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AP US History chapters 2-5 Flashcards

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2798620038Renaissancethe activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world.0
2798620039Joint Stock CompaniesInvestors that would join forces in order to finance a voyage to the New World in hopes of making money.1
2798620040Market EconomyAn economic system based on free enterprise, in which businesses are privately owned, and production and prices are determined by supply and demand.2
2798620041Protestant ReformationA religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.3
2798620042John Calvin(1509-1564) French theologian who established a theocracy in Geneva and is best known for his theory of predestination.4
2798620043Martin Luther16th century German monk and professor who is considered to be the person who started the Protestant Reformation; he began by criticizing Church practices (mainly indulgences) and ultimately broke with the Catholic Church to form his own new religious faith5
2798620044Church of EnglandChurch created in England as a result of a political dispute between Henry VIII and the Pope; Pope would not let Henry divorce his wife6
2798620045PuritansA religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England of Roman Catholic rituals. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.7
2798620046Prince HenryA Portuguese man who, in the early 1400s, built an observatory and founded a school of navigation to teach better methods of sailing. He also financed research by mapmakers and shipbuilders; he paid for expeditions to explore the west coast of Africa.8
2798620047New SlaveryForm of slavery initiated by Portugal where African slaves were forced to work on sugar plantations and were subjected to new extremes of dehumanization.9
2798620048Christopher ColumbusItalian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)10
2798620049Columbian ExchangeThe exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.11
2798620050MestizoA person of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry.12
2798620051St. Augustine, FLSpanish established 1st permanent settlement13
2798620052"northwest passage"A water route from the Atlantic to the Pacific through northern Canada and along the northern coast of Alaska. Sought by navigators since the 16th century.14
2798620053New FranceFrench colonies in North America; extended from St. Lawrence River along Great Lakes and down Mississippi River valley system.15
2798620054SeparatistsA small group of extreme Puritans who vowed to break away from the Church of England. Known as Pilgrims16
2798620055England's objectives in the Western HemisphereFind the Northwest Passage and harass the Spanish17
2798620056RoanokeEstablished in 1587. Called the Lost Colony. It was financed by Sir Walter Raleigh, and its leader in the New World was John White. All the settlers disappeared, and historians still don't know what became of them.18
2798620057Powhatan Indiansa group of Indians that helped the Jamestown settlers until the settlers demanded food from them; The Indians surrounding Jamestown that warred with the English colonists. Peace came when the chief's daughter married John Rolfe.19
2798620058Tobaccocrop that saved Jamestown; attracted settlers to the colony20
2798620059Jamestown, VAfirst permanent English settlement in mainland America, established in 1607 by the Virginia Company and named in honor of King James I.21
2798620060Headright Systemwere parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.22
2798620061Indentured ServantsColonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years23
2798620062Mayflower CompactA document written by the Pilgrims establishing themselves as a political society and setting guidelines for self-government.24
2798620063New NetherlandsDutch colonies in North America; New York area; relied on the fur trade25
2798639126Royal ColonyA colony under the direct control of a monarch26
2798639127Virginia Assemblylawmaking body for the colony of Virginia27
2798639128Proprietary Colonycolony run by individuals or groups to whom land was granted28
2798639129Church of England in Virginiareceived the most assistance from England, gained a foothold in the colonies; colonies suffered from a shortage of clergy29
2798639130Lord Baltimorefounder of Maryland, a colony which offered religious freedom, and a refuge for the persecuted Roman Catholics.30
2798639131Act for Religious Tolerationthe first law in America to call for freedom of worship for all Christians. It was enacted in Maryland to 1649 to quell disputes between Catholics and Protestants, but it failed to bring peace; eventually repealed31
2798639132Bacon's RebellionAn outburst of violent protests by Nathaniel Bacon and other impoverished settlers against Gov. Berkeley for not providing them with land and monopolizing the fur trade. Raids against Native Americans. Uprising was crushed but landless whites were still angry.32
2798639133Racial Slaverydeveloped in 3 stages: 1) identical to white indentured servants 2) increased lifelong enslavement 3) institutionalized slavery33
2798639134Great MigrationMany Puritans migrated from England to North America during the 1620s to the 1640s due to belief that the Church of England was beyond reform.34
2798639135Massachusetts Bay CompanyA group of wealthy Puritans who were granted a royal charter in 1629 to settle in Massachusetts Bay35
2798639136John WinthropGovernor of Massachusetts Bay Colony; envisioned the colony as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world.36
2798639137Model of Christian Charityfamous sermon given by John Winthrop during the voyage across the Atlantic, telling his followers that they were going to found "A city on a hill"37
2798639138Harvard CollegeFirst college in New World. Established by Puritans to train ministers.38
2798639139Roger WilliamsA dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south39
2798639140Anne HutchinsonA Puritan woman who was well learned that disagreed with the Puritan Church in Massachusetts Bay Colony. Her actions resulted in her banishment from the colony, and later took part in the formation of Rhode Island. She displayed the importance of questioning authority.40
2798639141Town Meetingsmeeting in colonial New England where settlers discussed and voted on issues41
2798639142Halfway Covenantallowed partial membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church; It lessened the difference between the "elect" members of the church from the regular members42
2798639143Pequot WarBay colonists wanted to claim Connecticut for themselves but it belonged to the Pequot. The colonists burned down their village and 400 were killed43
2798639144Praying TownsTerm for New England settlements where Indians from various tribes were gathered to be Christianized44
2798639145New AmsterdamA settlement established by the Dutch near the mouth of Hudson River and the southern end of Manhattan Island45
2798639146William PennEnglish Quaker, founded Pennsylvania in 1682, after receiving a charter from King Charles II the year before. He launched the colony as a "holy experiment" based on religious tolerance.46
2798639147QuakersA group of religious pacifists who were persecuted in Europe. William Penn established Pennsylvania as a safe haven for Quakers.47
2798639149Demographics of New Englandlonger life span and lower infant mortality rate due to better diets; less disease as compared to Chesapeake colonies48
2798639150Sugarcrop that changed the British West Indies from a society of small landholders using white servant labor into a society of large plantation owners using black slave labor49
2798639151Ricecash crop of South Carolina in the 1600s50
2798639152New FranceFrench colony based in Canada; relied on the fur trade and timber for the French navy51
2798661920Glorious RevolutionA bloodless revolt in England against Catholic King James II that led to his overthrow and the appointment of Protestant daughter Mary to the throne. These events in England allowed many colonists in America to get rid of hated officials too52
2798661921Iroquois Confederacya powerful group of Native Americans in the eastern part of the United States made up of five nations: the Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, and Oneida53
2798661922Mercantilismgovernment policy aimed at achieving national economic self-sufficiency; govt regulates the nation's commercial interests54
2798661923Navigation ActsA series of British regulations which taxed goods imported by the colonies from places other than Britain, or otherwise sought to control and regulate colonial trade. Increased British-colonial trade and tax revenues. The Navigation Acts were reinstated after the French and Indian War because Britain needed to pay off debts incurred during the war, and to pay the costs of maintaining a standing army in the colonies.55
2798661924French West Indiesgroup of small islands in the Caribbean that were conquered by the French; cash crop = sugar56
2798661925Scots-IrishA group of restless people who fled their home in Scotland in the 1600s to escape poverty and religious oppression. They first relocated to Ireland and then to America in the 1700s. They mainly lived in western PA, Virginia, Georgia, and the Carolinas.57
2798661926PhiladelphiaA city in southeastern Pennsylvania, named by William Penn; a major United States port; largest city in colonial America58
2798661927convict laborEngland had too many prisoners for their prisons so they started sending them to the colonies as cheap labor; Georgia59
2798661928Middle Passagethe route in between the western ports of Africa to the Caribbean and southern U.S. that carried the slave trade60
2798661929Stono Rebellion100 slaves rebelled in South Carolina, killing 100 whites and attempting to escape to Florida; whites quickly suppress rebellion; led Southern legislatures to pass strict slave laws and harsh punishments61
2798661930Ohio River ValleyFertile and strategic point of interest, became the center of many conflicts between the French and the British; significant for its fur trade and transportation62
2798661931Covenant ChainAn alliance between the Iroquois Confederacy and the colony of New York which sought to establish Iroquois dominance over all other tribes and thus put New York in an economically and politically dominant position among the other colonies63
2798661932Walking PurchaseA fraudulent transaction in 1737 whereby Pennsylvania Governor James Logan acquired a large tract of land by hiring runners to mark land; the Lenni Lanape Indians had agreed to cede land that a man could walk in thirty-six hours.64
2798661933James OglethorpeFounder and governor of the Georgia colony. He ran a tightly-disciplined, military-like colony. Slaves, alcohol, and Catholicism were forbidden in his colony. Eventually Oglethorpe was dismissed and slavery was allowed65
2798661934FloridaSpanish territory; refuge for escaped slaves from the English colonies66
2798661935Colonial AssembliesAmerican representative assemblies that wished to limit the powers of crown officials (following Glorious Revolution). They gradually won control of taxation and local appointments. Members were almost always members of the upper classes of colonial society (had to own at least 1,000 acres to get elected.)67
2798661936Power of the PurseEighteenth century legislatures challenged the powers of the colonial governors and won . The meant that they had control over how much money was to be made by taxes, and how that money was to be spent.68
2798661937Zenger trialFirst court case in America that dealt w/ freedom of the press; Established the principle that truthful statements about public officials could not be prosecuted as libel.69
2798661938EnlightenmentA movement of ideas that occurred in Europe between 1680 and 1790. Attempted to apply reason to understand, explain and even change the world.70
2798661939Benjamin FranklinAmerican intellectual, inventor, and politician71
2798661940John Locke17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.72
2798661941Deism18th Century (1700's) concept which held that God created the world according to rational laws and that he was like a clockmaker who would not interfere in the natural order of things.73
2798661942Great Awakening(1730s and 1740s) Religious movement characterized by emotional preaching. Associated with the democratization of religion (Black Protestantism); new churches were established along with colleges to train clergy74
2798661943Jonathan EdwardsA Congregationalist preacher of the Great Awakening who spoke of the fiery depths of hell. "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"75
2798661944George WhitefieldCredited with starting the Great Awakening, also a leader of the "New Lights."76
2798685028Ohio River ValleyFertile and strategic point of interest, became the center of many conflicts between the French and the British; significant for fur trade and transportation77
2798685029Albany Congress(1754) Intercolonial congress summoned by the British government to foster greater colonial unity and assure Iroquois support in the escalating war against the French. First attempt to unite the colonies; failed due to colonies not wanting to give up their tax powers78
2798685030George Washingtonordered by British to move into Ohio River Valley to force the French to leave79
2798685031William PittThe Prime Minister of England during the French and Indian War. He increased the British troops and military supplies in the colonies80
2798685032Treaty of Parisof 1763 end of the French and Indian war; Britain won all of North America except for New Orleans.81
2798685033AcadiansFrench residents of Nova Scotia, many of whom were uprooted by the British in 1755 and scattered as far south as Louisiana, where their descendants became known as "Cajuns".82
2798685034Seven Years' WarKnown in America as French and Indian war. It was the war between the French and their Indian allies and the English that proved the English to be the more dominant force of what was to be the United States both commercially and in terms of controlled regions.83
2798685035Pontiac's WarA 1763 conflict between Native Americans and the British over settlement of Indian lands in the Great Lakes area84
2798685036Proclamation of 1763A proclamation from the British government which forbade American colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.85
2798685037Writs of AssistanceIt was part of the Townshend Acts. It said that the customs officers could inspect a ship's cargo without giving a reason. Colonists protested that the Writs violated their rights as British citizens.86
2798685038Sugar ActBritish deeply in debt due to French & Indian War. Designed to raise revenue; Parliament placed a modest tariff on sugar, coffee, wines, and molasses. colonists avoided the tax by smuggling and by bribing tax collectors.87
2798685039Navigation ActsA series of British regulations which taxed goods imported by the colonies from places other than Britain, or otherwise sought to control and regulate colonial trade. Increased British-colonial trade and tax revenues. The Navigation Acts were reinstated after the French and Indian War because Britain needed to pay off debts incurred during the war, and to pay the costs of maintaining a standing army in the colonies.88
2798685040Vice-Admiralty Courtsmilitary tribunals composed only of a judge, not local common-law jury; Sugar Act required that offenders be tried in these courts rather than local courts, provoking opposition from smugglers accustomed to acquittal before sympathetic local juries89
2798685041Stamp Act1765, A tax that the British Parliament placed on newspapers and official documents sold in the American Colonies; an internal tax90
2798685042virtual representationThe British argument that the American colonies were represented in Parliament, since the members of Parliament represented all Englishmen in the empire.91
2798685043Sons of LibertyA radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept.92
2798685044Stamp Act CongressA meeting of delegations from many of the colonies, the congress was formed to protest the newly passed Stamp Act It adopted a declaration of rights as well as sent letters of complaints to the king and parliament, and it showed signs of colonial unity and organized resistance.93
2798685045John DickinsonDrafted a declaration of colonial rights and grievances, and also wrote the series of "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania" in 1767 to protest the Townshend Acts.94
2798685046Declaratory ActAct passed in 1766 just after the repeal of the Stamp Act. Stated that Parliament could legislate for the colonies in all cases.95
2798685047Quartering Act1765 - Required the colonials to provide food, lodging, and supplies for the British troops in the colonies.96
2798685048Non-importation Agreementan agreement that pledged not to import or use goods imported from England97
2798685049Daughters of Libertysupported the boycott of British goods. They urged Americans to wear homemade fabrics and produce other goods that were previously available only from Britain.98
2798685050Mercy Otis WarrenAmerican writer and playwright and was known as the "Conscience of the American Revolution".99
2798685051Boston Massacre1770, Dockworkers threw rocks and snowballs at customs sentries; British soldiers fired into a crowd of colonists who were teasing and taunting them. Five colonists were killed100
2798685052Committees of CorrespondenceOrganization founded by Samuel Adams consisting of a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies101
2798685053Paxton Boysa group of Scots-Irish men living in the Appalachian hills that wanted protection from Indian attacks; protested the lenient way that the Quakers treated the Indians; slaughtered a group of peaceful Conestoga Indians in Lancaster County102
2798685054Regulators of North CarolinaGroups from the Carolinas who wanted to restore law and order after governmental changes in the 1760s103
2798685055Tea Act1773 act which eliminated import tariffs on tea entering England and allowed the British East India Company to sell directly to consumers rather than through merchants. Led to the Boston Tea Party.104
2798685056Boston Tea Partydemonstration (1773) by citizens of Boston who (disguised as Indians) raided three British ships in Boston harbor and dumped hundreds of chests of tea into the harbor105
2798685057Lord Dunmore's ProclamationAn offer by the British governor and military commander in Virginia for freedom to any slave who escaped to his lines and fought for the British.106
2798685058Intolerable ActsA series of laws set up by Parliament to punish Massachusetts for its protests against the British; also known as the Coercive Acts107
2798685059Quebec ActExtended boundaries of Quebec and granted equal rights to Catholics and recognized legality Catholic Church in the territory108
2798685060Continental CongressA body of representatives from the British North American colonies who met to respond to England's Intolerable Acts. They declared independence in July 1776 and later drafted the Articles of Confederation.109
2798685061Suffolk ResolvesAgreed to by delegates from Suffolk county, Massachusetts, and approved by the First Continental Congress on October 8, 1774. Nullified the Coercive Acts, closed royal courts, ordered taxes to be paid to colonial governments instead of the royal government, and prepared local militias.110
2798685062Olive Branch PetitionA document sent by the Second Continental Congress to King George III, proposing a reconciliation between the colonies and Britain111
2798685063Bunker Hill(June 17, 1775) Site of a battle early in the Revolutionary War. This battle contested control of two hills ( and Breed's Hill) overlooking Boston Harbor. The British captured the hills after the Americans ran-out of ammunition. Battle implied that Americans could fight the British if they had sufficient supplies.112
2798685064Thomas PaineRevolutionary leader who wrote the pamphlet Common Sense (1776) arguing for American independence from Britain.113
2798685065Fort TiconderogaAmerican revolutionary troops captured from the British in May 1775; moved the cannon from the fort to Boston to force the British to evacuate the city114
2798685066Declaration of Independence1776 document written by Thomas Jefferson outlining reasons for the colonies to break the ties with England; declared the colonists' grievances against the King115
2798692168Maliwas the leading power in the west african savanna during the 14th century and early 15th century; was an Islamic state; major exports were gold and slaves116
2798695783Kongothe most powerful and highly centralized of the four major kingdoms in southern africa117
2798697153Predestinationone God who sends everyone to hell but saves some saints to show his power and grace118
2798698574Catholic/Counter Refromationformed during the Council of Trent; they denounced the Protestants but decided that there should be more public participation in religious observances119
2798701033Changes in maritime technologyoccurred in the 15th century; added the triangular Arab sail to cargo ships which made it a more maneuverable vessel; sailors mastered the compass and astrolabe which allowed them to get their bearings at sea120
2798704247New Mexicoin 1598 Juan de Onate was commissioned by New Spain to go into the upper Rio Grande Valley with 500 Spaniards, mestizos, Mexican Indians and enslaved Africans; he seized a town of Tewa Indians and renamed it San Juan and proclaimed the colony New Mexico121
2798709822EncomiendasGrants awarding Indian labor to wealthy colonists122
2798711111Role of Spanish missions in Southwestbecause of these missions reports came back to New Spain which made them send Onate to colonize it123
2798713908Virginia's problemslocal officials systematically defrauded the shareholders; colony had a consistently high death rate; relations with the Native Americans worsened124
2798718311Plymothestablished by the Mayflower compact125
2798720489"New England Way"an established set of official practices made by the ministers; to become a saint they had to tell their conversion story to the congregation; it started grammar schools in larger towns; started Harvard College to have properly trained ministers126
2798729686King Phillip's Wara Native American leader, Metacom, attacked New England towns but all his forces were killed; extremely decreased Native Americans127
2798735755Beaver WarsWars between Native Americans over depletion of forests and beavers128
2798738152PatroonsDutch name for manor lords; there were many in New York129
2798743506Robert Cavelier de La Sallesailed the whole Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico and claimed "Louisiana" for King Louis XIV (French)130
2798750451Pueblo Revolt(1680) Native American Pueblos came together and sieged Santa Fe, New Mexico's capital this lead to the Spanish fleeing and not returning until 1692131
2798753055Dominion of New England(1686) King James II consolidated Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Plymoth into and in 1688 he added New York and the Jerseys; was governored by Sir Edmund Andros132
2798759465English Bill of Rightsstated that the crown was required to call Parliament annually, sign all its bills, and respect traditional civil liberties133
2798761236Leisler's RebellionBoston's militia led by Captain Jacob Leisler seized the harbors main fort on May 31,1689 Leisler took control of the colony and rebuilt it's defenses and had elections for an assembly; English troops arrived in New York in 1691, Leisler feared they were loyal to James II so he denied them entry to forts, a fight happened and Leisler was arrested he was then sentenced to the gallows134
2798767975Protestant Associationwas formed by John Coode and three others after the Maryland Protestant population wasn't informed that the colonists were to follow William and Mary; the was to secure Maryland for William and mary135
2798771743King Williams Warstarted in Europe with England joining a European coalition against France's Louis XIV which then lead to New Yorkers and New Englanders invading New France at Montreal and Quebec which failed this lead to border raids against civilians, much of this fighting was between pro-French Indians and Five Nations Iroquois Confederacy which had the most casualties in the war136
2798779133Grand settlement of 1701After the war the Five Nations were split into 3 groups pro-English, pro-French, and neutral; the neutralists made peace with the French and renegotiated their treaty with the British to exclude fighting in wars137
2798783103Queen Anne's Warwas fought between France, Spain, and England; France destroyed towns in Maine and Massachusetts while Spain invaded Carolina and almost took Charles town, the British had more success which reminded the colonists of their loyalty to the New English government138
2798787877Tuscarora Warwhen whites were coming into Tuscarora land in Carolina they destroyed New Bern a town with 700 swiss immigrants then troops from Virginia and Carolina killed a fifth of their population before they surrendered and migrated north139
2798791458Yamasee WarAfter the Tuscarora War the whites were poorly treating their Native American allies; the allies revolted and the whites barely beat the rebellion140
2798796099King George's Warmerged with the "War of Jenkin's ear"; most battles were attacks and counter-attacks on civilians in the Northeast; many New Englanders were captured in 1745 4,000 New Englanders besieged and captured Louisbourg which was the French's entrance to the St. Lawerence River; it was given back to the French 3 years later with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle and the British got back an outpost in India141
2798808403King George IIIascended to the throne at a young age and wanted to have a strong influence on government policy but was very unexperienced142
2798810910Revenue Acttaxed glass, paint, lead, paper, and tea imported to the colonies from England143

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