Chapters 36-40
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| 13220277887 | Cold War Presidents | 1945-1953 Truman 1953-1961 Eisenhower | 0 | |
| 13220830771 | Post WWII America | Enjoyed the highest standard of living in the world | 1 | |
| 13220833262 | GI Bill | law passed in 1944 to help returning veterans buy homes and pay for higher educations | 2 | |
| 13220841310 | Baby Boom | Individuals born in the United States between 1946 and 1964, which was just after World War II in a time of relative peace and prosperity. These conditions allowed for better education and job opportunities, encouraging high rates of both marriage and fertility. | 3 | |
| 13220847975 | Suburban Growth | William J. Levitt- Levittowns - low priced family homes in Long Island Growth of Suburbs = Poorer, Racially divided cities | 4 | |
| 13220879795 | Rise of the Sunbelt | warmer climate, lower taxes, economic opportunities in defense-related industries attracted many to states from Florida to California, transferred tax dollars to South and West, military spending helped shift people | 5 | |
| 13220888440 | Employment Act of 1946 | Enacted by Truman - Council of economic Advisors to promote economic welfare | 6 | |
| 13220918865 | 22nd Amendment | Limits the president to two terms. | 7 | |
| 13211794478 | Taft-Hartley Act | -outlawed the closed shop (requirement for workers to join unions before being hired) - permitted states to pass "right to work" laws (outlawed union shops which required workers to join unions after being hired) - outlawed secondary boycotts - gave the president the power to invoke an 80 day cooling off period before a strike endangered national security | 8 | |
| 13220978575 | The Fair Deal | An economic extension of the New Deal proposed by Harry Truman that called for higher minimum wage, housing and full employment. It led only to the Housing Act of 1949 and the Social Security Act of 1950 due to opposition in congress. | 9 | |
| 13221003294 | US-Soviet Relations to 1945 | wartime relations were temporary halt in bad relations, Bolshevik Revolution was seen as a threat to US, led to Red Scare of 1919, US didn't recognize Soviet Union until 1933, Roosevelt concluded Stalin couldn't be trusted when they signed a Nonaggression pact with Stalin in 1939 | 10 | |
| 13211794483 | Creating the United Nations (U.N.) | Formed at the Tehran Conference April 1945 UN- an organization of independent states formed to promote international peace and security General Assembly- one vote each state Security Council- 11 members • 5 permanent members: US, GB, SU, France, China SU agreed to make Atomic Energy Commission SU did not join the Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) SU did participate in the Nuremberg trials against Nazi leaders | 11 | |
| 13211842845 | Yalta Conference | 1945 Meeting with US president FDR, British Prime Minister(PM) Winston Churchill, and and Soviet Leader Stalin during WWII to plan for post-war -Discussed the state of Poland's government -Split Germany in 4 -They scheduled Tehran -Stalin agreed to free elections in Eastern Europe and to enter the Asian war against Japan -In turn, he was promised the return of lands lost to Japan in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905. **At the time, most of these agreements were kept secret When Stalin violated the agreement by making satellite nations, Soviet-American relations began to deteriorate | 12 | |
| 13211908821 | Response to Stalin 1946 | UN declared genocide punishable internationally | 13 | |
| 13211920978 | Potsdam Conference 1945 | July 26, 1945 - Allied leaders Truman, Stalin and Churchill met in Germany to set up zones of control and to inform the Japanese that if they refused to surrender at once, they would face total destruction. Stalin wanted reparations from Germany and Truman disagreed but compromised for some reparations **tension grew | 14 | |
| 13211959922 | The Iron Curtain | Winston Churchill's term for the Cold War division between the Soviet-dominated East and the U.S.-dominated West. Satellite nations: Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Bulgaria, and Hungary | 15 | |
| 13221124410 | Who coined the term "cold war"? | Walter Lippmann | 16 | |
| 13211977913 | Policy of Containment | George Kennan's Long Telegraph advised the US not to interfere with already communist countries - basis for containment policy The U.S. would not fight communism where it already existed but would not allow it to spread to democratic countries. | 17 | |
| 13212004932 | Iran | 1946 Soviet's demanded access to the oil supply After the US sent the Missouri, Soviets withdrew | 18 | |
| 13212024048 | Turkey | Stalin demanded control of the Straights of Dardanelles Truman sent another ship to stop it | 19 | |
| 13212037451 | Greece | Greek communists started a guerilla war against the Greek Government Truman asked congress for money to help the gov | 20 | |
| 13212060811 | Truman Doctrine | cause: Greece and Turkey 1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey | 21 | |
| 13211794485 | Marshall Plan | A plan that the US came up with to revive war-torn economies of Europe. This plan offered $13 billion in aid to western and Southern Europe. Was offered to the SU and its allies but they refused | 22 | |
| 13212098226 | Berlin Airlift, 1948 | In June 1948, the USSR-who wanted Berlin all for themselves-closed all highways, railroads and canals into Berlin from West Germany. This, they believed, would make it impossible for the people who lived there to get food or any other supplies and would eventually drive Britain, France and the US out of the city for good. However, the US and its allies decided to supply their sectors of the city from the air. The "Berlin Airlift," lasted for more than a year and carried more than 2.3 million tons of cargo in 277,000 flights into West Berlin. | 23 | |
| 13220360029 | NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) | A 1949 mutual defense alliance initiated by the US, Canada, and 10 Western European nations *one of the most successful alliances in history | 24 | |
| 13220378467 | Warsaw Pact (1955) | Soviet Allies that agreed to protect each other in the even of an attack Created in response to Germany joining NATO | 25 | |
| 13221145529 | National Security Act 1947 | Established - Department of Defense - Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) - National Security Council 1948- Selective service and peacetime draft were instituted | 26 | |
| 13220420872 | Arms Race | 1949 the Soviet Union developed their own atomic weapon 1952- US developed the H-bomb NSC-68 - gov defense spending quadrupled (20% of GNP) - form alliances w non-communist countries around the world - convince pubic that a costly arms buildup was imperitive | 27 | |
| 13220433145 | The Chinese Revolution | Long revolutionary process in the period 1912-1949 that began with the overthrow of the Chinese imperial system and ended with the triumph of the Communist Party under the leadership of Mao Zedong Mao- People's Republic of China Chiang Kai-Shek - made the Republic of China in Taiwan China became communist and friended SU Japan became the key ally to the US in Asia - Japan relied on the US for protection - US had bases in Japan | 28 | |
| 13220491855 | The Korean War | The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea. 1950- SU invaded South Korea China invaded 1953- armistice is signed and the line b/w North and South Korea stayed almost exactly the same - created a demilitarized zone (DMZ) b/w the Koreas | 29 | |
| 13220556710 | General McArthur | An American General in charge of bringing democracy to Japan and Korea He wanted to use the A-bomb on China Truman fired him for insubordination | 30 | |
| 13220585416 | Vietnam | A prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States US financially aided France to fight off communist leader Ho Chi Minh in Indochina (Vietnam) | 31 | |
| 13220635391 | New Red Scare | 1940-1950s Fear of the rise of Communism in the United States Loyalty review program: questioned gov employees (1947-1951) McCarran International Security Act (1950) 1. made it unlawful to advocate or support totalitarian govs 2. restricted travel of those joining Communism 3. authorized detention camps for subversives House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC): an investigating committee which investigated what it considered un-American propaganda -The "Hollywood Ten" refused to testify under the 5th amendment -Became known as "5th amendment Communists" | 32 | |
| 13220760729 | Espionage Cases | Alger Hiss: state department official accused of passing secrets to Soviet spy - convicted of perjury Julius and Ethel Rosenberg: accused of giving secrets of the atomic bomb - first citizens to be executed for espionage during peacetime | 33 | |
| 13211794491 | McCarthyism | Term for the dangerous forces of unfairness and fear that a democratic society can unleash; refers to the ruthless red-hunting of Senator McCarthy, who destroyed countless careers by feeding on the America's fears of communist infiltration, damaging the American traditions of fair play and free speech. | 34 | |
| 13221261668 | Election of 1952 | Eisenhower won (Rep) VP- Nixon They pledged to end the war in Korea | 35 | |
| 13221279845 | Modern Republicanism | Priority was balancing the budget Accepted New Deal policies and extended some - Social Security was extended - min wage increased - more public housing - made departments of health, education, and welfare (HEW) - soil bank program for farmers | 36 | |
| 13211794496 | Interstate Highway Act of 1956 | Act that authorized a $27 billion public works project to build 42,000 miles of modern, multilane roads across the nation; created countless jobs but speed up sub-urbanization, with disastrous consequences for cities; also led to concerns about environmental impact and energy consumption. | 37 | |
| 13221331765 | Dulles Diplomacy | Believed that if the US pushed commies to the brink of war, they would back down because of America's nuclear superiority. "brinkmanship" | 38 | |
| 13221343015 | Massive Retaliation | The "new look" defense policy of the Eisenhower administration of the 1950's was to threaten "massive retaliation" with nuclear weapons in response to any act of aggression by a potential enemy Many thought this policy was asking for mutual extinction | 39 | |
| 13221362408 | Unrest in the Third World | -India, and Pakistan became new nations in 1947 -the dutch east became independent country of Indonesia in 1949 Their instability made them into pawns of the cold war | 40 | |
| 13221392713 | Covert Action | undercover intervention in foreign government by the CIA during Eisenhower's presidency - Iran and Guatemala | 41 | |
| 13221409973 | Korean Armistice | In July 1953 most US troops were withdrawn - Korea remained divided | 42 | |
| 13221427682 | Fall of Indochina | French tried to retake Southeast Asian colony, Ho Chi Minh was Communist leader there, aided by Soviets, French were defeated at Dien Bien Phu, Eisenhower refused to send troops, France fell, divided into Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam | 43 | |
| 13221435932 | Division of Vietnam | By the terms of the Geneva Convention, Vietnam would be temporarily divided at the 17 parallel until a general election could be held. A prolonged war (1954-1975) occurred between the Communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States. | 44 | |
| 13221438468 | SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization) | Organization that formed in 1954 The organization was made up of the United States and many Asian nations like South Korea, Japan, India, and Australia Its goal was to stop the spread of communism in Southeast Asia. | 45 | |
| 13211794497 | Suez crisis | When Egyptian president Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal, British, French, and Israeli forces staged a joint assault on Egypt, cutting off Western Europe's oil supply; when the United States, who had been kept in the dark about the plan, refused to release emergency oil supplies, the allies were compelled to withdraw troops and the United Nations was forced to intervene. | 46 | |
| 13221453187 | Eisenhower Doctrine | Policy of the US that it would defend the Middle East against attack by any Communist country First applied to Lebanon to prevent civil war between Christians and Muslims | 47 | |
| 13211794498 | OPrganization of Petroleum Exporting Countires (OPEC) | Organization formed by Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran, and Venezuela in 1960 to protect their oil interests; developed a stranglehold on the Western economies over the next two decades, as America went from being an "oil power" to becoming a net oil importer. | 48 | |
| 13221465305 | Spirit of Geneva | USSR and US conferring on peace in 1955, couldn't agree on demilitarization or Open Skies but suspended nuclear tests | 49 | |
| 13221478053 | Hungarian Revolution of 1956 | An attempt by Liberals in Hungary to overthrow the Soviet-backed Communist leadership of the country. The Soviet Union used very repressive means to put down the revolution. Thousands of Hungarian refugees were allowed to come to Canada as immigrants. Ended the first thaw in the Cold War | 50 | |
| 13211794499 | Sputnik Shock (1957) | Soviet satellite launched into orbit in 1957, astounding the world and rattling America's self-confidence regarding scientific superiority and military security Eisenhower established NASA, set aside billions for missile development, and made National Defense and Education Act Space Race | 51 | |
| 13221502956 | Second Berlin Crisis | May 1959, US has six months to get out of Berlin or there will be war. Eventually, Khruschev meets with Eisenhower and they agree to a summit conference. | 52 | |
| 13221508618 | U-2 Incident | The incident when an American U-2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. The U.S. denied the true purpose of the plane at first, but was forced to when the U.S.S.R. produced the living pilot and the largely intact plane to validate their claim of being spied on aerially. The incident worsened East-West relations during the Cold War and was a great embarrassment for the United States. | 53 | |
| 13221513922 | Communism in Cuba | 1959 - Fidel Castro overthrew the Cuban dictator and ascended as communist leader, nationalizing American businesses and properties in Cuba, so the US retaliated by cutting off US trade with Cuba. The CIA trained Cuban refugees failed to stop Fidel Castro and communist rising. | 54 | |
| 13221522213 | Eisenhower Legacy | 1958- first arms limitation Military Industrial Complex | 55 | |
| 13221546046 | Immigration Post War | -dropped ban on asian immigrants -puerto ricans could enter without restriction -Operation Wetback forced Mexicans to return | 56 | |
| 13221577781 | Pop Culture in the Fifties | conformity television advertising more white collar jobs affluence religious tolerance baby boom | 57 | |
| 13221605066 | Social Critics | The Affluent Society by: John Kenith Galbraith - failure of wealthy americans to to address need for increased social spending Jack Kerouac's On the Road: spontaneity, drugs, rebelling against the norm "Beatniks" | 58 |
