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| 7291817495 | The Bering Strait | Groups of people began to cross it during the last Ice Age, moving Southward | 0 | |
| 7291853123 | Basis of diversified societies | Cultures began to develop among different groups of native peoples. New languages, governments, religions, social organizations, etc. | 1 | |
| 7291963882 | Agricultural Revolution | Crops such as beans, tomatoes, and corn were brought to the Americas. Allowed farmers to store crops and settle in one place for the first time, giving way to larger, more complex societies | 2 | |
| 7291972010 | The Olmecs | Located in the Tropical lowlands of Central Mexico, the first city builders in the Americas, influenced many other American cultures | 3 | |
| 7292003522 | The Mayans | Located in the lowland jungles of the Yucatan Peninsula, advanced society | 4 | |
| 7292013270 | The Aztecs | Located in Central Mexico, large, powerful, wealthy empire with a set social hierarchy. Tenochtitlán was their main/biggest city | 5 | |
| 7292021523 | The Mogollan | Located in the American Southwest (Southern New Mexico), successful farmers, clustered near streams. Known for their intricate pottery | 6 | |
| 7292028614 | The Hohokam | Located in the American Southwest (Southern Arizona), successful farmers, clustered near streams. Known for their complex irrigation systems | 7 | |
| 7292031367 | The Anasazi | Located in the Colorado Plateau, Four Corners of Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, & Utah. Complex societies that lasted over 1,000 years | 8 | |
| 7300541711 | Eastern Woodlands peoples | Located east of the Mississippi in valleys near rivers (Mississippi, Ohio, Tennessee, & Cumberland), lived mostly off of animals, fish, and nuts | 9 | |
| 7300545298 | The Adena & Hopewell | Eastern Woodlands, located around Northeastern Louisiana, moundbuilders, did not farm | 10 | |
| 7300548133 | Moundbuilding | Ancient man-made earthen mounds that evoked curiosity for thousands of years | 11 | |
| 7300550054 | Mississippian culture | Eastern Woodlands, premier city-builders in North America, farming played a major role in society | 12 | |
| 7300552036 | Cahokia | A port city, center of trade for Mississippian people. Featured around 100 flat-topped pyramidal mounds in the plaza | 13 | |
| 7300555392 | Great Plains & migratory peoples | Relied less on farming and more on hunting and foraging, migrated seasonally based on where resources were | 14 | |
| 7300557036 | The Great Basin | Present-day Nevada, Utah, eastern California, western Wyoming, & Colorado. Hunted in family groups & migrated seasonally. Seeds, nuts, and plants were kept for times of scarcity | 15 | |
| 7300587794 | Peoples of the Pacific Northwest | Coast from present-day British Columbia to Northern California, very resourceful area. Agriculture was unnecessary, allowing leisure time for art & elaborate social & ceremonial lives | 16 | |
| 7300592802 | Rise of Agriculture | Native peoples began the process of domestic cultivation, teosinte grass was transformed into a staple crop | 17 | |
| 7300595954 | Spread of American crops | Crops grown by Native Americans became increasingly important worldwide | 18 | |
| 7300602220 | Plant domestication | Native peoples began using the land & plants around them to their advantage, most of the Amazon was shaped by people | 19 | |
| 7300607015 | Use of controlled burning | Used to reshape land. In the Eastern & Western forests, low fires helped clean out undergrowth & fallen trees. Helped hunters by increasing food supply, attracting valued game, and clearing the ground making tracking, killing, & transporting game easier | 20 | |
| 7300611562 | Impact of north-south axis | America is stretched from north to south, geography & climates are vastly different, making communication difficult | 21 | |
| 7300613968 | Transfer of knowledge & products | Because of the north-south axis, the transfer of knowledge & products was often delayed for up to thousands of years. It took generations for cultures to perfect their lifestyles and fit their climates | 22 | |
| 7300622714 | Eurasia's deadly advantage & animal domestication | Close quarters between people & domesticated animals in Eurasia gave way to many diseases and immunity grew over time. Due to the lack of domesticated animals in the Americas, Native Americans were not immune. Contact w/ European colonizers plagued Native populations with multiple deadly diseases, often at the same time | 23 | |
| 7300622715 | Speculation on sudden declines | The biggest civilizations on the continent declined quickly & mysteriously, like the Olmecs, Mayans, Mogollons, Hohokams, Anasazi, Eastern Woodlands peoples, and Mississippians & Cahokia. This was most likely due to a complex & unclear mix of ecological and social factors | 24 | |
| 7300645689 | Paquime & the Pueblos | Survivors of the declines (mostly Anasazi) moved to the villages in Arizona & New Mexico called the Pueblos. Paquime was a major trading city with an intricate water & sewage system. | 25 | |
| 7300677282 | Muskogean peoples | Eastern Woodland peoples. Mississippians in the Southeast, maintained key traditions, moundbuilding & a rigid social hierarchy. Others formed egalitarian villages, eventually becoming the Creek, Choctaw, & Chikasaw | 26 | |
| 7300685872 | Iroquois peoples | Eastern Woodland peoples, lived in the North in towns, hunted, farmed, & foraged. Cherokees, Tuscaroras, Iroquois, Hurons | 27 | |
| 7300690462 | Algonquins | Eastern Woodland peoples, lived in small communities around the Atlantic coast & Great Lakes. Agriculture from Southern New England to Virginia, hunting, fishing, & gathering in the North. | 28 | |
| 7300697459 | Caribbean culture | Taino peoples, expanded throughout the Greater Antilles & the Bahamas. Chiefs & noble families ruled tribes & controlled production & distribution of food & tools, poorest peoples were servants | 29 | |
| 7300707122 | Diversity of Native Peoples | Over 350 societies in North America, all vastly different, with a population of between 5-10 million by the fifteenth century | 30 | |
| 7300717146 | The Clovis Discoveries | Main point of agreement among archeologists & anthropologists with regard to tracking the first Americans. Stone spearpoints were found in bison & mammoth bones, radiocarbon dating indicated they were much older than they previously thought North American native cultures were (10,800-11,500 years as opposed to the assumed 4,000) | 31 | |
| 7300728017 | Evidence of migration from Siberia to North America | Main point of agreement among archeologists & anthropologists with regard to tracking the first Americans. Siberians must have walked to the New World rather than sailed because of cold temperatures & ice. Scientists believe they used a land bridge that existed from 25,000 B.P. to 15,000 B.P. | 32 | |
| 7300743414 | An even earlier arrival | Two archeological teams claim to have evidence of migration/civilization from 16,000 to even 30,000 years ago. There is great debate over whether or not this information is accurate | 33 | |
| 7300755380 | John Cabot | Italian, discovered Newfoundland, which became the hub of North-Atlantic fishery | 34 | |
| 7300758290 | Changes in Europe | Technological: advances in navigating, shipbuilding, and the use of gunpowder Economic: development of trade networks Demographic: rises in European population after the plague Religious: added the aspect of belief to politics Political: kingdoms could centralize & expand themselves | 35 | |
| 7300766270 | China's Glory | Ming China most powerful in 1450, "treasure fleet" of 300 ships, 28,000 soldiers, commanded by Zheng He | 36 | |
| 7300772268 | Islamic Kingdoms | Big powers in the Old World, like the Ottomans, huge controls over trade routes | 37 | |
| 7300778009 | Vulnerability of Europe in the 15th Century | Far from Asia's trade & threatened by the Ottomans. Warfare, poor transportation, and low grain yields created food shortages & much of Europe was malnourished and disease-prone. Feudalism, violence, death, homicide, robbery, rape | 38 | |
| 7300790279 | The Black Death | Late 1340s & early 1350s, killed 25% of the European population. Sparked religious movements. Less population meant better wages, lower prices, more land, & an increase in trade & wealth | 39 | |
| 7300806993 | Birth of Nation States | Created by leaders extending their political control over more territory, people, & resources. These larger, centrally-organized states could gather the necessary resources for colonies, & the armies & navies needed to protect them | 40 | |
| 7300815496 | The Portuguese & Prince Henry | Europeans struggled to sail to Africa for its goods because of the currents, he helped the Portuguese develop the caravel, a lighter, more maneuverable ship | 41 | |
| 7300819794 | Portuguese Expansion & West African States | West African societies were extremely organized, and the Europeans could not just take what they wanted. Disease plagued the Europeans who were not as immune as Africans were | 42 | |
| 7300824356 | Changes in European slavery | As production of sugar increased, so did the need for free/cheap labor | 43 | |
| 7300826015 | Sugar & slavery | When Jerusalem was reconquered, new plantations were created on Eastern Mediterranean islands. Plantations continued spreading to different islands | 44 | |
| 7300830775 | Bartolomeu Dias | Portuguese, discovered a sea route to India in 1488 | 45 | |
| 7300834748 | Vasco de Gama | Reached India in 1498, allowing Portuguese to expand their interests to Indochina & China | 46 | |
| 7300837117 | Reconquista | Ferdinand & Isabella drove the Muslims out of Granada, reconquering Spain | 47 | |
| 7300838565 | Christopher Columbus | Believed there was a western route to Asia, sailed for Spain under the blessings of Ferdinand & Isabella. Reached the Bahamas & mistook it for Japan, and came across welcoming native people whom he dubbed "Indians" | 48 | |
| 7300845005 | Naming of America | Florentine Amerigo Vespucci dubbed Columbus' Indies "Mundus Novus", or New World. A German mapmaker called it America in Vespucci's honor and his maps were successful, the names stuck | 49 | |
| 7300857007 | Colonizing/oppressing the Caribbean Islands | Europeans realized the Native Taino peoples lacked military power, and Spanish colonizers forced a brutal regime on these peoples | 50 | |
| 7300861185 | Bartolome de Las Casas | Spaniard who spoke out against the exploitation. Spent years in the Caribbean participating in conquests & profiting from native labor. Had a change of heart & renounced his role in the conquest. Gave rise to the Black Legend. | 51 | |
| 7300865482 | The Black Legend | Referenced by Bartolome de Las Casas, regarding Spanish oppression of natives in the Americas | 52 | |
| 7300868511 | Native depopulation | Taino population nearly collapsed within a generation. War, overwork, malnutrition, despair, strange diseases. Bahamas were depopulated, conquests done in Cuba, Jamaica, & Puerto Rico | 53 | |
| 7300875240 | Hernán Cortés | Led an expedition, discovered & conquered the Aztecs | 54 | |
| 7300876963 | Factors leading to the conquest of the Aztec | Aztecs lacked metal tools, weaponry, firearms, & knowledge of ocean expedition. Aztec empire didn't have total control over Central Mexico, conquered city-states despised the Aztec | 55 | |
| 7300881880 | Virgin soil epidemics | Victims had no prior exposure/immunity to the diseases, gave Cortés the opportunity to put Tenochtitlán under siege, killing tens of thousands before survivors surrendered | 56 | |
| 7300889530 | Fransisco Pizarro | Spaniards under him conquered the Inca using political faction, disease, technological advances, and luck | 57 | |
| 7300898965 | The Columbian Exchange | Transfers of plants, animals, ideas, diseases, etc between different continents, ongoing event | 58 | |
| 7300902656 | Royal Spanish Control | Spain had finally tamed aristocracy at home & wouldn't allow colonial nobility, bribing conquistadors into retirement. Control of colonies was passed to officials, soldiers, lawyers, and Catholic bishops | 59 | |
| 7300922099 | The Silver Bonanza | Large amounts of silver were discovered in Mexico & Peru, was a huge deal, Spanish got rich | 60 | |
| 7301537071 | Ponce de León | Named Florida, met armed resistance from knowing natives who despised Spaniards in Florida, conquered Puerto Rico | 61 | |
| 7301760681 | Pánfilo de Narváez & Cabeza de Vaca | Led an expedition in Florida near Tampa in search of riches. Many men died due to illness & native attackers. Survivors built rafts and attempted to sail along the Gulf Coast of Mexico. Narváez & most of his men disappeared at sea, de Vaca & some survivors washed up near Texas, were caught by natives & escaped | 62 | |
| 7301765659 | Hernán de Soto | Scouted Southwest for riches, plundered through villages doing & taking whatever he wanted. His expedition was unfruitful, but it helped speed up the transformation of some Southeastern tribes into confederacies | 63 | |
| 7301766378 | Vázquez de Coronado | Led an expedition in the Southwest, found nothing & sent men in all directions, was later brought to trial for cruelty towards natives | 64 | |
| 7301769187 | Spanish dominance | Wealthy from the Americas, little competition, religious transformations in Europe helped distract from possible colonization | 65 | |
| 7301771575 | Rise of the Papacy | The Catholic Church in Europe became increasingly powerful. Land, bureaucracy/taxes, Indulgences. As the Church became more powerful, concerns about their intentions rose | 66 | |
| 7301775103 | The Protestant Reformation | Martin Luther, The 95 Theses, believed in salvation by faith | 67 | |
| 7303496740 | John Calvin | Father of Calvinism. Believed in predestination, that God has already determined/foreseen every thing you'll do in life, and therefore decided whether or not you will go to heaven or hell. The "elect" were God's agents, predestined for salvation. Acting as the "elect", increased one's chances of being one | 68 | |
| 7303510467 | Differences between Martin Luther and John Calvin | Martin Luther: - accepted social order and the Church - wrote for Germans - believed in salvation by faith John Calvin: - wanted people to become activists and reshape society - wrote for all of Europe - believed in predestination | 69 | |
| 7303516407 | French Huguenots & Spanish Florida | French Calvinists (Huguenots) moved to South Carolina to avoid persecution, but their settlement failed and later they moved to Florida. The Spanish saw the French as a threat and French ships were taking silver. The Spanish defeated the French in Florida and founded a permanent colony there | 70 | |
| 7303523315 | The English Reformation/Henry VIII | Henry VIII wanted a male heir, and in order to do that he believed needed a divorce, so he made himself head of the Church of England | 71 | |
| 7303532639 | English Puritans | Radical Calvinists, persecuted when Mary became the queen, defended by Elizabeth when she took the throne after Mary | 72 | |
| 7303535728 | Repression of the Irish | Elizabeth sponsored English protestants to settle on Ireland and subdue the native Irish to avoid a Spanish/French attack from there, teaching them to be English | 73 | |
| 7303540284 | Humphrey Gilbert's Utopian Dream | He was granted a charter, setting up a medieval kingdom in America with a feudal system. There was to be free land and an elected government. However, he got lost at sea before he could ever start this colony | 74 | |
| 7303545471 | Walter Raleigh | Was granted a charter and founded North Carolina and the Roanoke settlement | 75 | |
| 7303548642 | Richard Hakluyt's "A Discourse Concerning Westerne Planting" | A document written by Richard Hakluyt under Walter Raleigh that called for English settlement in America for the fertile lands, to harass the Spanish, to search for the Northwest Passage to China, and for havens for the poor | 76 | |
| 7303554860 | Roanoke/Croatoan | First settlement in North Carolina, founded by Raleigh who made friendly contact with natives there. Raleigh left and came back to a completely abandoned Roanoke, with the word Croatoan carved onto a post | 77 | |
| 7303566392 | Wingina/Relations between Indians & Colonists | He was the leader of the Roanoke tribe, believed being friendly to the Europeans would give him privileges. However, his plans failed, and he was eventually killed by Europeans | 78 |
