Key Terms from Krieger AP Crash Course
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| 779525206 | Columbian Exchange | -Exchange of plants and animals btwn New World and Europe -Old World received corn, tomatoes, and potatoes -New World received horses, cows, and pigs | |
| 779525207 | Mercantalism | -17th and 18th century economic philosophy -GB would increase wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by establishing a favorable balance of trade with its colonies | |
| 779525208 | Half-Way Covenant | -Established by Puritans to ease requirements for church membership -Allowed baptism of children of baptized but unconverted Puritans | |
| 779525209 | Enlightenment | -18th century philosophy stressing reason could improve the human condition -Thomas Jefferson= thinker--> seen in Dec of Independence | |
| 779525210 | Deism | -Belief that Hod created the universe but allowed it to operate through the laws of nature -Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin--> natural laws could be discovered through the use of human reason | |
| 779525211 | The First Great Awakening | 1730s-1740s= wave of religious revivals across American colonies | |
| 779525212 | Republican Government/ Republicanism | -Belief that government should be based on the consent of the people -Inspired American Revolution | |
| 779525213 | Separation of Powers | -Division of power among the legislative, judicial, and executive branches of the government -Defended by Alexander Hamilton | |
| 779525214 | Checks and Balances | -System in which each branch of government can check the power of the other branches -Ex. President can veto bill passed by Congress, but Congress can override the President's veto | |
| 779525215 | Judicial Review | -The Supreme Court can strike down an act of Congress by declaring it unconstitutional -Established by Marbury v. Madison | |
| 779525216 | Internal Improvements | Term referring to the development of the national transportation system | |
| 779525217 | American System | -Set of proposals designed to unify the nation and strengthen its economy by means of protective tariffs, a national bank, and internal improvements -Henry Clay= chief proponent of the American System | |
| 779525218 | Cult of domesticity/Republican Motherhood | -Idealization of women in their roles as wives and mothers -"rep motherhood"- women would be responsible for raising their children to be virtuous citizens of the new American republic | |
| 779525219 | Transcendentalism | -1800s- philosophical and literary movement that emphasized living a simple life and celebrating the truth found in nature and in personal emotion and imagination -Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau= foremost writers | |
| 779525220 | Perfectionism | -Belief that humans can use conscious acts of will to create communities based upon cooperation and mutual respect -Utopian Communities= Brook Farm, New Harmony, and Oneida reflected perfectionist aspirations | |
| 779525221 | The Second Great Awakening | -1800-1830- second wave of religious enthusiasm across America -Middle-class women played especially important role by making Americans aware of moral issues posed by slavery | |
| 779525222 | Jacksonian Democracy | -Set of political beliefs associated with Andrew Jackson and his followers -Respect for common sense and abilities of the common man, expansion of White male suffrage, appointment of political supporters to government positions, and opposition to privileged Eastern elites | |
| 779525223 | Nullification | -Legal theory that a state in the US has the right to nullify (invalidate) any federal law that the state deems unconstitutional -John C Calhoun= foremost proponent of the doctrine of nullification -South Carolina convention declared 1828 and 1832 tariffs unenforceable in the state | |
| 779525224 | Manifest Destiny | 19th-century belief that the US would inevitably expand westward to the Pacific Ocean | |
| 779525225 | Popular Sovereignty | -Principle that the settlers of a given territory have the sole right to decide whether to not slavery will be permitted there -Led to the divisive debate over the expansion of slavery unto the territories -First great test occurred in Kansas | |
| 779525226 | Jim Crow Laws | Post-Civil War laws and customs designed to discriminate against African Americans | |
| 779525227 | Social Gospel | -19th-century reform movement based on the belief that Christians have the responsibility to actively confront social problems such as poverty -Led by Christian ministers -Argued that real social change would result from dedication to both religious practice and social reform | |
| 779525228 | Gospel of Wealth | -Belief that the rich were the guardians of society's wealth and, as such, had the duty to serve society in humane ways -Andrew Carnegie= foremost advocate | |
| 779525229 | Social Darwinism | -Belief that there is a natural evolutionary process by which the fittest will survive -Wealthy business and industrial leaders used this to justify their success -John D Rockefeller | |
| 779525230 | Frontier Thesis | -Argument by historian Frederick Jackson Turner that the frontier experience helped make American society more democratic -Especially emphasized the importance of cheap, unsettled land and the absence of a landed aristocracy | |
| 779525231 | New Immigrants | -1880-1924- massive wave of immigrants -Came primarily from small farms and villages in Southern and Eastern Europe | |
| 779525232 | Old Immigrants | -Came primarily from England, Germany, and Scandinavia | |
| 779525233 | Nativism | -Nativists favored interests of native-born people over the interest of immigrants -Directed hostility against Irish and German Catholic immigrants | |
| 779525234 | Know-Nothings | First nativist political party | |
| 779525235 | Muckrakers | -Early 20-century journalists who exposed illegal business practices, social injustices, and corrupt urban political bosses -Upton Sinclair, Jacob Riis, and Ida Tarbell | |
| 779525236 | Taylorism | -System of scientific management developed by Frederick W Taylor -Sought to develop disciplined labor force by eliminating wasted motion | |
| 779525237 | Vertical Integration | -Company controls both production and distribution of its product -Used by Andrew Carnegie to gain control over US steel | |
| 779525238 | Horizontal Integration | One company gains control over the other companies that produce the same product | |
| 779525239 | Hoovervilles | Slums or shantytowns inhabited by the unemployed and homeless people of the Great Depression | |
| 779525240 | Laissez-Faire Economics | -Economic philosophy stating that economic activities should be largely free from governmental interference, regulations, and restraint -Supported by leaders who also supported protective tariffs | |
| 779525241 | Isolationism | -US foreign policy calling for Americans to avoid entangling political alliances -1930s- isolationists withdrew support from ideas in Washington's Farewell Address -1930 Neutrality Acts= commitment to isolationism | |
| 779525242 | Containment | -Name for the US Cold War foreign policy designed to contain or block the spread of Soviet influence -George F Kennan= American diplomat and specialist on the USSR who wrote influential article advocating that US focus foreign policy on containing spread of Soviet influence | |
| 779525243 | McCarthyism | -Making of public accusations of disloyalty without sufficient evidence -Senator McCarthy played on fears of Americans claiming that Communists had infiltrated the US State Department and other federal agencies -His accusations helped create climate of paranoia -Americans became preoccupied with perceived threat posed by alleged Communist subversives working in the US | |
| 779525244 | Domino Theory | -Belief that if one country falls to communism, its neighbors will also be infected and fall to communism -Ex. Fall of South Vietnam= fall of Southeast Asia | |
| 779525245 | Massive Retaliation | -Military doctrine -John Foster Dulles- Eisenhower's sec of state, associated with him -In the event of attack by the USSR or any other hostile power, the US would retaliate with massive force, including nuclear weapons -Designed to deter enemy from launching initial attack | |
| 779525246 | Black Power | -Movement of the 1960s- advocated that African Americans establish control of their political and economic life -Key advocates= Malcolm X, Stokely Carmichael, and Huey Newton | |
| 779525247 | Hawks and Doves | -Hawks= supported US involvement in Vietnam war and believed America should increase military force to win war -Doves= opposed Vietnam war and believed US should withdraw forces | |
| 779525248 | Detente | -Relaxation of tensions between the US and the USSR -Introduced by Sec of State Henry Kissinger and President Richard Nixon -Ex. Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT), expanded trade with the USSR, and President Nixon's trips to China and Russia | |
| 779525249 | Reaganomics/Supply-Side Economics | -Economic policies of President Ronald Reagan -Reagan hoped to promote growth and investment by deregulating business, reducing corporate tax rates, and lowering federal tax rates for upper- and middle-income Americans |
