American Pageant Chapters 23-26
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| 8526617876 | "waving the bloody shirt" | using Civil War memories to gain support for presidents | 0 | |
| 8526617877 | Tweed Ring | Boss Tweed, NY, stole about $200 million from the people, eventually found out and jailed until he died | 1 | |
| 8526617878 | Credit Mobilier scandal | This scandal occurred in the 1870s when a railroad construction company's stockholders used funds that were supposed to be used to build the Union Pacific Railroad for railroad construction for their own personal use. To avoid being convicted, stockholders even used stock to bribe congressional members and the vice president. | 2 | |
| 8526617879 | Panic of 1873 | Four year economic depression caused by overspeculation on railroads and western lands, and too-easy credit. It was worsened by Grant's poor fiscal response (refusing to coin gold and silver) | 3 | |
| 8526617880 | Gilded Age | A name for the late 1800s, coined by Mark Twain (sarcastically because of the corruption) to describe the tremendous increase in wealth caused by the industrial age and the ostentatious lifestyles it allowed the very rich. The great industrial success of the U.S. and the fabulous lifestyles of the wealthy hid the many social problems of the time, including a high poverty rate, a high crime rate, and corruption in the government. | 4 | |
| 8526617881 | patronage | (politics) granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support | 5 | |
| 8526617882 | Civil Rights Act of 1875 | The Act guaranteed that everyone, regardless of race, color, or previous condition of servitude, was entitled to the same treatment in "public accommodations" (i.e. inns, public conveyances on land or water, theaters, and other places of public amusement). If found guilty, the lawbreaker could face a penalty anywhere from $500 to $1,000 and/or 30 days to 1 year in prison. | 6 | |
| 8526617883 | Plessy v. Ferguson | Seperate but Equal. Supreme court ruled that segregation public places facilities were legal as long as the facilites were equal | 7 | |
| 8526617884 | Chinese Exclusion Act | Pased in 1882; banned Chinese immigration in US for a total of 40 years because the United States thought of them as a threat. Caused chinese population in America to decrease. | 8 | |
| 8526617885 | Pendleton Act | The Pendleton Act was an American act for the reformation of the American national civil service, introduced into the Senate by George Hunt Pendleton, of Ohio in 1880, but which did not become a law until January the 6th, 1883. It awarded jobs based on merit not on loyalty. It set up a Civil Service Commission which provided for open competitive examinations for admission to the public service. | 9 | |
| 8526617886 | Homestead Strike | 1892 steelworker strike near Pittsburgh against the Carnegie Steel Company. Ten workers were killed in a riot when "scab" labor was brought in to force an end to the strike. | 10 | |
| 8526617887 | grandfather clause | A clause in registration laws allowing people who do not meet registration requirements to vote if they or their ancestors had voted before 1867. | 11 | |
| 8526617888 | Jay Gould | United States financier who gained control of the Erie Canal and who caused a financial panic in 1869 when he attempted to corner the gold market (1836-1892) | 12 | |
| 8526617889 | James A. Garfield | 20th president, Republican, Anti-Stalwart, Assassinated by Charles J. Guiteau after a few months in office due to lack of patronage. His running mate was Chester Aurthur. Gave most of his positions to Halfbreeds | 13 | |
| 8526617890 | Chester Arthur | Appointed customs collector for the port of New York - corrupt and implemented a heavy spoils system. He implemented the Pendleton Act which called for reform on civil service. | 14 | |
| 8526617891 | Grover Cleveland | First Democratic President since Buchanan. He was a supporter of lasseiz faire capitalism, fought corruption. He vetoed hundreds of bills for military pensions, achieved the Interstate Commerce Commission and civil service reform, violent suppression of strikes | 15 | |
| 8526617892 | William Jennings Bryan | United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925) | 16 | |
| 8526617893 | J. P. Morgan | Banker who buys out Carnegie Steel and renames it to U.S. Steel. Was a philanthropist in a way; he gave all the money needed for WWI and was payed back. Was one of the "Robber barons" | 17 | |
| 8526617894 | Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railroad Company v. Illinois | 1886 - Stated that individual states could control trade in their states, but could not regulate railroads coming through them. Congress had exclusive jurisdiction over interstate commerce. | 18 | |
| 8526617895 | Interstate Commerce | commerce between two or more states which can be regulated by the federal government. The Interstate Commerce Act created a commission to oversee the conduct of the railroad industry; it made shipping rates reasonable and just | 19 | |
| 8526617896 | vertical integration | absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in all aspects of a product's manufacture from raw materials to distribution | 20 | |
| 8526617897 | horizontal integration | absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in the same level of production and sharing resources at that level | 21 | |
| 8526617898 | trust | term generally used to describe any large scale business operation inspired by horizontal integration | 22 | |
| 8526617899 | interlocking directorates | the consolidation of rival enterprises, to ensure harmony officers of a banking syndicate were placed on boards of these rivals | 23 | |
| 8526617900 | Standard Oil Company | Founded by John D. Rockefeller. Largest unit in the American oil industry in 1881. Known as A.D. Trust, it was outlawed by the Supreme Court of Ohio in 1899. Replaced by the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey. | 24 | |
| 8526617901 | Social Darwinists | Theorists who applied Darwin's theory of natural selection to human society, arguing that poorer and weaker segments of society desrved their fate; survival of the fittest | 25 | |
| 8526617902 | Sherman Anti-Trust Act | requires the United States federal government to investigate and pursue trusts, companies, and organizations suspected of violating the Act. It was the first Federal statute to limit cartels and monopolies, and today still forms the basis for most antitrust litigation by the United States federal government. However, for the most part, politicians were unwilling to refer to the law until Theodore Roosevelt's presidency (1901-1909). | 26 | |
| 8526617903 | National Labor Union | 1866 - established by William Sylvis - wanted 8hr work days, banking reform, and an end to conviction labor - attempt to unite all laborers | 27 | |
| 8526617904 | Knights of Labor | 1st effort to create National union. Open to everyone but lawyers and bankers. Vague program, no clear goals, weak leadership and organization. Failed; demanded an end to child and convict labor, equal pay for women, a progressive income tax, and the cooperative employer-employee ownership of mines and factories | 28 | |
| 8526617905 | Haymarket Square | Labor disorders had broken out and on May 4 1886, the Chicago police advanced on a protest; alleged brutalities by the authorities. Suddenly a dynamite bomb was thrown that killed or injured dozens, including police. It is still unknown today who set off the bomb, but following the hysteria, eight anarchists (possibly innocent) were rounded up. Because they preached "incendiary doctrines," they could be charged with conspiracy. Five were sentenced to death, one of which committed suicide; the other three were given stiff prison terms. Six years later, a newly elected Illinois governor recognized this gross injustice and pardoned the three survivors. Nevertheless, the Knights of Labor were toast: they became (incorrectly )associated with anarchy and all following strike efforts failed. | 29 | |
| 8526617906 | American Federation of Labor | Federation of craft labor unions lead by Samuel Gompers that arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor | 30 | |
| 8526617907 | closed shop | a company that hires only union members | 31 | |
| 8526617908 | Cornelius Venderbilt | an American entrepreneur who built his wealth in shipping and railroads and was the patriarch of the Vanderbilt family. | 32 | |
| 8526617909 | Alexander Graham Bell | United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922); invented the telephone in 1876 | 33 | |
| 8526617910 | Thomas Alva Edison | This scientist received more than 1,300 patents for a range of items including the automatic telegraph machine, the phonograph, improvements to the light bulb, a modernized telephone and motion picture equipment. | 34 | |
| 8526617911 | Andrew Carnegie | Creates Carnegie Steel. Gets bought out by banker JP Morgan and renamed U.S. Steel. Andrew Carnegie used vertical integration by buying all the steps needed for production. Was a philanthropist. Was one of the "Robber barons" | 35 | |
| 8526617912 | John D. Rockefeller | Was an American industrialist and philanthropist. Revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy. | 36 | |
| 8526617913 | Samuel Gompers | United States labor leader (born in England) who was president of the American Federation of Labor from 1886 to 1924 (1850-1924) | 37 | |
| 8526617914 | New Immigrants | Refers to the immigrants from southern and eastern Europe who came primarily during the age of Industrialization in the late 1800's and early 1900's. | 38 | |
| 8526617915 | settlement houses | a welfare agency for needy families, combated juvenile delinquency, and assisted recent immigrants in learning the English language and in becoming citizens. Jane Addams of the Hull House Settlement in Chicago | 39 | |
| 8526617916 | Tuskegee Institute | Booker T. Washington built this school to educate black students on learning how to support themselves and prosper | 40 | |
| 8526617917 | land-grant colleges | Are institutions of higher education in the United States that have been designated by each state to receive the benefits of the Morrill Acts of 1862 and 1890 | 41 | |
| 8526617918 | World's Columbian Exposition | 1893; World's Fair held in Chicago in 1893 to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus's arrival in the New World | 42 | |
| 8526617919 | Charles Darwin | English naturalist. He studied the plants and animals of South America and the Pacific islands, and in his book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859) set forth his theory of evolution. (p. 715) | 43 | |
| 8526617920 | Booker T. Washington | African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality. | 44 | |
| 8526617921 | W. E. B. Du Bois | fought for African American rights. Helped to found Niagra Movement in 1905 to fight for and establish equal rights. This movement later led to the establishment of the NAACP | 45 | |
| 8526617922 | John Dewey | He was a philosopher who believed in "learning by doing" which formed the foundation of progressive education. He believed that the teachers' goal should be "education for life and that the workbench is just as important as the blackboard." | 46 | |
| 8526617923 | Horatio Alger | Popular novelist during the Industrial Revolution who wrote "rags to riches" books praising the values of hard work | 47 | |
| 8526617924 | Mark Twain | (born Samuel Clemens) wrote several books that caught the spirit of the Gilded Age. His works combined real depth with a comic genius that exposed the pretentiousness and meanness of human beings. | 48 | |
| 8526617925 | reservation system | introduced in 1870, forced nations to live on barren land, it confined people so they could not support themselves in their accustomed way. It has left to the institutional of this enforced segregation. | 49 | |
| 8526617926 | Battle of the Little Bighorn | a battle in Montana near the Little Bighorn River between United States cavalry under Custer and several groups of Native Americans (1876); Custer was pursuing Sioux led by Sitting Bull; it was a disastrous defeat | 50 | |
| 8526617927 | Battle of Wounded Knee | The Wounded Knee Massacre, also known as The Battle at Wounded Knee Creek, was the last major armed conflict between the Lakota Sioux and the United States, subsequently described as a "massacre" by General Nelson A. Miles in a letter to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs. | 51 | |
| 8526617928 | Dawes Severalty Act | Bill that promised Indians tracts of land to farm in order to assimilate them into white culture. The bill was resisted, uneffective, and disastrous to Indian tribes | 52 | |
| 8526617929 | mining industry | during the late 1800s, mining became a big industry needed to get raw materials | 53 | |
| 8526617930 | Homestead Act | Land given out by the government. Throughout the 19th century homesteads were sold for a cheap price, as well as given away by the homestead act of 1862. Many of these homesteads were also purchased by businesses and railroads using families to claim the land. | 54 | |
| 8526617931 | mechanization of agriculture | The development of engine-driven machines, like the combine, which helped to dramatically increase the productivity of land in the 1870s and 1880s. This process contributed to the consolidation of agricultural business that drove many family farms out of existence | 55 | |
| 8526617932 | The Populist Party | Populist were followers of the political doctrine that supports the rights and powers of the common people in their struggle with the privileged elite. They called for free coinage of silver, graduated income tax, government regulation of railroads, direct election of senators, shorter work day, and immigrant restrictions | 56 | |
| 8526617933 | Pullman strike | in Chicago, Pullman cut wages but refused to lower rents in the "company town", Eugene Debs had American Railway Union refuse to use Pullman cars, Debs thrown in jail after being sued, strike achieved nothing | 57 | |
| 8526617934 | Gold Standard Act | the monetary system that prevailed between about 1870 and 1914, in which countries tied their currencies to gold at a legally fixed price | 58 | |
| 8526617935 | Frederick Jackson Turner | American historian who said that humanity would continue to progress as long as there was new land to move into. The frontier provided a place for homeless and solved social problems. | 59 | |
| 8526617936 | Jacob S. Coxey | a wealthy Ohio quarry owner turn populist who led a protest group to Washington D.C. to demand that the federal government provide the unemployed with meaningful work (during the depression of 1893). The group was arrested and disbanded peacefully in D.C. movements like this struck fear into American's hearts | 60 | |
| 8526617937 | William McKinley | 25th president responsible for Spanish-American War, Philippine-American War, and the Annexation of Hawaii, imperialism. Is assassinated by an anarchist | 61 | |
| 8526617938 | Marcus Alonzo Hanna | Used the money he made in the iron business to support William McKinley's presidential campaign. He became a personification of big business in politics. | 62 | |
| 8526617939 | Samuel J. Tilden | Lead the prosecution of "Boss" Tweed and later became a Democratic nominee off of this fame. | 63 | |
| 8526617940 | Redemption Day | (1879) A day where hoarders of green backers redeemed their green backs with gold. The green back's value increased | 64 | |
| 8526617941 | Resumption Act | Pledged the government to further withdraw greenbacks and made all further redemption of paper money in gold at face value, starting in 1879 | 65 | |
| 8526617942 | Bland Allison Act | instructed the Treasury to buy and coin $2 million and $4 million worth of silver bullion each month | 66 | |
| 8526617943 | Munn vs. Illinois | Went against the Grange Laws of the farmers and favored the regulation of the railroads by the state | 67 | |
| 8526617944 | Wabash, St. Louis and Pacific RR Co | Reversed the Munn vs. Illinois establishment and declared that only the federal government was allowed to regulate the railroads and interest commerce | 68 | |
| 8526617945 | The Big Four | Located in California, the Big Four controlled the Central Pacific Railroad. Leland Standford, Collis Huntington, Charles Crocker, and Mark Hopkins | 69 | |
| 8526617946 | George Westinghouse | invented air brakes for railroads, and the Transformer | 70 |
