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| 5108941298 | Marbury v. Madison | Who: John Marshall, William Marbury, James Madison What: A court case in which William Marbury sued the Secretary of State, James Madison, for holding his Supreme Court position, which he received during the Midnight appointments. Why: John Marshal, the presiding judge, was also given his position during the Midnight appointments, and Marbury believed that he would side with him and grant him his position. Marshall sided with Madison. Significance: Henry ClayIn effect, granting the supreme court the final say over whether laws are constitutional. This is called Judicial Review and it greatly expanded the judicial branch's power. | 0 | |
| 5108941299 | Judicial Review | The power of the Supreme Court to declare laws and actions of local, state, or national governments unconstitutional. Established in Marbury v. Madison (informal amendment to Constitution) | 1 | |
| 5108941300 | Judiciary Act of 1801 | A law that increased the number of federal judges, allowing President John Adams to fill most of the new posts with Federalists. | 2 | |
| 5108941301 | Midnight appointments | After 1800, the only branch left in the Federalists' hands was the Judiciary. On John Adam's last night as president he made last minute appointments for Federalists to judgeships. He did so in an attempt to maintain Federalist control of judiciary branch. | 3 | |
| 5108941302 | Henry Clay | The Great Compromiser Who: A Congressman from Kentucky, American lawyer, politician, skilled orator, and war hawk What: Supported the American system, which was adopted after the War of 1812. Why: The American System created a protective tariff to American Markets. It also used the tariff to build road and canal for better transportation. (The American System started a cycle to trading for US market) | 4 | |
| 5108941303 | Essex Junto | Who: A group of Federalist lawyers and merchants from Essex County, Massachusetts who supported Alexander Hamilton and the Massachusetts radicals. They offer Hamilton a place in the plot to secede the New England states and New York from the Union due to the policies of Jefferson, and the Embargo of 1807. He rejected their offer. Why: The group tried to vie support from Aaron Burr, who accepted the offer. The first attempt by New England to break off from the Union. It failed since it was unable to gain support from the major power brokers in the state of New York. | 5 | |
| 5108941304 | Burr Conspiracy | Who: One of the leading Democratic-Republicans of New York, Aaron Burr What: After the duel, which led to the death of Hamilton, Burr fled New York and it was believed that his goal was to create an independent nation in the center of North America and/or present-day Southwest and parts of present-day Mexico. Why: Burr was tried for treason, and although Jefferson advocated Burr's punishment, the Supreme Court acquitted Burr. | 6 | |
| 5108941305 | Impressment | What: British sailors often deserted the British Navy to join the American Merchant Marines, and so the British would board American ships to retrieve the deserters, but sailors had to prove they were American citizens. When: a major factor in the start War of 1812. Why: They would often seize any sailor who could not prove they were American. | 7 | |
| 5108941306 | Chesapeake/Leopard Incident | Who: American ship - Chesapeake British Ship - Leopard What: American ship that resisted impressment and was fired upon for doing so in 1807. Why: As a result of the incident, the U.S. expelled all British ships from its waters until Britain issued an apology. It also led to Jefferson passing the Embargo Act | 8 | |
| 5108941307 | Embargo Act of 1807 | What: This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. Why: It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. It was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and everyone else whose livelihood depended upon international trade. It also hurt the national economy, so it was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act. | 9 | |
| 5108941308 | Non-intercourse Act | Who: President Thomas Jefferson, Congress What: This Act lifted all embargoes on American shipping except for those bound for British or French ports, with the hopes of French and British recognition of American neutrality. When: 1807 Where: International trade with anyone but Britain and France Why: The intent was to damage the economies of the England and France. Like its predecessor, the Embargo Act, it was mostly ineffective, and contributed to the coming of the War of 1812. In addition, it seriously damaged the economy of the United States leading to Macon's Bill No. 2. | 10 | |
| 5108941309 | Macon's Bill No. 2 | Who: Nathaniel Macon, US, France, Britain What: Forbade trade with Britain and France, but offered to resume trade with whichever nation lifted its neutral trading restrictions first. When: 1810 Why: France quickly changed its policies against neutral vessels, so the U.S. resumed trade with France, but not Britain. | 11 | |
| 5108941310 | William Henry Harrison | Who: was an American military leader, politician, and eventually the ninth President of the United States. Why: Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe. his most notable action was in the Battle of the Thames in 1813, which brought an end to hostilities in his region. This battle resulted in the death of Tecumseh and the dissolution of the Indian coalition. What: His death created a brief Constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment. | 12 | |
| 5108941311 | Battle of Tippecanoe | Who: William Henry Harrison, Tecumseh What: In response to rising tensions with the tribes and threats of war, a United States force of militia and regulars set out to launch a preemptive strike on the headquarters of the confederacy. When: November 7, 1811 Why: While camping at the confluence of the Tippecanoe and Wabash Rivers, outside Prophetstown, awaiting a meeting with tribal leaders, Harrison's army was attacked in the early morning hours by forces from the town. Although the tribal forces took the army by surprise, their assault was ultimately driven back and defeated as the attackers' ammunition ran low. | 13 | |
| 5108941312 | War Hawks | Who: originally used to describe members of the Twelfth Congress of the United States who advocated waging war against the British in the War of 1812 (Henry Clay, and John C. Calhoun) What: The term has evolved into an informal Americanism used to describe a political stance of being pro aggression, by diplomatic and ultimately military means, against others to improve the standing of their own government, country, or organization. | 14 | |
| 5108941313 | Hartford Convention | Who: New England Federalists What: a series of meetings from December 15, 1814 - January 5, 1815 in Hartford, Connecticut, What: December 1814 - A convention of New England merchants who opposed the Embargo and other trade restriction, and the War of 1812. They proposed some Amendments to the Constitution and advocated the right of states to nullify federal laws. They also discussed the idea of seceding from the U.S. if their desires were ignored. The Hartford Convention turned public sentiment against the Federalists and led to the demise of the party. When: 1814 Where: New England Why: news of Major General Andrew Jackson's overwhelming victory in New Orleans swept over the Northeast, discrediting and disgracing the Federalists, resulting in the downfall of the party. | 15 | |
| 5108941314 | Treaty of Ghent | Who: America and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland signed in Ghent (modern day Belgium, then in limbo between the First French Empire and United Kingdom of the Netherlands), was the peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 between the United States of America and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland When: Dec. 24, 1814 Where: modern day Belgium Why: The treaty largely restored relations between the two nations to status quo antebellum. Because of the era's slow communications, it took weeks for news of the peace treaty to reach the United States, and the Battle of New Orleans was fought after it was signed. | 16 | |
| 5108941315 | Battle of New Orleans | Who: American forces, commanded by Major General Andrew Jackson What: defeated an invading British Army intent on seizing New Orleans and the vast territory the United States had acquired with the Louisiana Purchase When: January 8, 1815 - 2 weeks after the end of the War of 1812 Why: was the final major battle of the War of 1812 | 17 | |
| 5108941316 | War of 1812 | A war between the U.S. and Great Britain caused by American outrage over the impressment of American sailors by the British, the British seizure of American ships, and British aid to the Indians attacking the Americans on the western frontier. Effects: Also, a war against Britain gave the U.S. an excuse to seize the British northwest posts and to annex Florida from Britain's ally Spain, and possibly even to seize Canada from Britain. The War Hawks (young westerners led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun) argued for war in Congress. The war involved several sea battles and frontier skirmishes. U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson seized Florida and at one point the British managed to invade and burn Washington, D.C. The Treaty of Ghent (December 1814) restored the status quo and required the U.S. to give back Florida. Two weeks later, Andrew Jackson's troops defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans, not knowing that a peace treaty had already been signed. The war strengthened American nationalism and encouraged the growth of industry. | 18 | |
| 5108941317 | Barbary pirates | The name given to several renegade countries on the Mediterranean coast of North Africa who demanded tribute in exchange for refraining from attacking ships in the Mediterranean. From 1795-1801, the U.S. paid the Barbary states for protection against the pirates. Jefferson stopped paying the tribute, and the U.S. fought the Barbary Wars (1801-1805) against the countries of Tripoli and Algeria. The war was inconclusive and the U.S. went back to paying the tribute. | 19 | |
| 5108941318 | Lewis and Clark Expedition | An expedition sent by Thomas Jefferson to explore the northwestern territories (Louisiana territory) of the United States ; led by Merriwether Lewis and William Clark; traveled from St. Louis to the mouth of the Columbia River from 1803 to 1806 | 20 | |
| 5108941319 | Cane Ridge | Summer of 1801 a group of evangelical ministers presided over the nations first "camp meeting", a revival that lasted several days and some 25,000 people attended. Had a lasting influence as one of the landmark events of the Second Great Awakening | 21 | |
| 5108941320 | Eli Whitney | A mechanical genius who invented the cotton gin, which was machine that separated the cotton from the seed. This greatly improved efficiency, and the South was able to clear more acres of cotton fields, which also increased the demand for slaves. | 22 | |
| 5108941321 | Handsome Lake | An Iroquois prophet that lead his people through a religious renewal and cultural revitalization as a strategy of resistance against white attempts of assimilation. He tried to encourage tribe to forsake alcohol and affirm family values. His teachings survived in the form of longhouse religion. | 23 | |
| 5108941322 | Judith Sargent Murray | In her work On the Equality of Sexes (1779) she argued that men and women had the same mental capacity and that women had superior imaginations. She conceded that most women were inferior to men in judgement and reasoning. but only from a lack of training. Women, therefore, should have the same educational opportunities as men, to earn their own livings and to establish roles for themeselves in society apart from their husbands and families. Her ideas attracted relatively little support | 24 | |
| 5108941323 | Noah Webster | "Schoolmaster of the Republic." Wrote reading primers and texts for school use to promote patriotism. He was most famous for his dictionary, first published in 1828, which standardized the English language in America. | 25 | |
| 5108941324 | Robert Fulton | A painter/ engineer who got financial backing to build a powerful steam engine (Clermont). Skeptics called it ''Fulton's Folly''. But in 1807 the boat made the 150 mile run from New York City up the Hudson River to Albany in 32 hours. Within a few years Fulton changed all of America's navigable streams into two-way arteries and forever changed the way the West and the South could transport their goods. | 26 | |
| 5108941325 | Second Great Awakening | A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans. | 27 | |
| 5108941326 | Toussaint L'Ouverture | Was an important leader of the Haïtian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti; in a long struggle again the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the French and free coloreds and secured native control over the colony in 1797, calling himself a dictator. His military genius and political acumen transformed an entire society of slaves into the independent state of Haiti. The success of the Haitian Revolution shook the institution of slavery throughout the New World | 28 | |
| 5108941327 | Samuel Slater | Known as the "Father of the American Industrial Revolution" and "Father of the American Factory System"; escaped Britain with the memorized plans for the textile machinery; oversaw construction of the nation's first successful water-powered cotton mill. | 29 | |
| 5108941328 | New Light Dissenter | religious skeptics; rejected predestination, abstained from the Second Great Awakening | 30 | |
| 5108953312 | Deist | One who believes in God, but denies supernatural revelation. | 31 | |
| 5108971148 | Sacajawea | A Native American woman who proved an indispensable guide to Lewis and Clark during their 1804-1806 expedition. She showed the men how to forage for food and helped them maintain good relations with tribes in the Northwest. | 32 | |
| 5108974022 | Tecumseh | A Shawnee chief who, along with his brother, Tenskwatawa, a religious leader known as The Prophet, worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes. The league of tribes was defeated by an American army led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Tecumseh was killed fighting for the British during the War of 1812 at the Battle of the Thames in 1813. | 33 | |
| 5108977525 | Treaty of Ghent | December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border. | 34 | |
| 5108982422 | Camp Meetings | A tool of the Second Great Awakening where people would gather to hear hellfire speeches. | 35 | |
| 5108995031 | Aaron Burr | Aaron Burr was one of the leading Democratic-Republicans of New york, and served as a U.S. Senator from New York from 1791-1797. He was the principal opponent of Alexander Hamilton's Federalist policies. In the election of 1800, Burr tied with Jefferson in the Electoral College. The House of Representatives awarded the Presidency to Jefferson and made Burr Vice- President. | 36 | |
| 5108997124 | American Shipping | Great Britian set up a blacked along the German coast to keep goods from getting through. | 37 | |
| 5109012111 | Industrialism | an economic system built on large industries rather than on agriculture or craftsmanship | 38 | |
| 5109020897 | John Marshall | American jurist and politician who served as the chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1801-1835) and helped establish the practice of judicial review. | 39 | |
| 5109024241 | Lousiana Purchase | The selling of Louisiana by the French to the United States in 1803 for about $15 million; Jefferson was hesitant about the purchase, as he didn't believe it was constitutional, however he eventually submitted to the treaties of Congress. It essentially doubled the size of the U.S. | 40 | |
| 5109030499 | Mercy Otis Warren | Massachusetts colonist who wrote poems and plays supporting the patriot cause | 41 | |
| 5109034019 | Neolin | A western Delaware Indian. In 1761 had a vision in which God commanded Indians to resume their ancestral ways. Called for the end of Indian dependence on Anglo-Americans because God was punishing Indians for accepting European ways. The result of this was Pontiac's War. | 42 | |
| 5109037946 | New Light Dissenters | People who changed their religious views to make them more compatible with the world of scientific rationalism. | 43 | |
| 5109089716 | The Embargo | Which act was intended to ban all American exports, thereby crippling the British and French economies? | 44 | |
| 5109101403 | Washington Irving | Author, diplomat, wrote The Sketch Book, which included "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," the first American to be recognized in England (and elsewhere) as a writer | 45 |
