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| 11045625429 | Judiciary Act of 1789 | Established a federal district court in each state and 3 circuit courts to hear appeals from the districts, with the Supreme Court having the final say. | 0 | |
| 11045625430 | Bill of Rights | First 10 amendments to the Constitution, officially ratified in 1791. The amendments safeguard fundamental personal rights, including freedom of speech and religion, and mandate legal procedures, such as trial by jury. | 1 | |
| 11045625431 | Report on the Public Credit | Alexander Hamilton's 1790 report recommending that the federal government should assume all state debts and fund the national debt — that is, offer interest on it rather than repaying it — at full value. Hamilton's goal was to make the new country creditworthy, not debt-free. | 2 | |
| 11045625432 | Bank of the United States | A bank chartered in 1790 and jointly owned by private stockholders and the national government. A. Hamilton argued that the bank would provide stability to the American economy by making loans to merchants, handling government fund, and issuing bills of credit. | 3 | |
| 11045625433 | Report on Manufactures | A proposal by treasury secretary Alexander Hamilton in 1791 calling for the federal government to urge the expansion of American manufacturing while imposing tariffs on foreign imports. | 4 | |
| 11045625434 | Proclamation of Neutrality | Issued in 1793 by President Washington, this allowed US citizens to trade with all belligerents of the european war. As neutral carriers, American merchant ships claimed a right to pass through Britain's naval blockade of French ports and American firms quickly took over the lucrative sugar trade between France and its West Indian Islands. | 5 | |
| 11045625435 | Whiskey Rebellion | A protest caused by tax on liquor; it tested the will of the government; Washington's quick response showed the government's strength and mercy (led an army to put down the rebellion) | 6 | |
| 11045625436 | Jay's Treaty | A 1795 treaty between the US and Britain that accepted Britain right to stop neutral ships. In return, Americans were allowed to submit claims for illegal seizures. Britain withdrew form the Northwest Territory. | 7 | |
| 11045625437 | XYZ Affair | A 1797 incident which American negotiators in France were rebuffed for refusing to pay a substantial bribe. the incident led to an undeclared war that curtailed American trade with the French West Indies. | 8 | |
| 11045625438 | Naturalization, Alien, and Sedition Acts | Three laws passed in 1798: The Naturalization Act lengthened the residency requirement for citizenship, The Alien Act authorized the deportation of foreigners, and The Sedition prohibited the publication of insults or malicious attacks on the president or Congress. | 9 | |
| 11045625439 | Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions | Resolutions of 1798 condemning the Alien and Sedition Acts that were submitted to the federal government by the Virginia and Kentucky state legislatures. The resolutions tested the idea that state legislatures could judge the constitutionality of federal laws and nullify them. | 10 | |
| 11045625440 | Treaty of Greenville | A 1795 treaty between the United States and various Indian tribes in Ohio. American negotiators acknowledged Indian ownership of the land, and, in return for various payments, the Western Confederacy ceded most of Ohio to the United States. | 11 | |
| 11045625441 | Marbury vs. Madison | A Supreme Court case that established the concept of judicial review in finding that parts of the Judiciary Act of 1789 were in conflict with the Constitution. | 12 | |
| 11045625442 | Louisiana Purchase | 1803 - The U.S. purchased the land from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains from Napoleon for $15 million. Jefferson was interested in the territory because it would give the U.S. the Mississippi River and New Orleans (both were valuable for trade and shipping) and also room to expand. Napoleon wanted to sell because he needed money for his European campaigns and because a rebellion against the French in Haiti had soured him on the idea of New World colonies. The Constitution did not give the federal government the power to buy land, so Jefferson used loose construction to justify the purchase. | 13 | |
| 11045625443 | Embargo Act of 1807 | An act of Congress that prohibited U.S. ships from traveling to foreign ports and effectively banned overseas trade in an attempt to deter Britain from halting U.S. ships at sea. The embargo caused grave hardships for Americans engaged in overseas commerce. | 14 | |
| 11045625444 | Battle of Tippecanoe | Battle between Americans and Native Americans. Tecumseh and the Prophet attempted to oppress white settlement in the West, but defeated by William Henry Harrison. Led to talk of Canadian invasion and served as a cause to the War of 1812. | 15 | |
| 11045625445 | Treaty of Ghent | December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border. | 16 | |
| 11045625446 | McCulloch vs. Maryland | 1819 Supreme Court decision that established the supremacy of the national government over state governments; in deciding this case, Chief Justice John Marshall and his colleagues held that Congress had certain implied powers in addition to enumerated powers found in the Constitution | 17 | |
| 11045625447 | Adams-Onis Treaty | Settled border disputes with Spain, US got Florida, US gave up claims to what is now northern Texas, clarified boundary of Louisiana Territory | 18 | |
| 11045625448 | Monroe Doctrine | A declaration by the President in 1823 that warned European powers to keep out of the Western Hemisphere and pledged that the United States would not intervene in the internal affairs of Europe. | 19 | |
| 11045625449 | Alexander Hamilton | Leader of the federalists. Secretary of the treasury to G Washington. Wanted to enhance national authority to assist financiers and merchants and outlined his plans to congress. He thought America should pay back its debts from the war so America would have good credit to secure loans. Plans were controversial. Helped create the first national bank. His plans for excise taxes led to the whiskey rébellion 1794. Urged the expansion of American manufacturing but didn't support high tariffs. His plans worked because trade grew and paid off the national debt. | 20 | |
| 11045625450 | Thomas Jefferson | G Washington's Secretary of State. Very against Hamilton's plans and policies. Set his democratic vision of America in a society of independent yeomen farm families | 21 | |
| 11045625451 | John Adams | Federalist. XYZ affair. Naturalization, Alien, and Sedition acts. | 22 | |
| 11045625452 | John Marshall | Declared only the Supreme Court held the power of constitutional review. Voided a section of the Judiciary Act of 1789, in effect asserting the Court's authority to review congressional legislature and interpret the Constitution. | 23 | |
| 11045625453 | Tecumseh | Revived the Western Confederacy in 1809 and urged the Indian people's to shun the Americans. Mobilized his people for war. William Henry Harrison attacked first and killed tons of his people at the Battle of Tillecanoe. | 24 | |
| 11045625454 | Henry Clay | Negotiator of treaties including the Treaty of Ghent. Pushed through legislation for the Second National Bank in 1816. Federalist. Won passage of the Bonus Bill for internal improvements but it was vetoed by Madison. | 25 | |
| 11045625455 | John Quincy Adams | Negotiated Rush-Bagpt Treaty, the establishment of the 49th parallel and the Adams-Onis treaty of 1819. Played a role in asserting America's leadership in the Western Hemisphere. Led the Republican Party with Henry Clay. Later becomes president. | 26 |
