Terms : Hide Images
| 14599777510 | Native Americans | The first Americans that lived in the America's were Native Americans. There were many different types of Native American tribes, and they each spoke different languages, and practiced different cultures. Estimates of the Native population in the Americas in the 1490's vary from 50 to 75 million people. They lived in semipermanent settlements, each with a small population seldom exceeding 300. | 0 | |
| 14599777511 | Land Bridge | The waves of migrants from Asia going to America crossed a land bridge that connected Siberia and Alaska nearly 40,000 years ago. | 1 | |
| 14599777512 | Sioux and Pawnee Indians | The Sioux and the Pawnee Indians lived in North America in the 1490's and they were a tribe of nomadic Indians that followed the buffalo herds. | 2 | |
| 14599777513 | Pubelo Indians | The Pueblo Indians were Indians in the Southwest who lived in multistoried buildings and develpoed intricate irrigation systems for farming. The Pueblo Indians lived in a society in which thousands lived and worked together. | 3 | |
| 14599777514 | Adena, Hopewell and Mississippian Indians | The Adena, Hopewell and the Missippian Indians were Indians that built mounds in the Mississipi and Ohio River valleys and elsewhere. Many permanent settlements develpoed as a result of hunting, fishing, and agriculture. | 4 | |
| 14599777515 | Iroqouis Indians | The Iroqouis Indians were a group of Indians in the Northeast (present-day New York), that formed a political confederacy,the League of the Iroquois, which withstood attacks from opposing Native Amercians and Europeans during the most of the 17th and 18th centuries. | 5 | |
| 14599777516 | Mayas, Aztect and Inca Indians | The Mayas were Indians who developed remarkable cities in the rain forests of the Yucatan Peninsula between A.D. 300 and 800. Centuries later, the Aztecs in central Mexico and the Incas in Peru ruled over vast empires. The Azetec's capital of Tenochtitlan was equivalent in size and population to the largest cities of Europe. | 6 | |
| 14599777517 | Renaissance | The Renaissance was a rebirth of classical learning and an outburst of artistic and scientific activity in the late 1400's and early 1500's. Europeans made improvements in the inventions of others, and there were also major improvements in shipbuilding and mapmaking. | 7 | |
| 14599777518 | Technology, compass, printing press | The invention of the compass during the Renassiance allowed sailors to be able to tell which way was north. The invention of the printing press in the 1450s also aided the spread of knowledge across Europe because books could be made available to a much wider audience, and they could be produced much more cheaply and quickly. It also encouraged more people to read and write. | 8 | |
| 14599777519 | Spain, Moors | In the Middle Ages, Spain had been partly conquered by Muslim invaders. Only one Moorish stronghold remained in that country when Isabella, queen of Castile, and Ferdinand, king of Aragon, united their separate Christain kingdoms. In 1492, Isabella and Ferdinand succeded in defeating the Moors of Granda, and under their rule they united their separate Christain kingdoms. | 9 | |
| 14599777520 | Isabella and Ferdinand | Isabella was the queen of Castille in the 1490's, and Ferdinand was the king of Aragon in the 1490's. In 1492, Isabella and Ferdinand succeded in defeating the Moors of Granda, and under their rule they united their separate Christain kingdoms. | 10 | |
| 14599777521 | Protestant Reformation | The Protestant Reformation was a revoult in the early 1500's by certain Christains in Germany, England, France, Holland, and other northern European countries revolted against the autority of the pope in Rome. Conflict between Catholics and Protestants led to a series of religious war. It also caused the Catholics of Spain and Portugal and the Protestans of England and Holland to want their own versions of Christianity adopted by non-Christian peoples in Africa, Asia, and the Americas. | 11 | |
| 14599777522 | Trade | European motives for exploration grew out of a fierce competition among European kingdoms for increased trade with Africa, India, and China. In 1453, the Ottoman Turks seized control of Constantinople which prevented the use of this route for trade with Asia. | 12 | |
| 14599777523 | Portugal, Henry the Navigator | Voyages of exploration sponsored by Portugal's Prince Henry the Navigator eventually succeeded in opening up a long sea route around South Africa's Cape of Good Hope. In 1498, the Portuguese sea captain Vasco de Gama was the first European to reach India by this route. | 13 | |
| 14599777524 | nation-states | A nation-state is a country in which the majority of people share both a common culture and common political loyalties toward a central government. The monarchs of the emerging nation states in the emerging nation states in Spain, Portugal, France, England, and the Netherlands depended on trade to bring in needed revenues and the church to justify their right to rule. | 14 | |
| 14599777525 | Christopher Columbus | Columbus spent eight years seeking financial support for his plan to sail west from Europe to the Indies. In 1492, Isabella and Ferdinand agreed to outfit three ships for Columbus. They decided to make Columbus governor, admiral, and viceroy of all the land that he would claim for Spain. Columbus sailed from the Canary Islands on September 6th, 1492 and he landed in the Bahamas on October 12th. Columbus died in 1506, still believing that he had found a western route to Asia. | 15 | |
| 14599777526 | New World | The New World is one of the names used to refer to the Western Hemisphere specifically the Americas during the exploration of the Americas in the 15th century. | 16 | |
| 14599777527 | Amerigo Vespucci | Amerigo Vespucci, was an Italian sailor . In 1507, Martin Waldseemüller produced a world map on which he named the new continent America after Vespucci's first name, Amerigo. | 17 | |
| 14599777528 | papal line of demarcation | Spain and Portugal were the first kingdoms to lay claim to territories in the New World. The Catholic monarchs of both countries in the pope in Rome to help settle their dispute over the ownership of newly discovered lands. In 1493, the pope drew a vertical, north-south line called the papal line of demarcation giving Spain all lands to the west of the line and Portugal all lands to the east. | 18 | |
| 14599777529 | Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) | The Treaty of Tordesillas was a treaty that Spain and Portugal signed that moved the papal line of demarcation a few degrees to the west. It was later discovered that the line passed through what is now the country of Brazil, and this, together, with Portuguese explorations, established Portugal's claim to Brazil. Spain claimed the rest of the Americas. | 19 | |
| 14599777530 | Vasco Núñez de Balboa | Vasco Núñez de Balboa was a Spanish explorer who crossed the Isthmus of Panama to the Pacific Ocean. | 20 | |
| 14599777531 | Ferdinand Magellan | Ferdinand Magellan was a Spanish explorer whose crew was the first to circumnavigate, or sail completely around the world between 1519-1522. | 21 | |
| 14599777532 | Hernan Cortés | Hernan Cortés was a Spanish explorer who conquered the Aztects in Mexico in 1521. | 22 | |
| 14599777533 | Francisco Pizarro | Francisco Pizarro was a Spanish explorer who conquered the Inca's in Peru in 1533. | 23 | |
| 14599777534 | conquistadores | The conquistadores or conquerors from Spain sent ships loaded with gold and silver back to Spain from the New World. They increased the gold supply by over 500 percent, making Spain the richest and most powerful nation in Europe. | 24 | |
| 14599777535 | encomienda system | After seizing the Indian empires, the Spanish turned to an encomienda system, with the king of Spain giving grants of land and Indians (Native Americans) to individual Spaniards. These Indians had to farm or work in the mines. The fruits of their labors went to their Spanish master, who in turn had to "care" for them. | 25 | |
| 14599777536 | asiento system | The Native American population began to decline because of the Europeans brutality and diseases. The Spanish began to bring slaves from West Africa under the asiento system. This required the Spanish to pay a tax to their king on each slave they imported to the Americas. | 26 | |
| 14599777537 | John Cabot | Italian explorer who led the English expedition in 1497 that discovered the mainland of North America and explored the coast from Nova Scotia to Newfoundland (ca. 1450-1498). | 27 | |
| 14599777538 | Giovanni de Verrazano | Italian navigator, who was commissioned by France to find a Northwest Passage leading through the Americas to Asia; explored part of North America's eastern coast, including New York harbor (France) | 28 | |
| 14599777539 | Jacques Cartier | French explorer who explored the St. Lawrence river and laid claim to the region for France (1491-1557) | 29 | |
| 14599777540 | Samuel de Champlain | The first permanent French settlement in America was established by Samuel de Champlain in 1608 at Quebec, a fortified village on the St. Lawrence River. Champlain was later regarded as the "Father of New France" because of his strong leadership in establishing the colony. | 30 | |
| 14599777541 | Father Jacques Marquette | Father Jacques Marquette was a French navigator who explored the upper Mississippi River in 1673 with Louis Jolliet. | 31 | |
| 14599777542 | Robert de la Salle | Frenchman who followed the Mississippi River all the way to the Gulf of Mexico, claiming the region for France and naming it Louisiana in honor of King Louis XIV in 1682. | 32 | |
| 14599777543 | Henry Hudson | In the 1600's the Dutch government hired Henry Hudson, an experienced English seaman, to seek a northwest passage. In 1609, Hudson sailed up a broad river (later named for him as the Hudson River), an expedition that established Dutch claims to the surrounding area that would become New Amsterdam and (later New York). | 33 | |
| 14599777544 | joint-stock company | A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts. A private joint-stock company, the Dutch West India Company, was given the privilege of taking control of the region Hudson explored for economic gain. The English created their own joint-stock companies that pooled the savings of people of moderate means,and that supported trading ventures that seemed potentially profitable. | 34 | |
| 14599777545 | Father Junípero Serra | By 1784, a series of missions or settlements had been established along the California coast by members of the Franciscan order. Father Junípero Serra was a Spanish missionary who founded 9 of these missions in California. San Diego in 1769 and San Francisco in 1776 are two examples of these settlements. | 35 | |
| 14599777546 | Virginia Company, Jamestown | England's King James I chartered the Virginia Company, a joint-stock company that established the first permanent English colony in America at Jamestown in 1607. The first settlers of Jamestown suffered great hardships from Indian attacks, famine, and disease. The settlement's location in a sawmpy area along the James River resulted in outbreaks of dysentery and malaria, diseases that were fatal to many. | 36 | |
| 14599777547 | Captain John Smith | Admiral of New England, an English soldier, sailor, and author. He is remembered for his role in establishing the first permanent English settlement in North America at Jamestown, Virginia, and his brief association with the Native American girl Pocahontas during an altercation with the Powhatan Confederacy and her father, Chief Powhatan. He was a leader of the Virginia Colony (based at Jamestown) between September 1608 and August 1609, and led an exploration along the rivers of Virginia and the Chesapeake Bay. | 37 | |
| 14599777548 | John Rolfe, Pocahontas | Rolfe and his new wife Pocahontas established a tobacco industry in Jamestown; helped the colony of Jamestown to survive because of the prosperity of the new variety of tobacco they developed. | 38 | |
| 14599777549 | royal colony | When the Virginia Company became bankrupt, the company's charter was revoked in 1624. Virginia, soon came under the direct control of King James I. Thus, Virginia became England's first royal colony ( a colony under the control of a king or queen). | 39 | |
| 14599777550 | Puritans | The Puritans were religious reformers that wanted to purify the Church of England of Catholic influences. The Church of England was under the control of the English monarch, not the pope in Rome during the 1600's.The Puritans settled in Plymouth and the Massachusetts Bay colony. King James I viewed the Puritans as a threat to both his religious and political authoirty and ordered some of them arrested and jailed. | 40 | |
| 14599777551 | Plymouth Colony, Separists, Pilgrims | The Plymouth Colony was established by the English Pilgrims, or Seperatists, in 1620. The Seperatists were Puritans who abandoned hope that the Church of England could be reformed and they wanted to organize a completly separate church. Plymouth became part of Massachusetts in 1691. | 41 | |
| 14599777552 | Mayflower, Mayflower Compact | The Mayflower was the ship that a small group of Pilgrims sailed off from England to go to Virginia. After a hard and stormy voyage of 65 days, the Mayflower dropped anchor off the Massachusetts coast, a few hundred miles to the north of the intended destination in Virginia. Rather than going on to Jamestown, the Pilgrims decided to establish a new colony at Plymouth. The Mayflower Compact was written in 1620 and it represented both an early form of colonial self-government and an early (though rudimentry) form of written constitution, establishing the powers and duties of the government. | 42 | |
| 14599777553 | Massachusetts Bay Colony | In England, the persecution of Puritans increased as a result of a new king, Charles I. In 1629 King Charles gave the Puritans a royal charter for a new colonizing venture in 1629, known as the Massachusetts Bay Company. | 43 | |
| 14599777554 | John Winthrop | In 1630, about a thousand Puritans led by John Wintrhop sailed for the Massachusetts shore and founded Boston and several other towns. | 44 | |
| 14599777555 | Great Migration | The Great Migration was a migration of 15,000 settlers to the Massachusetts Bay colony after a civil war in England broke out. | 45 | |
| 14599777556 | Virginia House of Burgesses | The Viriginia House of Burgesses was established in 1619. It was the first elected legislative assembly in the New World established in the Colony of Virginia. It served as an early model of elected government in the New World. | 46 |
