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| 14667456015 | Treaty of Tordesillas | A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal. | 0 | |
| 14667457284 | Joint-stock companies | businesses formed by groups of people who jointly make an investment and share in the profits and losses | 1 | |
| 14667457285 | Encomienda | A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it | 2 | |
| 14667458167 | Incas | A Native American people who built a notable civilization in western South America in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The center of their empire was in present-day Peru. Francisco Pizarro of Spain conquered the empire. | 3 | |
| 14667459772 | Beringa | A "Land Bridge" which stretched from Asia to North America; Present Day Bering Strait | 4 | |
| 14667460878 | Totem Poles | Tall posts carved and painted with a series of animal symbols associated with a particular family or clan. | 5 | |
| 14667462689 | Iroquois League | A political confederation of five northeastern Native American nations of the Seneca, Oneida, Mohawk, Cayuga, and Onondaga that made decisions concerning war and peace. | 6 | |
| 14667463653 | Astrolabe | An instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the position of the stars and planets | 7 | |
| 14667464945 | Aztecs | Also known as Mexica, they created a powerful empire in central Mexico (1325-1521 C.E.). They forced defeated peoples to provide goods and labor as a tax. | 8 | |
| 14667466191 | Hunter-gatherers | People who hunt animals and gather wild plants, seeds, fruits, and nuts to survive | 9 | |
| 14667467188 | Mound-Builders | native american civilizations of the eastern region of north america that created distinctive earthen works that served as elaborate burial places | 10 | |
| 14667467189 | Jesuits | Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism. | 11 | |
| 14667468125 | Powhatan Confederacy | Group of Native Americans who traded with John Smith. The confederacy gets its name from its leader, Chief Powhatan. | 12 | |
| 14667469628 | Algonquians | North American people that lived in southern New York State, in what is now Long Island and the Hudson River Valley | 13 | |
| 14667470852 | Iroquois | A later native group to the eastern woodlands. They blended agriculture and hunting living in common villages constructed from the trees and bark of the forests | 14 | |
| 14667471959 | Mayans | 1500 B.C. to 900 A.D. This is the most advanced civilization of the time in the Western Hemisphere. Famous for its awe-inspiring temples, pyramids and cities. A complex social and political order. | 15 | |
| 14667472960 | Pueblo | Pueblo Indians, North American Indian peoples known for living in compact permanent settlements known as pueblos. Representative of the Southwest Indian-culture area, most live in northeastern Arizona and northwestern New Mexico. | 16 | |
| 14667479089 | Columbian Exchange | The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages. | 17 | |
| 14667481319 | Mestizo | The term used by Spanish authorities to describe someone of mixed native American and European descent. | 18 | |
| 14667481320 | Juan de Sepulveda | Spaniard who supported the Spanish Empire's right of conquest and colonization in the New World. He also argued in favor of the Christianize of Native Americans. | 19 | |
| 14667482089 | Bartolome de Las Casas | First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor. | 20 | |
| 14667482514 | Spanish mission | Set up by the Spanish to convert the Indians to Christianity (Catholicism) •First European settlements in America | 21 | |
| 14667483411 | Juan de Onate | Spanish explorer and conquistador. He claimed New Mexico for Spain in 1598 and served as its governor until 1607. | 22 | |
| 14667484475 | maize cultivation | The growing of Indian corn, a staple of many Indians diets, leading many nomadic tribes to settle and develop great civilizations such as the Aztecs incas and Mayans. | 23 | |
| 14667485463 | plantation-based agriculture | With the Portuguese discovery of slave trafficking in West Africa their thirst for slaves became greater. Slaves were used to farm large-scale commercial agriculture known as plantations | 24 | |
| 14667486471 | feudalism | A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land | 25 | |
| 14667486472 | capitalism | an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state. | 26 | |
| 14667488085 | cultural autonomy | Freedom of a group to express ones own culture without outside control i.g. The Christianization of the natives took away there Cultural autonomy | 27 | |
| 14667489113 | Prince Henry the Navigator | (1394-1460) Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire. | 28 | |
| 14667490110 | Samuel de Champlain | French explorer in Nova Scotia who established a settlement on the site of modern Quebec (1567-1635) | 29 | |
| 14667490953 | Henry Hudson | An English explorer who explored for the Dutch. He claimed the Hudson River around present day New York and called it New Netherland. He also had the Hudson Bay named for him | 30 | |
| 14667491940 | Roanoke Island | English colony that Raleigh planted on an island off North Carolina in 1585; the colonists who did not return to England disappeared without a trace in 1590 | 31 | |
| 14667492737 | Cahokia | an ancient settlement of southern Indians, located near present day St. Louis, it served as a trading center for 40,000 at its peak in A.D. 1200. | 32 | |
| 14667492798 | sextant | navigation tool used to determine a ship's latitude and longitude (by measuring the altitudes of stars) | 33 | |
| 14667493374 | Maroon societies | communities of runaway slaves, survival of african traditions such as house designs, community organizations and language in caribbean | 34 | |
| 14667494486 | Pueblo Revolt | Native American revolt against the Spanish in late 17th century; expelled the Spanish for over 10 years; Spain began to take an accommodating approach to Natives after the revolt | 35 | |
| 14667494936 | mercantilism | An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought | 36 | |
| 14667495659 | Navigation Acts | Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries. | 37 | |
| 14667497071 | Spanish Caste System | system based on race that was used for social control and also determined a person's role and importance in society. Peninsular, Creole, Mestizo, Indios | 38 | |
| 14667497072 | Mestizo | The term used by Spanish authorities to describe someone of mixed native American and European descent. | 39 | |
| 14667497525 | Creole | A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated. | 40 | |
| 14667497916 | Smallpox | A highly contagious viral disease characterized by fever, weakness, and skin eruption with pustules that form scabs; responsible for killing Native Americans. | 41 | |
| 14667500092 | Taino | a Native American people of the Caribbean islands - the first group encountered by Columbus and his men when they reached the Americas | 42 | |
| 14667501839 | Middle Passage | A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies | 43 | |
| 14667502404 | St. Augustine | early christian leader who writes the book City of God that instructs how Christians are to be | 44 | |
| 14667502405 | Puritans | Protestant sect in England hoping to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization. | 45 | |
| 14667502763 | Act of Toleration | A legal document that allowed all Christian religions in Maryland: Protestants invaded the Catholics in 1649 around Maryland: protected the Catholics religion from Protestant rage of sharing the land: Maryland became the #1 colony to shelter Catholics in the New World. | 46 | |
| 14667503415 | Atlantic Circuit | The network of trade routes connecting Europe, Africa, and the Americas that underlay the Atlantic system. | 47 | |
| 14667504132 | Conquistadors | Early-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru. (Examples Cortez, Pizarro, Francisco.) | 48 | |
| 14667505282 | Separatist | a person who supports the separation of a particular group of people from a larger body on the basis of ethnicity, religion, or gender. | 49 | |
| 14667507244 | Non-separatists | Nonseparatist Puritans agreed with Separatists on the necessity of restricting church membership to proven saints. However, they did not condemn the Church of England. They contended that true Christians could and did remain in the Church of England in spite of its unscriptural practices. Furthermore, they believed Christians always existed within the church regardless of the form it took. Nonseparatists hoped to bring about change from within the established church. Separating from the Anglicans would frustrate that goal. | 50 | |
| 14667508104 | John Smith | Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter. | 51 | |
| 14667508120 | Squanto | Native American who helped the English colonists in Massachusetts develop agricultural techniques and served as an interpreter between the colonists and the Wampanoag. | 52 | |
| 14667508828 | James I | (1603-1625) Stuart monarch who ignored constitutional principles and asserted the divine right of kings. | 53 | |
| 14667509866 | Jamestown | The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia | 54 | |
| 14667510804 | Lord Baltimore | 1694- He was the founder of Maryland, a colony which offered religious freedom, and a refuge for the persecuted Roman Catholics. | 55 | |
| 14667510805 | New Laws of 1542 | Bartolome de Las Casas convinced the King of Spain to institute these laws, which ended American Indian slavery, ended forced Indian labor, and began the process of ending the encomienda systems. (p. 11) | 56 | |
| 14667512912 | Christopher Columbus | He mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to India. | 57 | |
| 14667513485 | John Cabot | English explorer who claimed Newfoundland for England while looking for Northwest Passage | 58 | |
| 14667514599 | Robert de La Salle | Frenchman who followed the Mississippi River all the way to the Gulf of Mexico, claiming the region for France and naming it Louisiana in honor of King Louis XIV | 59 | |
| 14667514600 | Ponce de Leon | Spanish explorer who landed on the coast of modern-day Florida and claimed it for Spain | 60 | |
| 14667515103 | Pope' | Popé or Po'pay was a Tewa religious leader from Ohkay Owingeh, who led the Pueblo Revolt in 1680 against Spanish colonial rule. In the first successful revolt against the Spanish, the Pueblo expelled the colonists and kept them out of the territory for twelve years. | 61 | |
| 14667516917 | "Three-sister" farming | The Three Sisters are the three main agricultural crops of various Native American groups in North America: winter squash, maize (corn), and climbing beans (typically tepary beans or common beans). | 62 |
