Enduring Vision ch. 25
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| 11310367592 | "Good Neighbor" policy | Franklin D. Roosevelt policy in which the U.S. pledged that the U.S. would no longer intervene in the internal affairs of Latin American countries. This reversed Teddy Roosevelt's Big Stick Policy. | 0 | |
| 11310367593 | Benito Mussolini | (1883-1945) Italian leader. He founded the Italian Fascist Party, and sided with Hitler and Germany in World War II. In 1945 he was overthrown and assassinated by the Italian Resistance. | 1 | |
| 11310367594 | Adolf Hitler | Born in Austria, Hitler became a radical German nationalist during World War I. He led the National Socialist German Workers' Party-the Nazi Party-in the 1920s and became dictator of Germany in 1933. He led Europe into World War II. (p. 786) | 2 | |
| 11310367595 | Rhineland | A region in Germany designated a demilitarized zone by the Treaty of Versailles; Hitler violated the treaty and sent German troops there in 1936 | 3 | |
| 11310367596 | Sudetenland | A region of Czechoslovakia where many Germans lived; demanded by Hitler in 1938 to have control of this land; when Czechs refused, Hitler threatened war | 4 | |
| 11310367597 | appeasement | A policy of making concessions to an aggressor in the hopes of avoiding war. Associated with Neville Chamberlain's policy of making concessions to Adolf Hitler. | 5 | |
| 11310367598 | Nye Committee | 1934. Senate committee led by South Dakota Senator Gerald Nye to investigate why America became involved in WWI. Theory that big business had conspired to have America enter WWI so that they could make money selling war materials. Called bankers and arms producers "merchants of death." | 6 | |
| 11310367599 | Neutrality Acts | Originally designed to avoid American involvement in World War II by preventing loans to those countries taking part in the conflict; they were later modified in 1939 to allow aid to Great Britain and other Allied nations. | 7 | |
| 11310367600 | Ludlow amendment | proposed constitutional amendment that would have required a public referendum for a declaration of war except in the case of an attack on American territory. The measure was tabled in 1938 under severe pressure from the White House (never passed) | 8 | |
| 11310367601 | 1936 Olympics | olympic games held in Berlin shortly before the start of the war; Nazi propaganda was everywhere and the Germans dominated the games, except in track where Jesse Owens won 4 gold medals | 9 | |
| 11310367602 | Joe Louis | "Brown Bomber" vs. Max Shmelling (German); African American fighting in a boxing match against a German; becomes a fight between good (FDR) and evil (Hitler). Louis defeated Shmelling. | 10 | |
| 11310367603 | Joseph Stalin | ..., Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953) | 11 | |
| 11310367604 | kristallnacht | "Night of Broken Glass" -the night of November 9, 1938, on which Nazi troopers attacked Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues throughout Germany | 12 | |
| 11310367605 | St. Louis | A passenger ship which carried over 900 Jewish refugees from Germany in 1939. They asked permission to dock in Canada but were refused. Many of the passengers later died in concentration camps. | 13 | |
| 11310367606 | "cash and carry" | policy adopted by the United States in 1939 to preserve neutrality while aiding the Allies. Britain and France could buy goods from the United States if they paid in full and transported them. | 14 | |
| 11310367607 | Selective Service Act | (FDR) 1940, first peace time draft, 21 through 35 years old | 15 | |
| 11310367608 | "destroyers for bases" | To circumvent the provisions of the Neutrality Acts to help Great Britain, the U.S. gave England fifty destroyers in return for the right to build American bases on British territory in the Caribbean | 16 | |
| 11310367609 | "arsenal of democracy" | slogan coined by Franklin D. Roosevelt in a radio broadcast delivered on December 29, 1940. Roosevelt promised to help the British Empire fight Nazi Germany by giving them military supplies while the United States stayed out of the actual fighting. | 17 | |
| 11310367610 | Lend-Lease program | Act of 1941 that permitted the US to led or lease arms and other supplies to the Allies (England and Soviet Union), signifying an increasing likelihood of American involvement in WWII | 18 | |
| 11310367611 | convoy system | the protection of British merchant ships from U-boat-German submarine-attacks by having the ships travel in large groups escorted by US Navy warships | 19 | |
| 11310367612 | Atlantic Charter | (FDR) 1941, met on a boat, FDR and Chuchill meeting that stated that condemned aggression, affirmed national self-determination, and endorsed the principles of collective security and disarmament. | 20 | |
| 11310367613 | General Hideki Tojo | General who took power to Japan and was the architect of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor | 21 | |
| 11310367614 | Pearl Harbor | (FDR) , 1941 United States military base on Hawaii that was bombed by Japan, bringing the United States into World War II. Pearl Harbor was attacked on December 7, 1941. | 22 | |
| 11310367615 | Battle of the Atlantic | 1940-1943 pitted German submarines against British and American naval and air forces in a struggle for control of the North Atlantic. | 23 | |
| 11310367616 | War Production Board | During WWII, FDR established it to allocated scarce materials, limited or stopped the production of civilian goods, and distributed contracts among competing manufacturers | 24 | |
| 11310367617 | National War Labor Board | A board that negotiated labor disputes and gave workers what they wanted to prevent strikes that would disrupt the war | 25 | |
| 11310367618 | Office of Price Administration | (OPA), fought inflation and rationed foods - the office that set price controls to offset inflation due to changing wartime supply and demand | 26 | |
| 11310367619 | Sun Belt | coastal Southeast to coastal Southwest; region benefited from the construction of military bases and defense plants (shipyards and aircraft factories); gained better-paying factory jobs; also large-scale commercial farms (agribusinesses) | 27 | |
| 11310367620 | rationing | Restricting the amount of food and other goods people may buy during wartime to assure adequate supplies for the military | 28 | |
| 11310367621 | war bonds | An effort by the US Government to raise 300 billion for the war effort. Americans loaned the government money (bonds) with a promise of a repayment plus interest at a later date. 50 billion was raised. | 29 | |
| 11310367622 | Office of Scientific Research and Development | Created by Roosevelt to bring science into the war efforts. It help improve sonar and radar. Manhattan project | 30 | |
| 11310367623 | Manhattan Project | code name for the secret United States project set up in 1942 to develop atomic bombs for use in World War II | 31 | |
| 11310367624 | J. Robert Oppenheimer | Led the Manhattan Project: the World War II effort to develop the first nuclear bomb. He was remembered as the "Father of the Atomic Bomb." | 32 | |
| 11310367625 | Office of Censorship | In 1941 FDR established it to examine all letters going overseas and worked with publishers and broadcasters to suppress info that might damage the war effort | 33 | |
| 11310367626 | Office of War Information | Organization that employed artists, writers and advertisers to shape public opinion concerning World War II. A big propaganda machine. | 34 | |
| 11310367627 | General Dwight Eisenhower | led the Allied invasion of North African and planned and executed the D-Day invasion at Normandy and the Battle of the Bulge | 35 | |
| 11310367628 | Battle of Stalingrad | (1942) World War II battle between invading German forces and Soviet defenders for control of Stalingrad; each side sustained hundreds of thousands of casualties; Germany's defeat marked turning point in the war | 36 | |
| 11310367629 | Siege of Leningrad | German forces surrounded this Russian city, cutting off supplies. About one million people died of starvation and cold weather | 37 | |
| 11310367630 | total war | A war that involves the complete mobilization of resources and people, affecting the lives of all citizens in the warring countries, even those remote from the battlefields. | 38 | |
| 11310367631 | D-Day | 200,000 Allied troops invading the beaches of Normandy; Also called Operation Overload. The early hours of the day were spent with airborne attacks to break up the German resistance. The beaches of Normandy were stormed by US, British, Canadian, Free French, and Polish forces; set the stage for an invasion of Germany | 39 | |
| 11310367632 | Battle of the Bulge | A 1944-1945 battle (fought in Belgium) in which Allied forces turned back the last major German offensive of World War II. | 40 | |
| 11310367633 | Battle of Midway Island | It was the turning point of the war in Asia; US planes destroyed four attacking Japanese aircraft carriers; defeated the Japanese navy and established naval superiority in the Pacific | 41 | |
| 11310367634 | General Douglas MacArthur | US army commander who pushed north from Australia with island-hopping; goal - Japan | 42 | |
| 11310367635 | Admiral Chester Nimitz | He was the commander of the Pacific Fleet during WW2, and he was the man who directed the U.S. victories at Midway, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa | 43 | |
| 11310367636 | island hopping | The American navy attacked islands held by the Japanese in the Pacific Ocean. The capture of each successive island from the Japanese brought the American navy closer to an invasion of Japan. | 44 | |
| 11310367637 | Casablanca meeting | 1943, only included Roosevelt and Churchill, decided to invade Sicily and settle for nothing less than "unconditional surrender" from the Axis powers | 45 | |
| 11310367638 | Tehran meeting | Churchill, FDR, Stalin. Planned invasion of France, Russian offensive to coincide. Stalin repeated promise to enter war with Japan after German loss. All 3 agreed to create United Nations after the War. | 46 | |
| 11310367639 | Harry Truman | Senator from Missouri; Ran as FDR's vice president in Election of 1944; Became president when FDR died; gave the order to drop the atomic bomb | 47 | |
| 11310367640 | "Rosie the Riveter" | A propaganda character designed to increase production of female workers in the factories. It became a rallying symbol for women to do their part. | 48 | |
| 11310367641 | Women's Army Corps | US Army group established during WWII so that women could serve in non combat roles. Almost 200,000 enrolled, along with 6 million entering the work force | 49 | |
| 11310367642 | "Double V" campaign | Black-Americans' campaign to earn victory in the home front (fight discrimination at home) and victory overseas (fighting the enemy Axis powers) | 50 | |
| 11310367643 | Congress of Racial Equality | (CORE) (1942) Nonviolent civil rights organization founded in 1942 and committed to the "Double V"—victory over fascism abroad and racism at home. After World War II, CORE would become a major force in the civil rights movement. (884) | 51 | |
| 11310367644 | A. Philip Randolph | 1941, black leader threatened massive march on Washington DC, to force FDR to end racial discrimination in defense industries. FDR convinced him to call off march in return for fair employment practices committee to ban racial discrimination in war industries | 52 | |
| 11310367645 | Executive Order 8802 | 1941; FDR banned racial discrimination in the defense industry and government offices | 53 | |
| 11310367646 | Detroit race riots | Started as a fight between blacks and whites on a Sunday afternoon, at a beach on the Detroit River, and then grew into a riot when white sailors stationed nearby joined the fight. 9 whites dead and 25 blacks dead. Lasted 3 days. | 54 | |
| 11310367647 | Navajo "code talkers" | Native Americans from the Navajo tribe used their own language to make a code for the U.S. military that the Japanese could not desipher | 55 | |
| 11310367648 | "Zoot Suit" riots | In the 1940's - Riots that occurred mostly in Los Angeles, CA between white marines and young Mexican Americans. White marines thought that the dress of "zoot suits" of the Mexican Americans was un-patriotic, although about 300,000 Mexican Americans were in the armed forces. | 56 | |
| 11310367649 | Internment camps | Detention centers where more than 100,000 Japanese Americans were relocated during World War II by order of the President. | 57 | |
| 11310367650 | Executive Order 9066 | Feb. 1942; 112,000 Japanese-Americans forced into camps causing loss of homes & businesses, despite no evidence of espionage or sedition; demonstrated fear of Japanese invasion; later declared a civil rights violation | 58 | |
| 11310367651 | Korematsu case | A Japanese American worker in California was arrested for refusing to report to a relocation center, and he appealed, saying his civil rights had been violated.The resulting 1944 Supreme Court case ruled that the relocation policy was not based on race. | 59 | |
| 11310367652 | Yalta Accords | Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta to make final war plans, arrange the post-war fate of Germany, and discuss the proposal for creation of the United Nations as a successor to the League of Nations. They announced the decision to divide Germany into three post-war zones of occupation, although a fourth zone was later created for France. Russia also agreed to enter the war against Japan, | 60 | |
| 11310367653 | Potsdam Conference | July 26, 1945 - Allied leaders Truman, Stalin and Churchill met in Germany to set up zones of control and to inform the Japanese that if they refused to surrender at once, they would face total destruction. | 61 | |
| 11310367654 | Holocaust | A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled. | 62 | |
| 11310367655 | "final solution" | Hitler's program of systematically killing the entire Jewish people | 63 | |
| 11310367656 | bombing of Tokyo | an air raid on Tokyo that took place in March 1945; demonstrated the immense power of the U.S. bombing campaign; targets=the industrial districts of Tokyo; total war - more than 100 thousand people died within the first 6 hours of the firestorm | 64 | |
| 11310367657 | Hiroshima | City in Japan, the first to be destroyed by an atomic bomb, on August 6, 1945. The bombing hastened the end of World War II | 65 | |
| 11310367658 | Nagasaki | August 6, 1945; US drops the 2nd Atomic Bomb | 66 |
