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| 8515380185 | Battle of Bull Run (Masassas Junction) | (July 1861): First major battle of the Civil War and a victory for the South, it dispelled Northern illusions of swift victory. | 0 | |
| 8515380186 | Peninsula Campaign | (1862): Union General George B. McClellan's failed effort to seize Richmond, the Confederate Capital. Had McClellan taken Richmond and toppled the Confederacy, slavery would have most likely survived in the South for some time. | 1 | |
| 8515380187 | Merrimack | (1862): Confederate ironclad whose successes against wooden ships signaled an end to wooden warships. They fought an historic, though inconsequen- tial battle in 1862. | 2 | |
| 8515380188 | Monitor | (1862): Union ironclad whose successes against wooden ships signaled an end to wooden warships. They fought an historic, though inconsequen- tial battle in 1862. | 3 | |
| 8515380189 | Second Battle of Bull Run | (August 1862): Civil War battle that ended in a decisive victory for Confederate General Robert E. Lee, who was emboldened to push further into the North. | 4 | |
| 8515380190 | Battle of Antietam | (September 1862): Landmark battle in the Civil War that essentially ended in a draw but demonstrated the prowess of the Union army, forestalling foreign intervention and giving Lincoln the "victory" he needed to issue the Emancipation Proclamation. | 5 | |
| 8515380191 | Emancipation Proclamation | (1863): Declared all slaves in rebelling states to be free but did not affect slavery in non-rebelling Border States. The Proclamation closed the door on possible compromise with the South and encouraged thousands of Southern slaves to flee to Union lines. | 6 | |
| 8515380192 | Thirteenth Amendment | (1865): Constitutional amendment prohib- iting all forms of slavery and involuntary servitude. Former Confederate States were required to ratify the amendment prior to gaining reentry into the Union. | 7 | |
| 8515380193 | Battle of Fredericksburg | (December 1862): Decisive victory in Virginia for Confederate Robert E. Lee, who successfully repelled a Union attack on his lines. | 8 | |
| 8515380194 | Battle of Gettysburg | ( July 1863): Civil War battle in Pennsylvania that ended in Union victory, spelling doom for the Confederacy, which never again managed to invade the North. Site of General George Pickett's daring but doomed charge on the Northern lines. | 9 | |
| 8515380195 | Gettysburg Address | (1863): Abraham Lincoln's oft-quoted speech, delivered at the dedication of the cemetery at Gettysburg battle- field. In the address, Lincoln framed the war as a means to uphold the values of liberty. | 10 | |
| 8515380196 | Battle of Fort Henry and Fort Donelson | (February 1862): Key vic- tory for Union General Ulysses S. Grant, it secured the North's hold on Kentucky and paved the way for Grant's attacks deeper into Tennessee. | 11 | |
| 8515380197 | Battle of Shiloh | (April 1862): Bloody Civil War battle on the Tennessee-Mississippi border that resulted in the deaths of more than 23,000 soldiers and ended in a marginal Union victory. | 12 | |
| 8515380198 | siege of Vicksburg | (1863): Two-and-a-half-month siege of a Confederate fort on the Mississippi River in Tennessee. Vicksburg finally fell to Ulysses S. Grant in July of 1863, giving the Union Army control of the Mississippi River and splitting the South in two. | 13 | |
| 8515380199 | Sherman's march | (1864-1865): Union General William Tecumseh Sherman's destructive march through Georgia. An early instance of "total war," purposely targeting infrastructure and civil- ian property to diminish morale and undercut the Confederate war effort. | 14 | |
| 8515380200 | Congressional Committee on the Conduct of the War | (1861-1865): Established by Congress during the Civil War to oversee military affairs. Largely under the control of Radical Republicans, the committee agitated for a more vigor- ous war effort and actively pressed Lincoln on the issue of emancipation. | 15 | |
| 8515380201 | Copperheads | Northern Democrats who obstructed the war effort attacking Abraham Lincoln, the draft and, after 1863, emancipation. | 16 | |
| 8515380202 | The Man Without a Country | (1863): Edward Everett Hale's fictional account of a treasonous soldier's journeys in exile. The book was widely read in the North, inspiring greater devotion to the Union. | 17 | |
| 8515380203 | Union party | (1864): A coalition party of pro-war Democrats and Republicans formed during the 1864 election to defeat anti-war Northern Democrats. | 18 | |
| 8515380204 | Wilderness Campaign | (1864-1865): A series of brutal clashes between Ulysses S. Grant's and Robert E. Lee's armies in Virginia, leading up to Grant's capture of Richmond in April of 1865. Having lost Richmond, Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse. | 19 | |
| 8515380205 | Appomattox Courthouse | Site where Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant in April 1865 after almost a year of brutal fighting throughout Virginia in the "Wilderness Campaign." | 20 | |
| 8515380206 | Reform Bill of 1867 | Granted suffrage to all male British citizens, dramatically expanding the electorate. The success of the American democratic experiment, reinforced by the Union victory in the Civil War, was used as one of the arguments in favor of the Bill. | 21 | |
| 8515380207 | Thomas J. ("Stonewall") Jackson | (1824-1863): Daring Confederate general and brilliant tactician, who routinely took men on long marches to outflank Union lines. He led his troops to victory at the First Battle of Bull Run (Manassas) and protected Virginia's Shenandoah Valley from Northern invasion in the first year of the Civil War. Joining Lee at Richmond, he helped halt the Union's Peninsula Campaign in 1862. Jackson was killed by friendly fire at the battle of Chancellorsville in May of 1863. | 22 | |
| 8515380208 | George B. McClellan | (1826-1885): Union general in command of the Army of the Potomac from 1861 to 1862, McClellan led the failed Peninsular Campaign in 1861 and later fought Lee to a virtual stalemate at Antietam. He boosted the morale and confidence of his troops, but tested Lincoln's patience by routinely hesitating to send men into battle. In 1864, McClellan ran against Lincoln as the Democratic nominee, campaigning against emancipation and the harsh treatment of the South while repudiating the antiwar stance of the Copperheads. | 23 | |
| 8515380209 | Robert E. Lee | (1807-1870): Confederate general in command of first, the Army of the Potomac, and later, the entire Confederate army during the Civil War. A bold tactician, Lee kept his army on the offensive throughout most of the war, skillfully outmaneuvering Union armies in key battles. Lee's fortunes reversed after his defeat at Gettysburg, though he continued to battle Union forces through- out Virginia until his surrender at Appomattox. After the war Lee was indicted for treason but never charged, and he actively worked to bring about a peaceful reunion of North and South. | 24 | |
| 8515380210 | John Pope | (1822-1892): Union general whose army suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of Robert E. Lee in the Second Battle of Bull Run (Manassas). | 25 | |
| 8515380211 | A. E. Burnside | (1824-1881): Union general who replaced George B. McClellan as commander of the Army of the Potomac in 1862. He lost his command after a foolhardy attack on Lee's forces at Fredericksburg, where more than ten thousand union soldiers were killed or wounded. | 26 | |
| 8515380212 | George G. Meade | (1815-1872): Union general who led the Army of the Potomac to victory against Lee's forces at Gettysburg. Meade, unable to stomach the immense human costs of his victory, refused to pursue Lee back across the Potomac, and thus lost his post to Ulysses S. Grant shortly thereafter. | 27 | |
| 8515380213 | George Pickett | (1825-1875): Confederate general who led the bold but ill-fated charge against union forces at Gettysburg. | 28 | |
| 8515380214 | Ulysses S. Grant | (1822-1885): Ohio born Union general and eigh- teenth president of the United States. During the war, Grant won Lincoln's confidence for his boldness and his ability to stomach the steep casualties that victory required. First assigned to the West, Grant attained Union victories at Fort Donelson, Shiloh and Vicksburg, seizing control of the Mississippi River and splitting the South in two. After taking command of the Union Army, he fought Lee in a series of bloody battles in Virginia, culminating in Lee's sur- render at Appomattox. As President, he took a hard line against the South, but economic turmoil and waning support for Reconstruction undermined his efforts. | 29 | |
| 8515380215 | William Tecumseh Sherman | (1820-1891): Union general who led the destructive march through Georgia in 1864. A pioneer practi- tioner of "total war," he advocated bringing war to the civilian pop- ulation to undercut morale and destroy supplies destined for Confederate troops. | 30 | |
| 8515380216 | Salmon Chase | (1808-1873): New England born abolitionist who, as secretary of the treasury, pushed Lincoln to take a tougher stance on slavery during the Civil War. In 1864, Radical Republicans unsuc- cessfully tried to replace Lincoln with Chase on the Republican ticket. Later that year, Lincoln appointed Chase as chief justice of the Supreme Court, where Chase served until his death. | 31 | |
| 8515380217 | Clement L. Vallandigham | (1820-1871): Democratic congressman from Ohio who led the Copperhead faction of the party in opposi- tion to the Civil War. Convicted by a military tribunal for his trea- sonous outbursts, Vallandigham was banished to the South though he later made his way to Canada and made an unsuccessful bid for the Ohio governorship. | 32 | |
| 8515380218 | John Wilkes Booth | (1838-1865): Maryland-born actor and Confederate sympathizer who assassinated Abraham Lincoln at Ford's Theater on April 14, 1865. Booth died of a gunshot wound a week later after refusing to surrender to federal troops, though it is unclear if the fatal bullet came from one of the soldiers or his own revolver. | 33 | |
| 8515380219 | Joseph ("Fighting Joe") Hooker | (1814-1879): Union army general, known as "Fighting Joe" for his bold attacks on Confederate lines during McClellan's peninsular campaign. He took command of the Army of the Potomac from A.E. Burnside in 1863, a post he lost just six months later after he led a failed attack on Lee's forces at Chancellorsville. | 34 |
