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| 14675632357 | Calvinism | Dominant theological credo of the New England Puritans based on the teachings of John Calvin. Calvinists believed in predestination—that only "the elect" were destined for salvation. | 0 | |
| 14675632358 | predestination | Calvinist doctrine that God has foreordained some people to be saved and some to be damned. Though their fate was irreversible, Calvinists, particularly those who believed they were destined for salvation, sought to lead sanctified lives in order to demonstrate to others that they were in fact members of the "elect." |  | 1 |
| 14675632359 | conversion | Intense religious experience that confirmed an individual's place among the "elect," or the "visible saints." Calvinists who experienced conversion were then expected to lead sanctified lives to demonstrate their salvation. | 2 | |
| 14675632360 | Puritans | English Protestant reformers who sought to purify the Church of England of Catholic rituals and creeds. Some of the most devout Puritans believed that only "visible saints" should be admitted to church membership. |  | 3 |
| 14675632361 | Separatists | Small group of Puritans who sought to break away entirely from the Church of England; after initially settling in Holland, a number of English Separatists made their way to Plymouth Bay, Massachusetts in 1620. | 4 | |
| 14675632362 | Mayflower Compact (1620) | Agreement to form a government by will of the majority in Plymouth, signed aboard the Mayflower. Created a foundation for self-government in the colony. |  | 5 |
| 14675632363 | Massachusetts Bay Colony | (Founded in 1630) Established by non-separating Puritans, it soon grew to be the largest and most influential of the New England colonies. |  | 6 |
| 14675632364 | Great English Migration (1630-1642) | Migration of seventy thousand refugees from England to the North American colonies, primarily New England and the Caribbean. The twenty thousand migrants who came to Massachusetts largely shared a common sense of purpose—to establish a model Christian settlement in the new world. | 7 | |
| 14675632365 | antinomianism | Belief that the elect need not obey the law of either God or man; most notably espoused in the colonies by Anne Hutchinson. |  | 8 |
| 14675632366 | Fundamental Orders (1639) | Drafted by settlers in the Connecticut River Valley, document was the first "modern constitution" establishing a democratically controlled government. Key features of the document were borrowed for Connecticut's colonial charter and later, its state constitution. |  | 9 |
| 14675632367 | Pequot War (1636-1638) | Series of clashes between English settlers and Pequot Indians in the Connecticut River valley. Ended in the slaughter of the Pequots by the Puritans and their Narragansett Indian allies. | 10 | |
| 14675632369 | New England Confederation (1643) | Weak union of the colonies in Massachusetts and Connecticut led by Puritans for the purposes of defense and organization, an early attempt at self-government during the benign neglect of the English Civil War | 11 | |
| 14675632370 | English Civil War (1642-1651) | Armed conflict between royalists and parliamentarians, resulting in the victory of pro-Parliament forces and the execution of Charles I. |  | 12 |
| 14675632371 | Dominion of New England (1686-1689) | Administrative union created by royal authority, incorporating all of New England, New York, and East and West Jersey. Placed under the rule of Sir Edmund Andros who curbed popular assemblies, taxed residents without their consent, and strictly enforced Navigation Laws. Its collapse after the Glorious Revolution in England demonstrated colonial opposition to strict royal control. | 13 | |
| 14675632372 | Navigation Laws | Series of laws passed, beginning in 1651, to regulate colonial shipping; the acts provided that only English ships would be allowed to trade in English and colonial ports, and that all goods destined for the colonies would first pass through England. |  | 14 |
| 14675632373 | Glorious (or Bloodless) Revolution (1688-1689) | Relatively peaceful overthrow of the unpopular Catholic monarch, James II, replacing him with Dutch-born William III and Mary, daughter of James II. William and Mary accepted increased Parliamentary oversight and new limits on monarchical authority. | 15 | |
| 14675632374 | salutary neglect (1688-1763) | Unofficial policy of relaxed royal control over colonial trade and only weak enforcement of Navigation Laws. Lasted from the Glorious Revolution to the end of the French and Indian War in 1763. | 16 | |
| 14675632376 | Quakers | Religious group known for their tolerance, emphasis on peace, and idealistic Indian policy, who settled heavily in Pennsylvania in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. |  | 17 |
| 14675632377 | blue laws | Also known as sumptuary laws, they are designed to restrict personal behavior in accord with a strict code of morality. Blue laws were passed across the colonies, particularly in Puritan New England and Quaker Pennsylvania. | 18 | |
| 14675632378 | Martin Luther | German friar who touched off the Protestant Reformation when he nailed a list of grievances against the Catholic Church to the door of Wittenberg's cathedral in 1517. |  | 19 |
| 14675632379 | John Calvin | French Protestant reformer whose religious teachings formed the theological basis for New England Puritans, Scottish Presbyterians, French Huguenots and members of the Dutch Reformed Church. He argued that humans were inherently weak and wicked, and believed in an all-knowing, all-powerful God, who predestined select individuals for salvation. |  | 20 |
| 14675632380 | William Bradford | Erudite leader of the separatist Pilgrims who left England for Holland, and eventually sailed on the Mayflower to establish the first English colony in Massachusetts. His account of the colony's founding, Of Plymouth Plantation, remains a classic of American literature and in indispensable historical source. |  | 21 |
| 14675632381 | John Winthrop | First governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony. An able administrator and devout Puritan, he helped ensure the prosperity of the newly-established colony and enforce Puritan orthodoxy, taking a hard line against religious dissenters like Anne Hutchinson. |  | 22 |
| 14675632382 | Anne Hutchinson | Antinomian religious dissenter brought to trial for heresy in Massachusetts Bay after arguing that she need not follow God's laws or man's, and claiming direct revelation from God. Banished from the Puritan colony, she moved to Rhode Island and later New York, where she and her family were killed by Indians. |  | 23 |
| 14675632383 | Roger Williams | Salem minister who advocated a complete break from the Church of England and criticized the Massachusetts Bay colony for unlawfully taking land from the Indians. Banished for his heresies, he established a small community in present-day Rhode Island, later acquiring a charter for the colony from England. | 24 | |
| 14675632384 | Massasoit | Wampanoag chieftain who signed a peace treaty with Plymouth Bay settlers in 1621 and helped them celebrate the first Thanksgiving. |  | 25 |
| 14675632385 | Metacom (King Phillip) | Wampanoag chief who led a brutal campaign against Puritan settlements in New England between 1675 and 1676. Though he himself was eventually captured and killed, his wife and son sold into slavery, his assault halted New England's westward expansion for several decades. |  | 26 |
| 14675632386 | Charles II | Assumed the throne with the restoration of the monarchy in 1660. He sought to establish firm control over the colonies, ending the period of relative independence on the American mainland. |  | 27 |
| 14675632387 | Sir Edmond Andros | Much loathed administrator of the Dominion of New England, which was created in 1686 to strengthen imperial control over the New England colonies. He established strict control, doing away with town meetings and popular assemblies and taxing colonists without their consent. When word of the Glorious Revolution in England reached the colonists, they promptly dispatched he back to England. |  | 28 |
| 14675632389 | Henry Hudson | English explorer who ventured into New York Bay and up the Hudson River for the Dutch in 1609 in search of a Northwest Passage across the continent. |  | 29 |
| 14675632390 | Peter Stuyvesant | Director general of Dutch New Netherland from 1645 until the colony fell to the British in 1664. |  | 30 |
| 14675632391 | Duke of York | Catholic English monarch who reigned as James II from 1685 until he was deposed during the Glorious Revolution in 1689. When the English seized New Amsterdam from the Dutch in 1664, they renamed it in the his honor to commemorate his support for the colonial venture. |  | 31 |
| 14675632392 | William Penn | Prominent Quaker activist who founded Pennsylvania as a haven for fellow Quakers in 1681. He established friendly relations with neighboring Indian tribes and attracted a wide array of settlers to his colony with promises of economic opportunity, and ethnic and religious toleration. |  | 32 |
