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| 232281557 | encomienda | this gave influential Spaniards in New Mexico the right to collect tribute from the native people living on a specific piece of land. | |
| 232281558 | repartimiento | a mandatory draft of Indian labor for public projects, such as building forts, bridges, and roads. The laws stated that native workers should be paid and limited the length of their service, but the Spanish often ignored these provisions. | |
| 232281559 | rescate | Spaniards also acquired laborers by ransoming captives that Indian groups seized from one another. It obliged rescued Indians to work for those who had paid their ransom. | |
| 232281560 | Beaver Wars | conflict between the Iroquois and the Hurons that began in the 1640s. By the 1630s, they had killed nearly all the beavers on their own lands and began to look elsewhere for furs. The Iroquois began to raid Huron trading parties and then to attack huron villages. The Iroquois won because the Dutch supplied them with guns. | |
| 232281561 | Kateri Tekakwitha | an orphaned Mohawk girl who joined the Christian Indian village of Kahnawake. She sparked a religious revival among female converts and became the first Native American candidate for sainthood. | |
| 232281562 | King Philip's War | it broke out in 1675. Metacom, called King Philip by the English, led the Wampanoags in the struggle to preserve their independence against the incursions of the colonists. It started with the hanging of three Wampanoags who were convicted of killing a Christian Indian who warned of Wampanoag preparations for war. Also feeding the fire was the murder of an Indian found looting an abandoned house. | |
| 232281563 | Bacon's Rebellion | Nathaniel Bacon was a wealthy young planter in Virginia who led a violent campaign against all Indians, even those at peace with the colonial government. He was ordered by Governor William Berkeley to stop the attacks. Bacon and his men defied the Governor, marched on James town and demanded lower taxes and basically permission to exterminate the Indians. They captured and burned the capital at Jamestown and forced Berkely to run. British troops arrived to put down the rebellion but Bacon had died of a fever and most of his men had returned home. Berkeley hanged 23 rebels. Hatred of the Indians became a permanent feature of frontier life in Virginia. | |
| 232281564 | 'abd | The Arabic word for slave that became a synonym for "black man." | |
| 232281565 | Middle Passage | a horrendous six to eight week long voyage across the Atlantic ocean from Africa to North America and the West Indies. | |
| 232281566 | creole | ethnic term first applied in the Caribbean region to the native-born descendents of the Spanish conquerors and their native consorts. American-born slaves were called this as well. They lived longer than African- born slaves and their women had twice as many children as African-born mothers. | |
| 232281567 | Stono Rebellion | colonial America's largest slave uprising that occurred in South Carolina in 1739. About twenty slaves broke into a store and armed themselves with stolen guns. They marched southward along the Stono River heading for freedom in Spanish Florida. Their numbers grew to around a hundred. They attacked white settlements along the way. They were defeated within a week. It led to stricter supervision of slave activities. | |
| 232281568 | Rhineland | a region of small states and principalities located along one of Europe's major rivers. | |
| 232281569 | transported convicts | Lawmakers in England saw transportation as a way of getting rid of criminals who might otherwise be executed. Nearly fifty thousand convicts were sent to the colonies between 1718 and 1775. | |
| 232281570 | redemtioner system | families promised to redeem, or pay, the costs of passage on arrival in America. If they could not raise the payment soon after landing, the ship captain who brought them could sell them into servitude. The length of service depended on the amount they owed. | |
| 232281571 | tenancy | colonists who owned undeveloped land would rent undeveloped tracts to families without property. The landlord secured the labor necessary to develop his property and the tenants could save toward the purchase of their own farms. The landlord also received an annual rent payment, usually a portion of the tenant's crop. | |
| 232281572 | Scotch-Irish | descendants of Protestant Scots who had settled in northern Ireland in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Nearly 250,000 came to the colonies after 1718. |
