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| 4929929764 | Alexander Hamilton | Was a Founding Father of the United States, chief staff aide to General George Washington, one of the most influential interpreters and promoters of the U.S. Constitution, the founder of the nation's financial system, and the founder of the Federalist Party. | 0 | |
| 4929931656 | Thomas Jefferson | Was an American Founding Father and the principal author of the Declaration of Independence. He was elected the second Vice President of the United States, serving under John Adams and in 1800 was elected the third President. | 1 | |
| 4929933060 | George Washington | Was the first President of the United States, the Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. | 2 | |
| 4929935267 | John Adams | Was an American lawyer, author, statesman, and diplomat. He served as the second President of the United States, the first Vice President, and as a Founding Father was a leader of American independence from Great Britain. | 3 | |
| 4929937771 | Executive departments | Agencies of the federal government responsible for carrying out laws, administering programs, and making regulations in their particular area of responsibility. | 4 | |
| 4929941417 | Henry Knox | In 1775 George Washington ordered him, the nation's first secretary of war, to bring the British artillery back to the siege of Boston that was captured at Fort Ticonderoga. | 5 | |
| 4929944956 | Judiciary Act of 1789: | Congress passed this Act which created the federal-court system. The act managed to quiet popular apprehensions by establishing in each state a federal district court that operated according to local procedures. | 6 | |
| 4929950995 | Bill of Rights | The Bill of Rights was created to protect individuals from government interference and possible tyranny. The Bill of Rights, drafted by a group led by James Madison, consisted of the first ten amendments to the Constitution, which guaranteed the civil rights of American citizens. | 7 | |
| 4929956688 | National Debt | Hamilton proposed to pay the Burrells and other Confederation note holders with new government-issued, interest-bearing securities, thereby creating a permanent national debt owned by most wealthy families. | 8 | |
| 4929983884 | National Bank | Hamilton's big idea; fiercely opposed by Jefferson and Democratic-Rep. The bank would regulate money and draw investors; showed that the constitution could be construed in many a way. | 9 | |
| 4929987293 | Article 1 Section 8 of the Constitution | It empowered Congress to make "all laws which shall be necessary and proper" to carry out the provision of the Constitution. | 10 | |
| 4930015386 | Excise tax | Government imposes a tax on specific goods and services such as alcohol, cigarettes, gasoline, and airline. | 11 | |
| 4930021709 | Revenue tariff | Tax on imports used primarily to raise government revenue without restricting imports. | 12 | |
| 4930026788 | Federalists | Supporters of the Constitution that were led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams. They firmly believed the national government should be strong. They didn't want the Bill of Rights because they felt citizens' rights were already well protected by the Constitution. | 13 | |
| 4930037705 | Democratic Republicans | Led by Thomas Jefferson, believed people should have political power, favored strong STATE governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution, pro-French, opposed National Bank. | 14 | |
| 4930046497 | Proclamation of Neutrality | A formal announcement issued by President George Washington on April 22, 1793, declaring the United States a neutral nation in the conflict between Great Britain and France. | 15 | |
| 4930050365 | Whiskey Rebellion | In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. | 16 | |
| 4930056120 | Jay's Treaty 1795 | It required Great Britain to remove troops from northwestern frontier. | 17 | |
| 4930061988 | President John Adams | He was elected the first vice president of the United States. In 1796, he overcame Hamilton's opposition to his candidacy to win a narrow victory for the presidency. Vilified by the Republicans for not vetoing the Alien and Sedition Acts, he was defeated for reelection by Jefferson in 1800. | 18 | |
| 4930069335 | Minister Talleyrand | A french minister, in America, who solicited a loan and a bribe from American diplomats to stop the seizures. | 19 | |
| 4930085376 | XYZ affair | France began to break off relations with the U.S. Adams sent delegates to meet with French foreign minister Talleyrand in the hopes of working things out. Talleyrand's three agents told the American delegates that they could meet with Talleyrand only in exchange for a very large bribe. The Americans did not pay the bribe, and in 1798 Adams made the incident public, substituting the letters "X, Y and Z" for the names of the three French agents in his report to Congress. | 20 | |
| 4930095526 | Naturalization Act | (1798) Required that aliens be residents for 14 years instead of 5 years before they became eligible for U.S. citizenship. | 21 | |
| 4930098976 | Alien Act | It increased the years it took an immigrant to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years and the power of the President to deport or imprison any dangerous alien. | 22 | |
| 4930098977 | Sedition Act | Made it a crime to criticize the government or government officials. Opponents claimed that it violated citizens' rights to freedom of speech and freedom of the press, guaranteed by the First Amendment. | 23 | |
| 4930100216 | Virginia & Kentucky | Madison and Jefferson came up with these resolves in response to Alien and Sedition Acts. They proposed that states be empowered to nullify federal laws. The resolves were only adopted in Kentucky and Virginia, and this died. | 24 | |
| 4930100217 | Resolutions | Were bills that set up operation rules for Congress to express an opinion, or request information from the executive branch. | 25 | |
| 4930101920 | The Revolution of 1800 | Was a presidential campaign where much mud was thrown around, and Jefferson beats Aaron Burr in a house of Representatives vote, knocks Federalists out of power. Considered this because power changed hands peaceably between parties. | 26 | |
| 4930139720 | Treaty of Fort Stanwix | On November 5, 1768, Sir William Johnson signed this treaty with the Six Nations of the Iroquois, relinquishing all Iroquois claims to the property west of the Allegheny Mountains and east of the Ohio River, comprising all of present-day West Virginia except the extreme southwestern part of the state. | 27 | |
| 4930143135 | The Western Confederacy of Native Americans | Was one of the strongest Native American alliances had achieved major victories over the United States in 1790 and 1791, alarming Washington's administration. | 28 | |
| 4930157204 | Battle of Fallen Timbers | The U.S. Army defeated the Native Americans under Shawnee Chief Blue Jacket and ended Native American hopes of keeping their land that lay north of the Ohio River. | 29 | |
| 4930159376 | Treaty of Greenville assimilation | Miami Confederacy agrees to give up most of Ohio in exchange for $20,000 and a yearly sum of $10,000. US gains control of Northwest Territory. | 30 | |
| 4930161528 | The "Cotton Kingdom" | The south became known as this because of mass production of cotton. | 31 | |
| 4930178560 | Eli Whitney & the cotton gin | Inventor of interchangeable parts and the Cotton Gin, Increased the need for slaves to do the labor. | 32 | |
| 4930180465 | Virginia Dynasty | This comprised of the four of the first five presidents (Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe), all of whom Virginian plantation owners. | 33 | |
| 4930185730 | Barbary Pirates | Plundering pirates off the Mediterranean coast of Africa; President Thomas Jefferson's refusal to pay them tribute to protect American ships sparked an undeclared naval war with North African nations. | 34 | |
| 4930187856 | John Marshall | American jurist and politician who served as the chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1801-1835) and helped establish the practice of judicial review. | 35 | |
| 4930200534 | Judiciary Act of 1801/"midnight appointees" | Jefferson secured repeal of this act, ousting forty of Adams's midnight appointees. | 36 | |
| 4930202355 | Marbury v Madison | Marbury was a midnight appointee of the Adams administration and sued Madison for commission. Chief Justice Marshall said the law that gave the courts the power to rule over this issue was unconstitutional. established judicial review. | 37 | |
| 4930204206 | Pinckney's Treaty of 1795 | This treaty was with Spain, and granted the Americans virtually everything they demanded, including free navigation of the Mississippi and the large disputed territory north of Florida. | 38 | |
| 4930209266 | Toussaint L'Overture | Led a slave rebellion which took control of Haiti, the most important island of France's Caribbean possessions. The rebellion led Napoleon to feel that New World colonies were more trouble than they were worth, and encouraged him to sell Louisiana to the U.S. | 39 | |
| 4930210702 | Louisiana Purchase | The U.S. purchased the land from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains from Napoleon for $15 million. Jefferson was interested in the territory because it would give the U.S. the Mississippi River and New Orleans (both were valuable for trade and shipping) and also room to expand. | 40 | |
| 4930217082 | Lewis & Clark expedition | Meriwether Lewis and William Clark were commissioned by Jefferson to map and explore the Louisiana Purchase region. Beginning at St. Louis, Missouri, the expedition traveled up the Missouri River to the Great Divide, and then down the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean. | 41 | |
| 4930221242 | Aaron Burr | He was one of the leading Democratic-Republicans of New york, and served as a U.S. Senator from New York from 1791-1797. He was the principal opponent of Alexander Hamilton's Federalist policies. In the election of 1800, Burr tied with Jefferson in the Electoral College. The House of Representatives awarded the Presidency to Jefferson and made Burr Vice- President. | 42 | |
| 4930225608 | The Embargo Act of 1807 | Act passed by Jefferson in an attempt to force both the French and British to repeal their no trade clause. However, this plan backfired and only angered Americans while also crippling the economy do to the outlaw of foreign trade. | 43 | |
| 4930245875 | Madison's non-intercourse act | Madison replaced the Embargo act, with a series of new economic restrictions, none of which persuaded Britain or France to respect American interests. | 44 | |
| 4930259413 | Tecumseh & Tenskwatawa | Shawnee brothers who unified many indian tribes in a last ditch battle with the settlers; allied with the British. | 45 | |
| 4930262502 | Battle of Tippecanoe | Battle between Americans and Native Americans. Tecumseh and the Prophet attempted to oppress white settlement in the West, but defeated by William Henry Harrison. Led to talk of Canadian invasion and served as a cause to the War of 1812. | 46 | |
| 4930264088 | William Henry Harrison | Was an American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. His death created a brief Constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe. | 47 | |
| 4930265269 | Henry Clay | A northern American politician. He developed the American System as well as negotiated numerous compromises. | 48 | |
| 4930280639 | John C. Calhoun | In 1828, he lead the fight against protective tariffs which hurt the south economically. Created the doctrine of nullification which said that a state could decide if a law was constitutional. This situation became known as the Nullification Crisis. | 49 | |
| 4930283887 | War Hawks | Southerners and Westerners who were eager for war with Britain. They had a strong sense of nationalism, and they wanted to takeover British land in North America and expand. | 50 | |
| 4930284869 | Daniel Webster | Senator of Massachusetts; famous American politician & orator; advocated renewal & opposed the financial policy of Jackson; many of the principles of finance he spoke about were later incorporated in the Federal Reserve System; later pushed for a strong union. | 51 | |
| 4930286502 | Andrew Jackson | Was the seventh President of the United States, who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans. As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers. | 52 | |
| 4930291658 | Battle of Horseshoe Bend | Was fought during the War of 1812 in central Alabama. On March 27, 1814, United States forces and Indian allies under General Andrew Jackson defeated the Red Sticks, a part of the Creek Indian tribe inspired by the Shawnee leader Tecumseh, effectively ending the Creek War. | 53 | |
| 4930292715 | Hartford Convention 1814 | A convention of New England merchants who opposed the Embargo and other trade restriction, and the War of 1812. They proposed some Amendments to the Constitution and advocated the right of states to nullify federal laws. | 54 | |
| 4930296768 | Battle of New Orleans | A battle during the War of 1812 where the British army attempted to take New Orleans. Due to the foolish frontal attack, Jackson defeated them, which gave him an enormous popularity boost. | 55 | |
| 4930298883 | Treaty of Ghent | December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border. | 56 | |
| 4930301073 | Second Bank of the United States | Institution chartered in 1816 under President Madison and became a depository for federal funds and a creditor for state banks. | 57 | |
| 4930303705 | McCulloch v Maryland | 1819, Chief justice john Marshall limits of the US constitution and of the authority of the federal and state governments, one side was opposed to establishment of a national bank and challenged the authority of federal govt to establish one. | 58 | |
| 4930307868 | Gibbons v Ogden | Commerce clause case. Decision greatly enlarged Congress' interstate commerce clause power by broadly defining the meaning of "commerce" to include virtually all types of economic activity. | 59 | |
| 4930311508 | Fletcher v Peck | Supreme Court case which protected property rights and asserted the right to invalidate state laws in conflict with the Constitution. | 60 | |
| 4930314710 | Dartmouth v Woodward | It distinguished public and private corporations. charters of municipal corporations can be meddled with by the state, while private corporations like colleges cannot. New Hampshire trying to transfer's Dartmouth's charter to the state, without compensation, offended the "contract clause" and was disallowed. | 61 | |
| 4930319215 | John Quincy Adams | Son of President John Adams and the secretary of state to James Monroe, he largely formulated the Monroe Doctrine. He was the sixth president of the United States and later became a representative in Congress. | 62 | |
| 4930323372 | Adams-Onis Treaty | 1819 treaty, between the United States and Spain, in which Spain ceded Florida to the United States. | 63 | |
| 4930326917 | Monroe Doctrine | A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere. | 64 | |
| 4930328332 | Era of Good Feelings | A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts. | 65 | |
| 4930333001 | Frontier thesis of the War of 1812 | Is the argument advanced by historian Frederick Jackson Turner in 1893 that American democracy was formed by the American frontier. | 66 |
