Terms : Hide Images
| 2798620038 | Renaissance | the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world. | 0 | |
| 2798620039 | Joint Stock Companies | Investors that would join forces in order to finance a voyage to the New World in hopes of making money. | 1 | |
| 2798620040 | Market Economy | An economic system based on free enterprise, in which businesses are privately owned, and production and prices are determined by supply and demand. | 2 | |
| 2798620041 | Protestant Reformation | A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches. | 3 | |
| 2798620042 | John Calvin | (1509-1564) French theologian who established a theocracy in Geneva and is best known for his theory of predestination. | 4 | |
| 2798620043 | Martin Luther | 16th century German monk and professor who is considered to be the person who started the Protestant Reformation; he began by criticizing Church practices (mainly indulgences) and ultimately broke with the Catholic Church to form his own new religious faith | 5 | |
| 2798620044 | Church of England | Church created in England as a result of a political dispute between Henry VIII and the Pope; Pope would not let Henry divorce his wife | 6 | |
| 2798620045 | Puritans | A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England of Roman Catholic rituals. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay. | 7 | |
| 2798620046 | Prince Henry | A Portuguese man who, in the early 1400s, built an observatory and founded a school of navigation to teach better methods of sailing. He also financed research by mapmakers and shipbuilders; he paid for expeditions to explore the west coast of Africa. | 8 | |
| 2798620047 | New Slavery | Form of slavery initiated by Portugal where African slaves were forced to work on sugar plantations and were subjected to new extremes of dehumanization. | 9 | |
| 2798620048 | Christopher Columbus | Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506) | 10 | |
| 2798620049 | Columbian Exchange | The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages. | 11 | |
| 2798620050 | Mestizo | A person of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry. | 12 | |
| 2798620051 | St. Augustine, FL | Spanish established 1st permanent settlement | 13 | |
| 2798620052 | "northwest passage" | A water route from the Atlantic to the Pacific through northern Canada and along the northern coast of Alaska. Sought by navigators since the 16th century. | 14 | |
| 2798620053 | New France | French colonies in North America; extended from St. Lawrence River along Great Lakes and down Mississippi River valley system. | 15 | |
| 2798620054 | Separatists | A small group of extreme Puritans who vowed to break away from the Church of England. Known as Pilgrims | 16 | |
| 2798620055 | England's objectives in the Western Hemisphere | Find the Northwest Passage and harass the Spanish | 17 | |
| 2798620056 | Roanoke | Established in 1587. Called the Lost Colony. It was financed by Sir Walter Raleigh, and its leader in the New World was John White. All the settlers disappeared, and historians still don't know what became of them. | 18 | |
| 2798620057 | Powhatan Indians | a group of Indians that helped the Jamestown settlers until the settlers demanded food from them; The Indians surrounding Jamestown that warred with the English colonists. Peace came when the chief's daughter married John Rolfe. | 19 | |
| 2798620058 | Tobacco | crop that saved Jamestown; attracted settlers to the colony | 20 | |
| 2798620059 | Jamestown, VA | first permanent English settlement in mainland America, established in 1607 by the Virginia Company and named in honor of King James I. | 21 | |
| 2798620060 | Headright System | were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists. | 22 | |
| 2798620061 | Indentured Servants | Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years | 23 | |
| 2798620062 | Mayflower Compact | A document written by the Pilgrims establishing themselves as a political society and setting guidelines for self-government. | 24 | |
| 2798620063 | New Netherlands | Dutch colonies in North America; New York area; relied on the fur trade | 25 | |
| 2798639126 | Royal Colony | A colony under the direct control of a monarch | 26 | |
| 2798639127 | Virginia Assembly | lawmaking body for the colony of Virginia | 27 | |
| 2798639128 | Proprietary Colony | colony run by individuals or groups to whom land was granted | 28 | |
| 2798639129 | Church of England in Virginia | received the most assistance from England, gained a foothold in the colonies; colonies suffered from a shortage of clergy | 29 | |
| 2798639130 | Lord Baltimore | founder of Maryland, a colony which offered religious freedom, and a refuge for the persecuted Roman Catholics. | 30 | |
| 2798639131 | Act for Religious Toleration | the first law in America to call for freedom of worship for all Christians. It was enacted in Maryland to 1649 to quell disputes between Catholics and Protestants, but it failed to bring peace; eventually repealed | 31 | |
| 2798639132 | Bacon's Rebellion | An outburst of violent protests by Nathaniel Bacon and other impoverished settlers against Gov. Berkeley for not providing them with land and monopolizing the fur trade. Raids against Native Americans. Uprising was crushed but landless whites were still angry. | 32 | |
| 2798639133 | Racial Slavery | developed in 3 stages: 1) identical to white indentured servants 2) increased lifelong enslavement 3) institutionalized slavery | 33 | |
| 2798639134 | Great Migration | Many Puritans migrated from England to North America during the 1620s to the 1640s due to belief that the Church of England was beyond reform. | 34 | |
| 2798639135 | Massachusetts Bay Company | A group of wealthy Puritans who were granted a royal charter in 1629 to settle in Massachusetts Bay | 35 | |
| 2798639136 | John Winthrop | Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony; envisioned the colony as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world. | 36 | |
| 2798639137 | Model of Christian Charity | famous sermon given by John Winthrop during the voyage across the Atlantic, telling his followers that they were going to found "A city on a hill" | 37 | |
| 2798639138 | Harvard College | First college in New World. Established by Puritans to train ministers. | 38 | |
| 2798639139 | Roger Williams | A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south | 39 | |
| 2798639140 | Anne Hutchinson | A Puritan woman who was well learned that disagreed with the Puritan Church in Massachusetts Bay Colony. Her actions resulted in her banishment from the colony, and later took part in the formation of Rhode Island. She displayed the importance of questioning authority. | 40 | |
| 2798639141 | Town Meetings | meeting in colonial New England where settlers discussed and voted on issues | 41 | |
| 2798639142 | Halfway Covenant | allowed partial membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church; It lessened the difference between the "elect" members of the church from the regular members | 42 | |
| 2798639143 | Pequot War | Bay colonists wanted to claim Connecticut for themselves but it belonged to the Pequot. The colonists burned down their village and 400 were killed | 43 | |
| 2798639144 | Praying Towns | Term for New England settlements where Indians from various tribes were gathered to be Christianized | 44 | |
| 2798639145 | New Amsterdam | A settlement established by the Dutch near the mouth of Hudson River and the southern end of Manhattan Island | 45 | |
| 2798639146 | William Penn | English Quaker, founded Pennsylvania in 1682, after receiving a charter from King Charles II the year before. He launched the colony as a "holy experiment" based on religious tolerance. | 46 | |
| 2798639147 | Quakers | A group of religious pacifists who were persecuted in Europe. William Penn established Pennsylvania as a safe haven for Quakers. | 47 | |
| 2798639149 | Demographics of New England | longer life span and lower infant mortality rate due to better diets; less disease as compared to Chesapeake colonies | 48 | |
| 2798639150 | Sugar | crop that changed the British West Indies from a society of small landholders using white servant labor into a society of large plantation owners using black slave labor | 49 | |
| 2798639151 | Rice | cash crop of South Carolina in the 1600s | 50 | |
| 2798639152 | New France | French colony based in Canada; relied on the fur trade and timber for the French navy | 51 | |
| 2798661920 | Glorious Revolution | A bloodless revolt in England against Catholic King James II that led to his overthrow and the appointment of Protestant daughter Mary to the throne. These events in England allowed many colonists in America to get rid of hated officials too | 52 | |
| 2798661921 | Iroquois Confederacy | a powerful group of Native Americans in the eastern part of the United States made up of five nations: the Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, and Oneida | 53 | |
| 2798661922 | Mercantilism | government policy aimed at achieving national economic self-sufficiency; govt regulates the nation's commercial interests | 54 | |
| 2798661923 | Navigation Acts | A series of British regulations which taxed goods imported by the colonies from places other than Britain, or otherwise sought to control and regulate colonial trade. Increased British-colonial trade and tax revenues. The Navigation Acts were reinstated after the French and Indian War because Britain needed to pay off debts incurred during the war, and to pay the costs of maintaining a standing army in the colonies. | 55 | |
| 2798661924 | French West Indies | group of small islands in the Caribbean that were conquered by the French; cash crop = sugar | 56 | |
| 2798661925 | Scots-Irish | A group of restless people who fled their home in Scotland in the 1600s to escape poverty and religious oppression. They first relocated to Ireland and then to America in the 1700s. They mainly lived in western PA, Virginia, Georgia, and the Carolinas. | 57 | |
| 2798661926 | Philadelphia | A city in southeastern Pennsylvania, named by William Penn; a major United States port; largest city in colonial America | 58 | |
| 2798661927 | convict labor | England had too many prisoners for their prisons so they started sending them to the colonies as cheap labor; Georgia | 59 | |
| 2798661928 | Middle Passage | the route in between the western ports of Africa to the Caribbean and southern U.S. that carried the slave trade | 60 | |
| 2798661929 | Stono Rebellion | 100 slaves rebelled in South Carolina, killing 100 whites and attempting to escape to Florida; whites quickly suppress rebellion; led Southern legislatures to pass strict slave laws and harsh punishments | 61 | |
| 2798661930 | Ohio River Valley | Fertile and strategic point of interest, became the center of many conflicts between the French and the British; significant for its fur trade and transportation | 62 | |
| 2798661931 | Covenant Chain | An alliance between the Iroquois Confederacy and the colony of New York which sought to establish Iroquois dominance over all other tribes and thus put New York in an economically and politically dominant position among the other colonies | 63 | |
| 2798661932 | Walking Purchase | A fraudulent transaction in 1737 whereby Pennsylvania Governor James Logan acquired a large tract of land by hiring runners to mark land; the Lenni Lanape Indians had agreed to cede land that a man could walk in thirty-six hours. | 64 | |
| 2798661933 | James Oglethorpe | Founder and governor of the Georgia colony. He ran a tightly-disciplined, military-like colony. Slaves, alcohol, and Catholicism were forbidden in his colony. Eventually Oglethorpe was dismissed and slavery was allowed | 65 | |
| 2798661934 | Florida | Spanish territory; refuge for escaped slaves from the English colonies | 66 | |
| 2798661935 | Colonial Assemblies | American representative assemblies that wished to limit the powers of crown officials (following Glorious Revolution). They gradually won control of taxation and local appointments. Members were almost always members of the upper classes of colonial society (had to own at least 1,000 acres to get elected.) | 67 | |
| 2798661936 | Power of the Purse | Eighteenth century legislatures challenged the powers of the colonial governors and won . The meant that they had control over how much money was to be made by taxes, and how that money was to be spent. | 68 | |
| 2798661937 | Zenger trial | First court case in America that dealt w/ freedom of the press; Established the principle that truthful statements about public officials could not be prosecuted as libel. | 69 | |
| 2798661938 | Enlightenment | A movement of ideas that occurred in Europe between 1680 and 1790. Attempted to apply reason to understand, explain and even change the world. | 70 | |
| 2798661939 | Benjamin Franklin | American intellectual, inventor, and politician | 71 | |
| 2798661940 | John Locke | 17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property. | 72 | |
| 2798661941 | Deism | 18th Century (1700's) concept which held that God created the world according to rational laws and that he was like a clockmaker who would not interfere in the natural order of things. | 73 | |
| 2798661942 | Great Awakening | (1730s and 1740s) Religious movement characterized by emotional preaching. Associated with the democratization of religion (Black Protestantism); new churches were established along with colleges to train clergy | 74 | |
| 2798661943 | Jonathan Edwards | A Congregationalist preacher of the Great Awakening who spoke of the fiery depths of hell. "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" | 75 | |
| 2798661944 | George Whitefield | Credited with starting the Great Awakening, also a leader of the "New Lights." | 76 | |
| 2798685028 | Ohio River Valley | Fertile and strategic point of interest, became the center of many conflicts between the French and the British; significant for fur trade and transportation | 77 | |
| 2798685029 | Albany Congress | (1754) Intercolonial congress summoned by the British government to foster greater colonial unity and assure Iroquois support in the escalating war against the French. First attempt to unite the colonies; failed due to colonies not wanting to give up their tax powers | 78 | |
| 2798685030 | George Washington | ordered by British to move into Ohio River Valley to force the French to leave | 79 | |
| 2798685031 | William Pitt | The Prime Minister of England during the French and Indian War. He increased the British troops and military supplies in the colonies | 80 | |
| 2798685032 | Treaty of Paris | of 1763 end of the French and Indian war; Britain won all of North America except for New Orleans. | 81 | |
| 2798685033 | Acadians | French residents of Nova Scotia, many of whom were uprooted by the British in 1755 and scattered as far south as Louisiana, where their descendants became known as "Cajuns". | 82 | |
| 2798685034 | Seven Years' War | Known in America as French and Indian war. It was the war between the French and their Indian allies and the English that proved the English to be the more dominant force of what was to be the United States both commercially and in terms of controlled regions. | 83 | |
| 2798685035 | Pontiac's War | A 1763 conflict between Native Americans and the British over settlement of Indian lands in the Great Lakes area | 84 | |
| 2798685036 | Proclamation of 1763 | A proclamation from the British government which forbade American colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east. | 85 | |
| 2798685037 | Writs of Assistance | It was part of the Townshend Acts. It said that the customs officers could inspect a ship's cargo without giving a reason. Colonists protested that the Writs violated their rights as British citizens. | 86 | |
| 2798685038 | Sugar Act | British deeply in debt due to French & Indian War. Designed to raise revenue; Parliament placed a modest tariff on sugar, coffee, wines, and molasses. colonists avoided the tax by smuggling and by bribing tax collectors. | 87 | |
| 2798685039 | Navigation Acts | A series of British regulations which taxed goods imported by the colonies from places other than Britain, or otherwise sought to control and regulate colonial trade. Increased British-colonial trade and tax revenues. The Navigation Acts were reinstated after the French and Indian War because Britain needed to pay off debts incurred during the war, and to pay the costs of maintaining a standing army in the colonies. | 88 | |
| 2798685040 | Vice-Admiralty Courts | military tribunals composed only of a judge, not local common-law jury; Sugar Act required that offenders be tried in these courts rather than local courts, provoking opposition from smugglers accustomed to acquittal before sympathetic local juries | 89 | |
| 2798685041 | Stamp Act | 1765, A tax that the British Parliament placed on newspapers and official documents sold in the American Colonies; an internal tax | 90 | |
| 2798685042 | virtual representation | The British argument that the American colonies were represented in Parliament, since the members of Parliament represented all Englishmen in the empire. | 91 | |
| 2798685043 | Sons of Liberty | A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. | 92 | |
| 2798685044 | Stamp Act Congress | A meeting of delegations from many of the colonies, the congress was formed to protest the newly passed Stamp Act It adopted a declaration of rights as well as sent letters of complaints to the king and parliament, and it showed signs of colonial unity and organized resistance. | 93 | |
| 2798685045 | John Dickinson | Drafted a declaration of colonial rights and grievances, and also wrote the series of "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania" in 1767 to protest the Townshend Acts. | 94 | |
| 2798685046 | Declaratory Act | Act passed in 1766 just after the repeal of the Stamp Act. Stated that Parliament could legislate for the colonies in all cases. | 95 | |
| 2798685047 | Quartering Act | 1765 - Required the colonials to provide food, lodging, and supplies for the British troops in the colonies. | 96 | |
| 2798685048 | Non-importation Agreement | an agreement that pledged not to import or use goods imported from England | 97 | |
| 2798685049 | Daughters of Liberty | supported the boycott of British goods. They urged Americans to wear homemade fabrics and produce other goods that were previously available only from Britain. | 98 | |
| 2798685050 | Mercy Otis Warren | American writer and playwright and was known as the "Conscience of the American Revolution". | 99 | |
| 2798685051 | Boston Massacre | 1770, Dockworkers threw rocks and snowballs at customs sentries; British soldiers fired into a crowd of colonists who were teasing and taunting them. Five colonists were killed | 100 | |
| 2798685052 | Committees of Correspondence | Organization founded by Samuel Adams consisting of a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies | 101 | |
| 2798685053 | Paxton Boys | a group of Scots-Irish men living in the Appalachian hills that wanted protection from Indian attacks; protested the lenient way that the Quakers treated the Indians; slaughtered a group of peaceful Conestoga Indians in Lancaster County | 102 | |
| 2798685054 | Regulators of North Carolina | Groups from the Carolinas who wanted to restore law and order after governmental changes in the 1760s | 103 | |
| 2798685055 | Tea Act | 1773 act which eliminated import tariffs on tea entering England and allowed the British East India Company to sell directly to consumers rather than through merchants. Led to the Boston Tea Party. | 104 | |
| 2798685056 | Boston Tea Party | demonstration (1773) by citizens of Boston who (disguised as Indians) raided three British ships in Boston harbor and dumped hundreds of chests of tea into the harbor | 105 | |
| 2798685057 | Lord Dunmore's Proclamation | An offer by the British governor and military commander in Virginia for freedom to any slave who escaped to his lines and fought for the British. | 106 | |
| 2798685058 | Intolerable Acts | A series of laws set up by Parliament to punish Massachusetts for its protests against the British; also known as the Coercive Acts | 107 | |
| 2798685059 | Quebec Act | Extended boundaries of Quebec and granted equal rights to Catholics and recognized legality Catholic Church in the territory | 108 | |
| 2798685060 | Continental Congress | A body of representatives from the British North American colonies who met to respond to England's Intolerable Acts. They declared independence in July 1776 and later drafted the Articles of Confederation. | 109 | |
| 2798685061 | Suffolk Resolves | Agreed to by delegates from Suffolk county, Massachusetts, and approved by the First Continental Congress on October 8, 1774. Nullified the Coercive Acts, closed royal courts, ordered taxes to be paid to colonial governments instead of the royal government, and prepared local militias. | 110 | |
| 2798685062 | Olive Branch Petition | A document sent by the Second Continental Congress to King George III, proposing a reconciliation between the colonies and Britain | 111 | |
| 2798685063 | Bunker Hill | (June 17, 1775) Site of a battle early in the Revolutionary War. This battle contested control of two hills ( and Breed's Hill) overlooking Boston Harbor. The British captured the hills after the Americans ran-out of ammunition. Battle implied that Americans could fight the British if they had sufficient supplies. | 112 | |
| 2798685064 | Thomas Paine | Revolutionary leader who wrote the pamphlet Common Sense (1776) arguing for American independence from Britain. | 113 | |
| 2798685065 | Fort Ticonderoga | American revolutionary troops captured from the British in May 1775; moved the cannon from the fort to Boston to force the British to evacuate the city | 114 | |
| 2798685066 | Declaration of Independence | 1776 document written by Thomas Jefferson outlining reasons for the colonies to break the ties with England; declared the colonists' grievances against the King | 115 | |
| 2798692168 | Mali | was the leading power in the west african savanna during the 14th century and early 15th century; was an Islamic state; major exports were gold and slaves | 116 | |
| 2798695783 | Kongo | the most powerful and highly centralized of the four major kingdoms in southern africa | 117 | |
| 2798697153 | Predestination | one God who sends everyone to hell but saves some saints to show his power and grace | 118 | |
| 2798698574 | Catholic/Counter Refromation | formed during the Council of Trent; they denounced the Protestants but decided that there should be more public participation in religious observances | 119 | |
| 2798701033 | Changes in maritime technology | occurred in the 15th century; added the triangular Arab sail to cargo ships which made it a more maneuverable vessel; sailors mastered the compass and astrolabe which allowed them to get their bearings at sea | 120 | |
| 2798704247 | New Mexico | in 1598 Juan de Onate was commissioned by New Spain to go into the upper Rio Grande Valley with 500 Spaniards, mestizos, Mexican Indians and enslaved Africans; he seized a town of Tewa Indians and renamed it San Juan and proclaimed the colony New Mexico | 121 | |
| 2798709822 | Encomiendas | Grants awarding Indian labor to wealthy colonists | 122 | |
| 2798711111 | Role of Spanish missions in Southwest | because of these missions reports came back to New Spain which made them send Onate to colonize it | 123 | |
| 2798713908 | Virginia's problems | local officials systematically defrauded the shareholders; colony had a consistently high death rate; relations with the Native Americans worsened | 124 | |
| 2798718311 | Plymoth | established by the Mayflower compact | 125 | |
| 2798720489 | "New England Way" | an established set of official practices made by the ministers; to become a saint they had to tell their conversion story to the congregation; it started grammar schools in larger towns; started Harvard College to have properly trained ministers | 126 | |
| 2798729686 | King Phillip's War | a Native American leader, Metacom, attacked New England towns but all his forces were killed; extremely decreased Native Americans | 127 | |
| 2798735755 | Beaver Wars | Wars between Native Americans over depletion of forests and beavers | 128 | |
| 2798738152 | Patroons | Dutch name for manor lords; there were many in New York | 129 | |
| 2798743506 | Robert Cavelier de La Salle | sailed the whole Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico and claimed "Louisiana" for King Louis XIV (French) | 130 | |
| 2798750451 | Pueblo Revolt | (1680) Native American Pueblos came together and sieged Santa Fe, New Mexico's capital this lead to the Spanish fleeing and not returning until 1692 | 131 | |
| 2798753055 | Dominion of New England | (1686) King James II consolidated Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Plymoth into and in 1688 he added New York and the Jerseys; was governored by Sir Edmund Andros | 132 | |
| 2798759465 | English Bill of Rights | stated that the crown was required to call Parliament annually, sign all its bills, and respect traditional civil liberties | 133 | |
| 2798761236 | Leisler's Rebellion | Boston's militia led by Captain Jacob Leisler seized the harbors main fort on May 31,1689 Leisler took control of the colony and rebuilt it's defenses and had elections for an assembly; English troops arrived in New York in 1691, Leisler feared they were loyal to James II so he denied them entry to forts, a fight happened and Leisler was arrested he was then sentenced to the gallows | 134 | |
| 2798767975 | Protestant Association | was formed by John Coode and three others after the Maryland Protestant population wasn't informed that the colonists were to follow William and Mary; the was to secure Maryland for William and mary | 135 | |
| 2798771743 | King Williams War | started in Europe with England joining a European coalition against France's Louis XIV which then lead to New Yorkers and New Englanders invading New France at Montreal and Quebec which failed this lead to border raids against civilians, much of this fighting was between pro-French Indians and Five Nations Iroquois Confederacy which had the most casualties in the war | 136 | |
| 2798779133 | Grand settlement of 1701 | After the war the Five Nations were split into 3 groups pro-English, pro-French, and neutral; the neutralists made peace with the French and renegotiated their treaty with the British to exclude fighting in wars | 137 | |
| 2798783103 | Queen Anne's War | was fought between France, Spain, and England; France destroyed towns in Maine and Massachusetts while Spain invaded Carolina and almost took Charles town, the British had more success which reminded the colonists of their loyalty to the New English government | 138 | |
| 2798787877 | Tuscarora War | when whites were coming into Tuscarora land in Carolina they destroyed New Bern a town with 700 swiss immigrants then troops from Virginia and Carolina killed a fifth of their population before they surrendered and migrated north | 139 | |
| 2798791458 | Yamasee War | After the Tuscarora War the whites were poorly treating their Native American allies; the allies revolted and the whites barely beat the rebellion | 140 | |
| 2798796099 | King George's War | merged with the "War of Jenkin's ear"; most battles were attacks and counter-attacks on civilians in the Northeast; many New Englanders were captured in 1745 4,000 New Englanders besieged and captured Louisbourg which was the French's entrance to the St. Lawerence River; it was given back to the French 3 years later with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle and the British got back an outpost in India | 141 | |
| 2798808403 | King George III | ascended to the throne at a young age and wanted to have a strong influence on government policy but was very unexperienced | 142 | |
| 2798810910 | Revenue Act | taxed glass, paint, lead, paper, and tea imported to the colonies from England | 143 |
