 |
