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| 14783779647 | Indentured Servants | Migrants who, in exchange for transatlantic passage, bound themselves to a colonial employer for a term of service, typically between four and seven years. Their migration addressed the chronic labor shortage in the colonies and facilitated settlement. | 0 | |
| 14783779648 | Headright System | Employed in the tobacco colonies to encourage the importation of indentured servants, the system allowed an individual to acquire fifty acres of land if he paid for a laborer's passage to the colony. | 1 | |
| 14783779649 | bacon's rebellion (1676) | uprising of virginia backcountry farmers and indentured servants led by planter Nathanial Bacon; initially a response to Governor William Berkeley's refusal to protect backcountry settlers from Indian attacks, the rebellion eventually grew into a broader conflict between impoverished settlers and the planter elite | 2 | |
| 14783779650 | Royal African Company | English joint-stock company that enjoyed a state-granted monopoly on the colonial slave trade from 1672 until 1698. The supply of slaves to the North American colonies rose sharply once the company lost its monopoly privileges. | 3 | |
| 14783779651 | Middle Passage | Transatlantic voyage slaves endured between Africa and the colonies. Mortality rates were notoriously high. | 4 | |
| 14783779652 | slave codes | Set of laws beginning in 1662 defining racial slavery. They established the hereditary nature of slavery and limited the rights and education of slaves. | 5 | |
| 14783779653 | Congregational Church | Self-governing Puritan congregations without the hierarchical establishment of the Anglican Church. | 6 | |
| 14783779654 | jeremiad | Often-fiery sermons lamenting the waning piety of parishioners first delivered in New England in the mid-seventeenth century; named after the doom-saying Old Testament prophet Jeremiah. | 7 | |
| 14783779655 | Half-Way Covenant (1662) | Agreement allowing unconverted offspring of church members to baptize their children. It signified a waning of religious zeal among second and third generation Puritans. | 8 | |
| 14783779656 | Salem witch trials (1692-1693) | Series of witchcraft trials launched after a group of adolescent girls in Salem, Massachusetts, claimed to have been bewitched by certain older women of the town. Twenty individuals were put to death before the trials were put to an end by the Governor of Massachusetts. | 9 | |
| 14783779658 | William Berkeley (1606-1677) | Royal governor of VA with brief interruptions from 1641 until his death; a member of VA's seaboard elite, drew the ire of backwater settlers for refusing to protect them against Indian attacks; the friction eventually led to Bacon's Rebellion | 10 | |
| 14783779659 | nathaniel bacon (1647-1676) | Young VA planter who led a rebellion against Governor William Berkeley in 1676 to protest Berkeley's refusal to protect frontier settlers from Indian attacks | 11 | |
| 14783779660 | Paxton Boys (1764) | Armed march on Philadelphia by Scotts-Irish frontiersmen in protest against the Quaker establishment's lenient policies toward Native Americans. | 12 | |
| 14783779662 | New York slave revolt (1712) | Uprising of approximately two dozen slaves that resulted in the deaths of nine whites and the brutal execution of twenty-one participating blacks | 13 | |
| 14783779663 | south carolina slave revolt (stone river) (1739) | uprising also known as the Stono Rebellion, of more than 50 south carolina blacks along the Stono river; the slaves attempted to reach Spanish Florida but were stopped by the South Carolina militia | 14 | |
| 14783779664 | Triangular Trade | Exchange of rum, slaves, and molasses between the North American Colonies, Africa, and the West Indies. A small but immensely profitable subset of the Atlantic trade. | 15 | |
| 14783779665 | Molasses Act (1737) | Tax on imported molasses passed by Parliament in an effort to squelch the North American trade with the French West Indies. It proved largely ineffective due to widespread smuggling. | 16 | |
| 14783779666 | Arminianism | Belief that salvation is offered to all humans but is conditional on acceptance of God's grace. Different from Calvinism, which emphasizes predestination and unconditional election. | 17 | |
| 14783779667 | Great Awakening (1730s and 1740s) | Religious revival that swept the colonies. Participating ministers, most notably Jonathan Edwards and George Whitfield, placed an emphasis on direct, emotive spirituality. A Second Great Awakening arose in the nineteenth century. | 18 | |
| 14783779668 | old lights | Orthodox clergymen who rejected the emotionalism of the Great Awakening in favor of a more rational spirituality. | 19 | |
| 14783779669 | new lights | Ministers who took part in the revivalist, emotive religious tradition pioneered by George Whitefield during the Great Awakening. | 20 | |
| 14783779670 | Poor Richard's Almanack (1732-1758) | Widely read annual pamphlet edited by Benjamin Franklin. Best known for its proverbs and aphorisms emphasizing thrift, industry, morality, and common sense | 21 | |
| 14783779671 | Zenger trial (1734-1735) | New York libel case against John Peter Zenger. Established the principle that truthful statements about public officials could not be prosecuted as libel. | 22 | |
| 14783779672 | Royal Colonies | Colonies where governors were appointed directly by the King. Though often competent administrators, the governors frequently ran into trouble with colonial legislatures, which resented the imposition of control from across the Atlantic. | 23 | |
| 14783779673 | proprietary colonies | Colonies-Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Delaware-under the control of local proprietors, who appointed colonial governors. | 24 | |
| 14783779675 | Jacobus Arminius (1560-1609) | Dutch theologian who rejected predestination, preaching that salvation could be attained through the acceptance of God's grace and was open to all, not just the elect | 25 | |
| 14783779676 | Jonathan Edwards (1703-1758) | New England minister whose fiery sermons helped touch off the First Great Awakening; Edwards emphasized human helplessness and depravity and touted that salvation could be attained through God's grace alone | 26 | |
| 14783779677 | George Whitefield (1714-1770) | Iterant English preacher whose rousing sermons throughout the American colonies drew vast audiences and sparked a wave of religious conversion, the First Great Awakening; Whitefield's emotionalism distinguished him from traditional, "Old Light," ministers who embraced a more reasoned, stoic approach to religious practice | 27 | |
| 14783779678 | John Trumbull (1756-1843) | Connecticut-born painter who, like many of his contemporaries, traveled to England to pursue his artistic ambitions. Trumbull was best known for his depictions of key events in the American Revolution, including the signing of the Declaration of Independence. | 28 | |
| 14783779679 | John Singleton Copley (1738-1815) | Massachusetts-born artist best known for his portraits of prominent colonial Americans, including Samuel Adams and Paul Revere. A loyalist during the Revolutionary war, Copley spent the rest of his life in London, painting portraits of British aristocrats and depicting scenes from English history. | 29 | |
| 14783779680 | Phillis Wheatley (ca. 1753-1784) | African-American poet who overcame the barriers of slavery to publish two collections of her poems; as a young girl, Wheatley lived in Boston, and was later taken to England where she found a publisher willing to distribute her work | 30 | |
| 14783779681 | John Peter Zenger (1697-1746) | New York printer tried for seditious libel against the state's corrupt royal governor. His acquittal set an important precedent for freedom of the press. | 31 | |
| 14796784747 | Regulator Movement | Eventually violent uprising of backcountry settlers in North Carolina against unfair taxation and the control of colonial affairs by the seaboard elite | 32 |
