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| 5304448243 | Boston Massacre | Conflict between British soldiers and Boston civillions on March 5, 1770. After civilians threw rocks and snowballs at soldiers, the soldiers opened fire, killing 5 and wounding 6 |  | 0 |
| 5304448244 | Committees of Correspondence | These first existed in Massachusetts and eventually in all the colonies. Leaders of resistance to British rule listed their grievances against the British and circulated them to all the towns in the colony. |  | 1 |
| 5304448245 | Tea Act | 1773 act by Parliament that would provide the colonies with cheap tea, but at the same time force the colonies to admin that Parliament had the right to tax them. The Sons of Liberty resisted, most notably at the Boston Tea Party. Britain responded with the Coercive Acts |  | 2 |
| 5304448246 | Boston Tea Party | In response to the Tea Act and additional Brittish taxes on tea, Boston radicals disguised as Native Americans and threw nearly 350 chests of tea into Boston harbor on December 16, 1773 Parliament closed Boston harbor and passed the Coercive Acts |  | 3 |
| 5304448247 | Intolerable Acts | AKA the Coercive Acts Term used in the colonies for the bills passed by Parliament to punish Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party. These included closing Boston harbor, prohibiting local meetings, and mandatory quartering of troops in private homes. |  | 4 |
| 5304448248 | Declaration of Rights and Grievances | 1774 measure adopted by the First Continental Congress Stated that Parliament had some rights to regulate colonial trade with Britain, but that Parliament did not have the right to tax the colonies without their consent |  | 5 |
| 5304448249 | Suffolk Resolves | Were sent from Suffolk County, Massachusetts to the First Continental Congress in September 1774 Called for the citizens of all colonies to prepare to take up arms against the British After much debate, the First Continental Congress adopted them |  | 6 |
| 5304448250 | Treaty of Paris, 1763 | Treaty that ended the French and Indian War. Britain gained most French territory in the New World, most importantly Canada Britain gained Florida from Spain France gave Spain Louisiana as compensation for the loss of Florida |  | 7 |
| 5304448251 | Edward Braddock | Seasoned British general sent to America to stop the French construction of a fort at what is now the city of Pittsburgh. On July 9, 1755, Braddock's force of regulars and Americans was crushed in an ambush that cost Braddock and most of his men their lives. |  | 8 |
| 5304448252 | Patrick Henry | As a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses, Henry introdused resolutions protesting the Stamp Act. Proclaimed that the act showed the tyranny of King George III, and reminded the king of the fates of Caesar and Charles I Many considered his speech treasonous |  | 9 |
| 5304448253 | Samuel Adams | A leading opponent of British policy in the 1760s and 1770s Helped organize the Sons of Liberty A leader in the agitation surrounding the Boston Massacre Because of the Boston Tea Party, Adams was marked for arrest by the British |  | 10 |
| 5304448254 | Lexington | A Massachusetts town where the first skirmish between British troops and colonial militiamen took place During this April 19, 1775, fight, 8 colonists were killed and another 9 were rounded |  | 11 |
| 5304448255 | Battle of Concord | Occurred on April 19, 1775, between British regulars and Massachusetts militiamen More than 70 British soldiers died and another 174 were wounded Because of this battle, a wider conflict between the colonies and the British became much more probable |  | 12 |
| 5304448256 | Second Continental Congress | Meeting of delegates from the American colonies that began in May 1775 Some delegates expressed the hope that the differences between the colonies and Britain could be reconciled Congress authorized the creation of a Continental Army led by George Washington |  | 13 |
| 5304448257 | Common Sense | A popular 1776 publication written by Thomas Paine, who had come to America in 1774 Paine repudiated the concept of government by monarchy This publication encouraged the sentiment for independence in the colonies |  | 14 |
| 5304448258 | Loyalists | Colonists who remained loyal to Great Britain during the American Revolution Many though not all, Loyalists came from the upper strata of society Large numbers moved to Canada, the west Indies, or Great Britain during the war |  | 15 |
| 5304448259 | Enlightenment | 18th-century European intellectual movement that attempted to discover natural laws governing science and society Taught that progress was inevitable Included philosophers who greatly influenced Americans, such as John Locke, who emphasized natural rights. | 16 | |
| 5304448260 | Bunker Hill | June 1775 British attack on colonial forces at Breed's Hill outside of Boston Despite frightful losses, the British emerged victorious in this battle, driving the americans from the hill The americans were heartened by the damage they did to the British |  | 17 |
| 5304448261 | Battle of Trenton | December 26, 1776, surprise attack launched by George Washington's army against Hessians at Trenton New Jersey 30 Hessians were killed and 950 captured, while only 3 Americans were wounded The victory gave a great psychological boost to the American war effort |  | 18 |
| 5304448262 | Hessians | German troops who fought for Great Britain during the Revolutionary War Mercenaries sold into British service by German princes who raised money by hiring out their regiments |  | 19 |
| 5304448263 | Valley Forge | Place where George Washington camped his army during the winter of 1777-1778 Soldiers suffered from hunger, cold, disease, leading 1,300 to desert Morale was raised by drilling and discipline instilled by Baaron Von Steuben, a former Prussian officer |  | 20 |
| 5304448264 | Battle of Yortown | American and French forces commanded by George Washington trapped the army of General Cornwallis at Yorktown, Virginia A French fleet in Chesapeake Bay prevented the escape or rescule for the British The British surrender on October 19, 1781, ended British hopes for victory in the war | 21 | |
| 5304448265 | Bicameral Legislature | A legislative structure consisting of two houses Adopted by the US Constitution In the House of Representatives, membership is determined by population In the Senate, all states have equal representation |  | 22 |
| 5304448266 | Articles of Confederation | Ratified in 1781, establishing the first official government in the United States Allowed much power to remain within the states, with the federal government possessing only limited powers Replaced by the Constitution in 1788 |  | 23 |
| 5304448267 | Unicameral Legislature | A governmental structure with a one-house legislature Under the Articles of Confederation, the United States had a unicameral legislature, with all the states having equal representation |  | 24 |
| 5304448268 | Committee of Thirteen | Exercised executive authority under the Articles of Confederation when Congress was in recess One representative from each state served on the Committee of Thirteen Also known as the Committee of the States |  | 25 |
| 5304448269 | Continentals | Soldiers who joined the national or "continental" army commanded by Washington Joined up for multi-year terms of service, unlike fellow citizens in the militias Many Continental units became elite forces |  | 26 |
| 5304448270 | Northwest Ordinances | Bills passed in 1784, 1785, and 1787 that authorized for the sale of lands in the Northwest Territory to raise money for the national government Carefully laid out the procedures for eventual statehood for parts of these territories |  | 27 |
| 5304448271 | Declaration of Indeptendence | On June 7, 1776 Richard Henry Lee of Virginia moved that the second Continental Congress declare American independence Thomas Jefferson wrote the first draft of the Declaration The Declaration was formally approved on July 2 and formally announced on July 4 | 28 | |
| 5304448272 | Battle of Saratoga | On October 17, 1777, the British army of General John Burgoyne was forced to surrender near Saratoga, New York This American victory persuaded the French government to sign a treaty of alliance with the United States and enter the war against Great Britain |  | 29 |
| 5304448273 | Treaty of Paris, 1783 | Signed on September 3, 1783, formally ending the Revolutionary War Britain recognized American Independence The United States received a western boundary at the Mississippi River Spain received Florida and France received territory in Africa and the West Indies |  | 30 |
| 5304448274 | Virginia Plan | A plan for a stronger central government, drafted by James Madison and adopted by the Constitutional Convention Proposed that the powers of the government be divided between the executive, judicial, and legislative branches of the government |  | 31 |
| 5304448275 | Proportional Representation | The belief that representation in the legislature should be based on population, with more populous states having more representatives At the Constitutional Convention, this was an issue between large and small states, until a compromise created a two-house legislature | 32 | |
| 5304448276 | New Jersey Plan | At the Constitutional Convention, New Jersey proposed this plan under which Congress would consist of one house with one representative from each state Congress would also have considerable power to regulate trade |  | 33 |
| 5304448277 | Great Compromise | Plan drafted by Roger Sherman of Connecticut in which one house of Congress would be based on population (House of Representatives) while in the other all states would be represented equally (Senate) This plan speeded ratification of the Constitution |  | 34 |
| 5304448278 | Electoral Congress | Procedure outlined in the Constitution for the election of the president Votes of electors from each state, and not the popular vote, determine who is elected president Under this system, a person who does not win the popular vote can still be elected president | 35 | |
| 5304448279 | Three-Fifths Compromise | During the constitutional debate,a dispute arose over how slaves should be counted in determining membership in the legislature The South wanted slaves to count in full and the North did not The compromise decided that each slave would count as three-fifths of a free person | 36 | |
| 5304448280 | Ratifying Conventions | In late 1787 and in 1788 these were held in all states for the purpose of ratifying the new Constitution of the United States In many states approval of the Constitution was achieved by a small margin, and in Rhode Island ratification was defeated The Constitution was passed in July 1788 | 37 | |
| 5304448281 | Federalists | Term for the supporters of the Constitution during the ratification process Later the name for the party of George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, and John Adams Commercial interests favored the Federalists Federalist influence ended after 1816 |  | 38 |
| 5304448282 | Anti-Fderalists | This group opposed ratification of the Constitution in 1787 and 1788 Many feared that a strong central government would take political power "from the people" and behave as the British government had before the Revolution |  | 39 |
| 5304448283 | Bill of Rights | During the ratification process, many wanted a bill of rights added to the Constitution James Madison proposed the first amendments and in 1791 ten were added that protected freedom of speech, freedom of press, and other basic rights |  | 40 |
| 5304448284 | Free Trade | The philosophy that trade barriers and protective tariffs inhibit economic growth Thomas Jefferson opposed Alexander Hamilton's protectionism and proposed a policy of free trade that would have the effect of keeping prices low for farmers and planters | 41 | |
| 5304448285 | Democratic-Republicans | The party of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison Supported limited government and the values of the yeoman farmer Opposed the federalists, who supported a strong nation state and commercial interests |  | 42 |
| 5304448286 | Laissez-faire Economic Principles | Economic theory derived from 18th-century economist Adam Smith, who argued that an economy would run soundly if the government took a hands-off role in the economy Supporters of laissez-faire oppose high tariffs and economic protectionism | 43 | |
| 5304448287 | Report on the Public Credit | 1790 report by Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, in which he proposed that the federal government assume the entire national debt and play a greater role in the economy Thomas Jefferson and James Madison opposed this expansion of federal economic power | 44 | |
| 5304448288 | National Bank | Planned by Alexander Hamilton to be similar to the Bank of England, this bank was funded by government and private sources Hamilton believed the bank would give economic security to the new nation Thomas Jefferson and James Madison believed that the bank was unconstitutional |  | 45 |
| 5304448289 | Declaration of Neutrality | This was issued by President Washington in 1793 to announce American neutrality in the war between Britain and Revolutionary France Neither great power showed much respect for American neutrality as Americans tried to trade with both sides | 46 | |
| 5304448290 | Whiskey Rebellion | In the early 1790s many western settlers questioned federal authority over them In 1793 settlers in the Ohio territory refused to pay federal excise taxes on whiskey When "whiskey rebels" threatened Pittsburgh, President Washington led an army that put down the rebellion | 47 | |
| 5304448291 | Jay's Treaty | A 1794 treaty negotiated by John Jay, designed to ease tensions between the United States and Great Britain The British agreed to abandon the forts that they occupied on American territory in the west The British refused to make concessions over the rights of the American ships |  | 48 |
| 5304448292 | Alien and Sedition Acts | Proposed and supported by John Adams Gave the president the power to expel aliens deemed "dangerous to the country's well-being" Outlawed publication and public pronouncement of "false, scandalous, and malicious" statements about the government | 49 |
