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| 352263848 | Mound Builders | Midwest Indians. 3,500 years ago. Lived in the Ohio River Valley. Built large, earthen burial mounds. Indian tribes had a very diverse cultures. | |
| 352263849 | Christopher Columbus | Italian conquistador. With sponsorship from King Ferdinand II and Queen Isabella (Spain), he sailed the Niña, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria west with his crew in 1492 in search of a trade route to Asia for spices. Named area "West Indies." Landed in Hispañola. Enslaved natives in search of gold. | |
| 352263850 | Columbian Exchange | Transatlantic trade of goods, livestock, food, and disease in 1492. New to Old World - corn, tomato, potato, tobacco, and cotton Old to New World - rice, wheat, cattle, horses, and diseases Disease resulted in an Indian population catastrophe (80 million dead) EASY CONQUERING | |
| 352263851 | Mestizos | A low population of women in the newly formed Spanish empire resulted in a mixing of Spanish men and Indian women - the children were Mestizos. This was legalized in 1514 for the spread of Christianity. | |
| 352263852 | Bartolomé de las Casas | Owner of hacienda and slaves in the Dominican. Had a change of heart when he saw how the Spanish were treating the natives. Preached about injustices in the 1540s. Spread the Black Legend. | |
| 352263853 | Black Legend | A rumor circulating throughout Europe of the Spanish's cruel treatment of the Caribbean natives spread by de las Casas and his writings in the 1540s. | |
| 352263854 | Sugar | Slave labor became more popular in seventeenth and eighteenth century America because a slave's term of work never expired, they were easily differentiated from others, their children were slaves, etc. Worked on demanding sugar plantations. Sugar was popular because it was the first mass-marketed crop in Europe. Produced huge profit. | |
| 352263855 | Jamestown | Created in 1607. First successful English colony in the Americas. Settled in the Chesapeake region - Virginia. Settled by the Virginia Company, lead by John Smith. Winter of 1609 - starving time. Settled next to diseased swamp - 1/2 died. Continuously sent people = success. John Rolfe discovers tobacco; get rich quick! | |
| 352263856 | John Smith | Leader of Jamestown colony. Married Pocahontas and created a temporary alliance with Powhatan's tribe. | |
| 352263857 | Indentured Servants | Method of labor used by plantation owners in the 1600s and 1700s. Paid white servants who worked for a set amount of time and was paid in "freedom dues" and a passage to the New World once their labor was complete. Eventually died out when slavery became more popular. | |
| 352263858 | Samuel de Champlain | French colonized the New World in the seventeenth century. Champlain was a French explorer sponsored by a French fur-trading company who founded Quebec in 1608. | |
| 352263859 | Quebec | Founded in 1608 by French explorer Samuel de Champlain. Located in present day Canada. One of the centers of France's fur trade. | |
| 352263860 | Fur Trade | Frances main form of economy in the 1700. Relied on alliances with Indians - they supplied furs to French trading posts. Extremely lucrative trade. | |
| 352263861 | Henry Hudson | Englishman employed by the Dutch East India Company (part if the Dutch Empire). Sailed into New York Harbor in search of a northwest passage to Asia. Claimed area for the Netherlands. Many colonists settled in present day NY. | |
| 352263862 | "Starving Time" | In 1610 in Jamestown, a feud with the local Powhatan Indians resulted in the surrounding of the colony and killing of any colonists attempting to escape. The Indians were angered in the first place because the colonists refused to put away their guns. They were starved throughout the winter. | |
| 352263863 | Powhatan | Leader of the Powhatan Indian tribe in Virginia near Jamestown and the father of Pocahontas. | |
| 352263864 | New Netherland | A Dutch colony located throughout present day New York and settled in 1614. The area was discovered by Henry Hudson. Many trade outposts were established here by the Dutch West India Company. Dominated international commerce. Freedom of press and religious toleration. Governed non-democratically. | |
| 352263865 | Puritanism | Founded in late 16th century. People were unhappy with progress of Protestant Reformation (too similar to Catholicism). They believed truth was found by reading the Bible. Also believed in predestination. Wanted liberty and the ability to OBEY GOD'S WILL THROUGH SELF-GOVERNMENT. Escaped religious prosecution by coming to the New World as Pilgrims on the Mayflower in 1620. | |
| 352263866 | Pilgrims | The first Puritans. They sought to escape religious prosecution. They escaped England and migrated on the Mayflower in 1620. Unprepared for the elements, they only survived because of Patuxet leader Squanto's help (interpreter, taught how to get food). | |
| 352263867 | The Great Migration | 1629 to 1642. The migration of 21,000 Puritans to Massachusetts. Wanted to: escape religious persecution, prospect of economic growth, equal sex ratio and healthy conditions, nervous about England's future. | |
| 352263868 | Roger Williams | Puritan towns banished those who criticized the church or government. Roger Williams aimed for complete religious toleration in 1631. He took his followers south to Rhode Island to practice religion without government interference. | |
| 352263869 | Anne Hutchinson | Arrived in Massachusetts in 1634. Held meetings in her home about religious issues, and said that God talked to her. Men angered by their "inferior" hearing God. Posed a threat to organized churches. Banished and settled in RI. | |
| 352263870 | Mercantilism | Prevalent throughout 1600s. The colonies in the New World were an important source of goods and money for their mother colonies in Europe. It encouraged manufacturing and produced more money. | |
| 352263871 | Triangular Trade | In the 18th century, the Atlantic commerce and trade were extremely busy. Raw materials were shipped from the colonies back to Europe. These materials were made into manufactured goods and shipped to Africa for slaves. These slaves were shipped to the colonies. | |
| 352263872 | Middle Passage | The Transatlantic voyage to the colonies from Africa in the Triangular Trade. Slaves had to be tightly packed in ships. Many did not survive. Disease and starvation killed most slaves. | |
| 352263873 | New York | The Dutch region was taken over by the English in 1664 and renamed New York. It became an important seaport trading post with the Caribbean and a military outpost for operations against the French. | |
| 352263874 | Carolina | English colony. Began in 1670 as an offshoot of the rich Caribbean plantation island of Barbados. Shortage of land made wealthy planters come to Carolina. Allied with friendly Indians. Enslaved others and shipped them to other colonies and the West Indies. | |
| 352263875 | Headright System | Included in the Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina in 1669. Used to quickly attract settlers. It offered 150 acres of land for each arriving family member and 100 acres to male indentured servants who completed their terms. | |
| 352292826 | Rice | This crop was important in Virginia - an important marketable staple crop. Because it requires a lot of maintenance and has a high payoff, South Carolina farmers used large plantations. It needed many slaves for large scale cultivation. The slave population in the mid 1700s was double of South Carolina's population. | |
| 352292827 | Bacon's Rebellion | 1675, Nathaniel Bacon - middle class slave owner - angered that indentured servants' land was in Indian territory. Got everyone angry at ruling class. Servants, slaves, and lower class. Marched on Jamestown. SIGNIFICANCE - GREAT UPPER/LOWER CLASS SEPARATION. MADE MORE SENSE TO USE SLAVES | |
| 352292828 | Quakers & Pennsylvania | Pennsylvania founded by William Penn in late 1660s. Place of complete religious freedom and peace with Indians. "Holy Experiment" - colony open to all worshippers. Pacifists. Lead by Quakers - abolition of slavery and equal women's rights. | |
| 352292829 | Salem Witch Trials | In the late 17th century, Puritans believed in the supernatural. When sickness struck or crops failed, people blamed witches and punished them by death. Accusations were farfetched and many "witches" were killed. Sometimes women were accused out of revenge or spite. This is significant because it shows a poor justice system. It also shows that people were so obsessed with economic gain that they were driven to using the Devil as an excuse to get more land. | |
| 352292830 | Salutary Neglect | The British removed themselves from the life and politics of the English colonies in the 18th century. This allowed the colonies to create a new, "democratic" government and rule themselves. It also lead to the creation of a "public sphere." | |
| 352292831 | Colonial Assembly | The 18th century - the governor was the colonial leader and the colonial assembly met with the governor. The most powerful colonies were those that had governors who accommodated to colonial assemblies. It was a new form of government as a result of Britain's salutary neglect. They were elected by the people | |
| 352292832 | The Great Awakening | The mid 18th century - Religious fervor had died down in English colonies due to focus on economy. This was a religious revival that included preachers like George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards. They preached about a new way to find salvation - as a born-again Christian. First forms of Evangelism. The Old Lights were threatened by this but the New Lights liked it. | |
| 352292833 | Consumer Revolution | Late 16th century to the 19th century in which there was a marked increase in consumption of various goods and products by individuals from different economic and social backgrounds. The consumer revolution allowed a diverse group of individuals to purchase similar items that previously may have only been available to those of middle to upper classes. This revolution allowed individuals who were not necessarily wealthy to indulge, and consume products that were necessity as well as those that were not. | |
| 352321170 | Middle Ground | The area in and around the Ohio River Valley where the Indians, French, and English were all settled in the 18th century. It was an area where there was a complex struggle for land and dominance. | |
| 352321171 | The Seven Years' War | In the 1750s, the British attempted to remove the French presence from the Ohio River Valley. The French allied with the local Indians who they were mostly peaceful with and retaliated. The British struck at the weak French colonies and seized the French Caribbean while in Europe Prussia and Austria fended off the French, Russians, and Spanish. It was an expensive global war. The British won in 1763. It destroyed Quaker society because it launched Pennsylvania into war with Delaware and Indians. It created a sense of collective identity. | |
| 352321172 | The Peace of Paris | In 1763 the Peace of Paris was formed - France gave Canada to Britain and received some sugar islands like Martinique and Guadaloupe. The French presence was gone from North America and the balance of power was completely gone. | |
| 352321173 | Pontiac's Rebellion | After the French defeat, Indians felt threatened by the offset of a balance of power. They viewed the British as enemies. They wanted independence to prevent loss of freedom. The Ohio River Valley and Great Lakes Indians launched a revolt against the British rule. It resulted in the Proclamation of 1763. | |
| 352321174 | The Proclamation Line | In 1763, the Proclamation of 1763 was formed. It said that colonial settlement could not go beyond the Appalachian Mountains. It angered settlers and protected the Indians after numerous violent revolts. | |
| 352321175 | The Paxton Boys | In 1763 Scotch-Irish men massacred local Indians out of anger because they thought Pennsylvania treated Indians too leniently. This was radically different than the customary Quaker way of life. |
