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| 362026690 | Election of 1952 | Dwight Eisenhower nominated by Republicans, "I like Ike", balanced the ticket with Nixon as VP, Adlai Stevenson was nominated by Democrats, witty and eloquent, Eisenhower-Nixon Ticket won in a landslide | |
| 362026691 | Checkers Speech | Nixon was accused of using campaign funds for his own personal use, managed to save his career by using television effectively to defend himself, won the support of millions vowing never to return their dog checkers | |
| 362026692 | Modern Republicanism | Eisenhower's first priority was balancing the budget, accepted most New Deal programs as realities of life, Social Security was extended to 10 million more citizens, minimum wage raised, additional public housing, soil bank initiated to reduce farm production, opposed health insurance, "bland leading the bland" | |
| 362026693 | Department of Health, Education, and Welfare | consolidation of welfare programs, headed by Oveta Culp Hobby | |
| 362026694 | Interstate Highway Act | 1956 Eisenhower passed this bill, authorized the construction of 42,000 miles of highways linking the nation's major cities, improve national defense, created jobs, promoted new industries, accelerated growth of suburbs, more homogeneous national culture, etc. | |
| 362026695 | Eisenhower Prosperity | country enjoyed a steady growth rate with little inflation, deficits fell in relation to national wealth, some historians say his economic policies were most successful of any modern president's | |
| 362026696 | Election of 1956 | Eisenhower suffered heart attack and major surgery in 1956, Democrats questioned his health, ticket renominated, Stevenson again nominated, Eisenhower won by an even great margin | |
| 362047445 | John Foster Dulles | Eisenhower's Secretary of State, advocated "new look" for US foreign policy, took initiative in challenging Soviet Union and China, "liberating captive nations", declaring Soviets would back down because of US nuclear superiority | |
| 362047446 | Brinkmanship | A 1956 term used by Secretary of State John Dulles to describe a policy of risking war in order to protect national interests | |
| 362047447 | Massive Retaliation | Dulles advocated spending more on nuclear weapons and less on traditional techniques, would decrease the budget, increase pressure on enemies, nuclear weapons could be deterrent for larger nations but not "brushfire" wars | |
| 362047448 | Collapse of Colonies | one of the most important developments in the postwar era, dozens of colonies in Africa and Asia gained their independence, Pakistan and India were new nations, Indonesia, etc., Third World | |
| 362047449 | Covert Action | undercover intervention in the internal politics of growing nations was better than troops, 1953 CIA played a role in helping overthrow government in Iran, supported the shah in return for oil prices, US seemed to be driving nations toward dictators, etc. | |
| 362047450 | Reza Pahlavi | Iranian shah who the US supported in return for lower oil prices | |
| 362047451 | Korean Armistice | Eisenhower understood no quick fix was possible, threat of nuclear war and death of Stalin led to agreement on armistice in July 1953 | |
| 362047452 | Fall of Indochina | French tried to retake Southeast Asian colony, Ho Chi Minh was Communist leader there, aided by Soviets, French were defeated at Dien Bien Phu, Eisenhower refused to send troops, France fell, divided into Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam | |
| 362047453 | Ho Chi Minh | Communist leader in Vietnam | |
| 362047454 | Division of Vietnam | Vietnam was temporarily divided at the 17th parallel until a general election could be held, new nation remained divided, North by Minh, South by Diem | |
| 362047455 | Ngo Dinh Diem | anti-Communist ruler in South Vietnam | |
| 362047456 | Domino Theory | if South Vietnam fell under Communist control, one nation after another in Southeast Asia would fall, until Australia and New Zealand were in dire danger | |
| 362047457 | Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) | to prevent the "fall" to communism of South Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia, regional defense pact, eight nations signed it in 1954 | |
| 362047458 | Suez Crisis | Nasser and Egypt asked the US for funds to build a dam on the Nile, US refused, Nasser turned to Soviet to help build a damn, Egypt then seized the Suez Canal, British French and Israeli took it back, Eisenhower condemned it, resolution made, invading forces withdrew | |
| 362047459 | Eisenhower Doctrine | US in 1957 pledged economic and military aid to any Middle Eastern country threatened by communism, first applied doctrine to Lebanon | |
| 362047460 | Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) | Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran, and Venezuela, oil was shaping to be a large foreign policy issue, conflict in Middle East would be growing problem for US presidents | |
| 362047461 | Spirit of Geneva | Eisenhower presented an "atoms for peace" plan, Soviets wanted to reduce Cold War tensions, withdrew troops from Austria and established peaceful relations, US proposed open skies above nations to eliminate chance of surprise nuclear attack, Soviets rejected it, produced first thaw in Cold War | |
| 362047462 | Nikita Khrushchev | new Soviet leader, denounced crimes of Stain and supported "peaceful coexistence" with the west | |
| 362047463 | Hungarian Revolt | popular uprising overthrew government backed by Moscow, replaced briefly by more liberal leaders, Khrushchev sent in tanks to crush the rebellion, US TOOK NO ACTION, Eisenhower believed it may set off a world war | |
| 362047464 | Sputnik | Soviet Union launched first satellites into orbit around Earth, technical leadership of US was in question | |
| 362047465 | National Defense and Education Act | authorized giving hundreds of millions in federal money to the schools for science and foreign language education | |
| 362047466 | National Aeronautics and Space Administration | created by Congress in 1958 to direct US efforts to build missiles and explore outer space, billions appropriated | |
| 362047467 | Camp David | Soviets gave West Berlin six months to pull troops out to give city to East, US refused, Eisenhower invited Khrushchev to US, agreed to put off crisis and scheduled another summit | |
| 362047468 | U-2 Incident | Russians shot down high-altitude US spy plane over the Soviet Union, exposed secret US tactic for gaining information, Eisenhower took full responsibility for the flights, Khrushchev called off the summit | |
| 362047469 | Fidel Castro | bearded revolutionary, overthrew Batista, nationalized American-owned businesses and properties in Cuba, Eisenhower threatened to cut off trade with US, planned to set up a Communist state in Cuba | |
| 362047470 | Eisenhower's Legacy | claims credit for checking Communist aggression, keeping peace without loss of American lives, started process of relaxing tensions with the Soviet Union, initiated first arms limitations by suspending above-ground testing of nuclear weapons | |
| 362047471 | Military-Industrial Complex | Eisenhower's farewell address, spoke out against negative impact of cold war, arms race was taking on a momentum of its own, US was in danger of going down a dangerous path to a military state | |
| 362047472 | Origins of Civil Rights Movement | Jackie Robinson broke color line in baseball in 1947, Truman integrated armed forces in 1948, 1950s still had laws segregating schools and most public facilities, many were still kept from voting | |
| 362047473 | Changing Demographics | origins in civil rights movement can be traced to movement of millions of African Americans from rural South to urban centers, African-Americans joined in DEMOCRATS | |
| 362047474 | Changing Attitudes in Cold War | many saw segregation against blacks as glaring wrongs that needed to be corrected, the fight for freedom was obstructed | |
| 362047475 | Brown v. Board of Education | NAACP lawyers argued that segregation of black children in the public schools was unconstitutional because it violated the Fourteenth Amendment, Earl Warren ruled that "separate facilities are inherently unequal", segregation should send with all deliberate speed | |
| 362047476 | Little Rock Central HS | states in Deep South fought Brown v. Board of Ed, Orval Faubus used National Guard to prevent nine African-American students from enrolling, Eisenhower ordered federal troops to stand guard and protect black students as they walked to school | |
| 362047477 | Montgomery Bus Boycott | Rosa Parks was too tired to move to back of bus, arrested for violating segregation law, sparked massive African American protest, Martin Luther King Jr. emerged as inspiring leader of the movement | |
| 362056424 | Civil Rights Acts of 1957 and 1960 | modest in scope, first since Reconstruction passed by Congress, gave the Justice Department new powers to protect the voting rights of blacks | |
| 362056425 | Southern Christian Leadership Conference | formed by Martin Luther King Jr., organized ministers and churches in the South to get behind the civil rights struggle | |
| 362056426 | Greensboro Sit-Ins | college students started a movement after being refused service at a Woolworth's lunch counter, students would deliberately invite arrest to spark awareness | |
| 362056427 | Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee | formed a few months after Greensboro, used the sit-in tactic to integrate restaurants, hotels, buildings, libraries, etc. | |
| 362056428 | Popular Culture in the 1950s | conformity to social norms, consensus about political issues and conformity in social behavior | |
| 362056429 | Television | television became a center of family life in American homes, 55 million sets, Newton Minnow "a vast wasteland" | |
| 362056430 | Advertising | name brands promoted common material wants, suburban shopping centers, plastic credit cards, McDonald's yellow arches | |
| 362056431 | Paperbacks/Records | Americans read more than ever, books were selling a million copies a day, inexpensive long-playing record albums, 45 rpm records, teenagers fell in love with rock and roll music of Elvis | |
| 362056432 | Corporate America | MORE WHITE COLLAR THAN BLUE COLLAR, conglomerates began to dominate industries, large corporations promoted teamwork and conformity | |
| 362056433 | "The Organization Man" | William Whyte, documented the loss of individuality in corporate America | |
| 362056434 | William Whyte | wrote "The Organization Man" | |
| 362056435 | "Protestant, Catholic, Jew" | William Herberg's book, commented on new religious tolerance of the times, law of interest in doctrine, religious membership became source of identity of socialization | |
| 362056436 | Women's Role | homemaking was a full time job for millions of women, role reaffirmed by Spock's book, evidence of discontent was growing, more married women entered the WORKFORCE | |
| 362056437 | "Baby and Child Care" | Dr. Benjamin Spock, book reaffirming in the mass media the role of women in the household | |
| 362056438 | "The Lonely Crowd" | David Riesman criticized the replacement of "inner-directed" individuals in society with "other-directed" conformists | |
| 362056439 | David Riesman | wrote "The Lonely Crowd" | |
| 362056440 | "The Affluent Society" | John Kenneth Galbraith wrote about the failure of wealthy Americans to address the need for increased social spending for the common good | |
| 362056441 | John Kenneth Galbraith | wrote "The Affluent Society" | |
| 362056442 | C. Wright Mills | wrote "White Collar" (dehumanizing corporate world) and "The Power Elite" (threats to freedom) | |
| 362056443 | "The Catcher in the Rye" | JD Salinger provided classic commentary of "phoniness" as viewed by a troubled teenager | |
| 362056444 | JD Salinger | wrote "The Catcher in the Rye" | |
| 362056445 | "Catch-22" | Joseph Heller satirized the stupidity of the military and war | |
| 362056446 | Beat Generation | a group of rebellious writers and intellectuals, advocated spontaneity, use of drugs, rebellion against societal standards, became models for youth rebellion of the sixties | |
| 362056447 | Dr. Benjamin Spock | wrote "Baby and Child Care" | |
| 362056448 | Jack Kerouac | "On the Road" | |
| 362056449 | "On the Road" | A man abandons New York and its intellectualism to seek enlightenment through unmeditated experience on the American road, Jack Kerouac | |
| 362056450 | Allen Ginsberg | "Howl", United States poet of the beat generation | |
| 362056451 | "Howl" | "I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness", Allen Ginsberg |
