This set of flashcards only covers Ch.6-19.
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| 589192242 | Sam Adams | Helped organize the Sons of Liberty and the Non-Importation Commission, which protested the Townshend Acts, and is believed to have lead the Boston Tea Party. He helped to draft the Massachusetts Constitution. He was opposed to the Constitution was added to it, and then he approved. | |
| 589192243 | Thomas Paine | Revolutionary leader who wrote the pamphlet Common Sense (1776) arguing for American independence from Britain. In England he published The Rights of Man | |
| 589192244 | George Mason | Wrote the Virginia Declaration of Rights. Virginia representative at the Constitutional Convention, he refused to sign the Constitution because it did not contain a declaration of rights. | |
| 589192245 | George Washington | Becomes first president of the US; establishes a diverse cabinet; sends troops to Whiskey Rebellion.; issues the Neutrality Proclamation; gives a Farewell Address | |
| 589192246 | Alexander Hamilton | Met to revise the Articles; helped to write The Federalist Papers; becomes Secretary of Treasury; urged the government to pay off debts; created an Excise Tax; proposed a Bank of the US; loose interpreter; was a Federalist; was killed by Aaron Burr in a duel | |
| 589192247 | James Madison | Met in Philadelphia to "revise the Articles only"; helped write the Federalist Papers; writes the Virginia Resolutions; was the 4th president of the US; was a Federalist | |
| 589192248 | Thomas Jefferson | Becomes Secretary of State; believes in "strict interpretation"; was a Democratic- Republican; wrote the Kentucky Resolves; won the Election of 1800; sends the navy to the shores of Tripoli; agrees on the Louisiana Purchase; issued the Embargo Act | |
| 589192249 | John Marshall | A cousin of Jefferson; is a Chief Justice in the Supreme Court; serves in the court case Marbury v. Madison | |
| 589192250 | Henry Clay | Devised the American System; a candidate for the presidency in both 1824 & 1836, but he lost times; became Adams' Secretary of State; proposed a compromise for the Tariff | |
| 589192251 | John Q Adams | Becomes the 2nd president of the US; sends 3 envoys in the XYZ Affair; remained neutral; known as "the Father of the American Navy"; appoints "midnight judges"; cousin of Sam Adams; Federalist | |
| 589192252 | John C Calhoun | A senator from South Carolina who was Vice President of the U.S. under John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson; advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification; leader of the Fugitive Slave Act | |
| 589192253 | James K Polk | Polk was a slave owning southerner dedicated to the Democratic Party. In 1844, he was a "dark horse" candidate for president, and he won the election, becoming the 11th U.S. President. Polk favored American expansion, especially advocating the annexation of Texas, California, and Oregon. He opposed Clay's American System, instead advocating lower tariff, separation of treasury and the federal government from the banking system. | |
| 589192254 | William Henry Harrison | American general who advanced upon Tecumseh's headquarters at Tippecanoe and killed the Prophet and burned the camp to the ground; killed Tecumseh; elected 9th President of the US in 1840, but died of pneumonia a month later, and gave presidency to Tyler | |
| 589192255 | Stephen Douglas | Senator from Illinois who ran for president against Abraham Lincoln; author of the Kansas-Nebraska Act; argues in favor of popular sovereignty | |
| 589192256 | Jay's Treaty | Was made up by John Jay. It said that Britain was to pay for Americans ships that were seized in 1793. It said that Americans had to pay British merchants debts owed from before the revolution and Britain had agreed to remove their troops from the Ohio Valley | |
| 589192257 | Pinckney's Treaty | An agreement between the United States and Spain that changed Florida's border and made it easier for American ships to use the port of New Orleans because it granted the United States free navigation of the Mississippi River through Spanish territory ; was a direct result of Jay's Treaty due to France's fear of an Anglo-American alliance | |
| 589192258 | Convention of 1818 | During this meeting, Britain and the US agreed to put the northern boundary of the Louisiana Purchase at the 49th parallel and provided for a ten-year joint occupation of the Oregon territory with Britain | |
| 589192259 | Rush-Bagot Treaty | 1817 - This treaty between the U.S. and Great Britain demilitarized the Great Lakes. | |
| 589192260 | Adams-Onis Treaty | Agreement in which Spain gave up all of Florida to the US in return for a US payment of $5 million to Spain | |
| 589192261 | Treaty of Ghent | Ended the War of 1812 | |
| 589192262 | French and Indian War | Was also know as the Seven Years' War; began with Washington's battle with the French Causes: George Washington was sent to the Ohio country as a lieutenant colonel in command of about 150 Virginia minutemen. Encountering some Frenchmen in the forest about 40 miles from Fort Duquesne, the troops opened fire, killing the French leader. Later, the French returned and surrendered Washington's hastily constructed Fort Necessity, fought "Indian style", and after a 10-hour siege, made him surrender. Results: The Treaty of Paris is signed in 1763; France loses all Canadian possessions, their empire in India, and all land east of the Mississippi River and are onlt able to hold onto Haiti; Spain gains all land west of the Mississippi River and New Orleans, but loses Florida to Britain; Britain gains all French land in Canada; gains rights to the Caribbean slave trade, and commercial dominance in India | |
| 589192263 | Navigation Laws | Restricted commerce from the colonies to England to only English ships, none other | |
| 589192264 | Sugar Act of 1764 | Part of Prime Minister George Grenville's revenue program, the act replaced the Molasses Act of 1733, and actually lowered the tax on sugar and molasses (which the New England colonies imported to make rum as part of the triangular trade with the West Indies), but insured that the tax was strictly enforced | |
| 589192265 | Currency Act of 1764 | Told the colonists that they could no longer use paper money; said they could only use "hard" money (coins) | |
| 589192266 | Quartering Act of 1765 | Required certain colonies to provide food and housing for British troops | |
| 589192267 | Stamp Act of 1765 | A way of direct taxation; colonists were required to pay for every single sheet of paper and paper was made here in the colonies, so many felt this was unfair Stamp Act Congress met in 1765, with representatives from 9 of the 13 colonies in NYC to discuss this tax and think of ways to protest; in 1766, Parliament repealed the Stamp Act | |
| 589192268 | Declaratory Act of 1766 | Said Parliament deserves the right to place any law on the colonists that they want | |
| 589192269 | Townshend Acts | Passed in 1767; put light taxes in lead, paper, paint, and tea, which were later repealed, except for tea | |
| 589192270 | The Coercive or Intolerable Acts | Passed in 1774 by Lord North and Parliament; were intended for Massachusetts; 1. Port Bill- they closed the port, nothing could come in or go out; ruins Massachusetts economy 2. Government Act- closed the colony's legislature, and remove the current governor who is replaced by a general 3. New Quartering Act- individual citizens are responsible for troops 4. Administration of Justice Act- harsher trails will take place; will begin to take place in London courts | |
| 589192271 | Proclamation Act | Passed in 1763; banned settlement beyond the Appalachian Mountains; the colonists viewed this as an attempt by the British to deny the right to own land where they pleased; however, most colonists ignored the act | |
| 589192272 | Lexington and Concord | First battle of the Revolutionary War; the "Shot Heard 'Round the World"; The British commander in Boston sent a group of troops to seize supplies and to capture Sam Adams and John Hancock. The Minutemen, after having eight of their own killed at Lexington, fought back at Concord, pushing the Redcoats back, shooting them from behind rocks and trees, Indian style. | |
| 589192273 | Battle at Trenton | Washington crossed the Delaware River at Trenton on a cold December 26, 1776, and surprised and captured a thousand Hessians who were sleeping off their Christmas Day celebration | |
| 589192274 | Battle of Saratoga | This is considered the turning point battle of the war; this convinces Washington and his army that they can win battles; French officially help out the US | |
| 589192275 | Battle at Yorktown | The last major battle of the war, in which American and French troops bombarded Yorktown and forced Cornwallis to surrender his army to Washington and his army. | |
| 589192276 | The Declaration of Independence | An act of the Second Continental Congress, adopted on July 4, 1776, which declared that the 13 Colonies in North America were "Free and Independent States" and that "all political connection between them and Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved."; written by Thomas Jefferson | |
| 589192277 | Common Sense | A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine in 1776 to convince the colonists that it was necessary and time to become independent and break away from Britain | |
| 589192278 | Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions | These stated that a state had the right to declare a law unconstiutional, or nullify a law, within its borders, and they stressed the "compact theory" which said that this government had been created by the states. These were written by Jefferson (KY) and Madison (VA) to resist the Alien and Sedition Acts | |
| 589192279 | Virginia Declaration of Rights | Served as a model for the Bill of Rights to the Constitution of the United States of America; written by George Mason | |
| 589192280 | Treaty of Paris of 1783 | This treaty ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River | |
| 589192281 | Articles of Confederation | This was the first constitution, adopted by the Second Continental Congress in 1781, during the Revolution; the document was weak because states held most of the power, lawmaking was nearly impossible, and congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, raise armies, or control coinage; they were so worried about creating a government with too much power that they created one with almost no power | |
| 589192282 | Shay's Rebellion | Was a conflict in western Massachusetts in 1786 over getting farmland mortgages; the importance of this rebellion was that the fear of such violence lived on and paranoia motivated people to desire a stronger federal government | |
| 589192283 | Constitutional Convention | The meeting of state delegates in 1787 in Philadelphia called to revise the Articles of Confederation. It instead designed a new plan of government, the US Constitution; 55 delegates from 12 states attended, among them were people like Hamilton, Franklin, and Madison; the "Great Compromise" was worked out so that Congress would have 2 houses, the House of Representatives, where representation was based on population, and the Senate, where each state got 2 representatives; there would be a strong, independent executive branch with a president who would be military commander-in-chief and who could veto legislation; the election of the president would be through the Electoral College, rather than by the people directly; also, slaves would count as 3/5 of a person in census counts for representation; the Founding Fathers sent copies of it out to state conventions, where it could be debated and voted on | |
| 589192284 | Bill of Rights | Many states had ratified the Constitution on the condition that there would be a Bill of Rights, and many Anti-Federalists had criticized the Constitution for its lack of a Bill; it was adopted in 1791; drafted by a group led by James Madison, consisted of the first ten amendments to the Constitution, which guaranteed the civil rights of American citizens. | |
| 589192285 | Federalist Papers/ Essays | A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison to defend and support the Constitution in detail; swayed New York | |
| 589192286 | Hamilton's Financial Program/ Proposals | He urges the federal government to pay off all debts at face value; secured an excise tax on a few domestic items, notably whiskey; he was for a National Bank; he evolved the Elastic Clause, also known as the "necessary and proper" clause | |
| 589192287 | Federalist Party | Led by Alexander Hamilton; wanted a strong government; were mostly merchants, manufacturers, and shippers along the Atlantic seaboard; mostly pro-British; realized trade with foreign nations was key | |
| 589192288 | Democratic-Republicans Party | Led by Thomas Jefferson; wanted a weaker central government; mostly pro-French; emphasized that national debt must be paid off; consisted of mainly farmers | |
| 589192289 | Washington's Farewell Address | Created the two-term idea; warned Americans not to make permanent alliances, not to form political parties, not to get involved in European affairs, and to avoid sectionalism. | |
| 589192290 | French Revolution | Two political partied had evolved; French brags Britain and Austria into the war; the revolution spirals out of control and turns radical and bloody; America was sucked in when France declared war on Britain | |
| 589192291 | Whiskey Rebellion | Took place in western PA; farmers are against Hamilton's excise tax; they cried" "taxation without representation"; Washington sends out a ton of troops, which sends a message to the colonies that the new government is strong! | |
| 589192292 | Compact Theory | Says that the nation was founded by the states, therefore the states could decide if the government's laws were unfair; Thomas Jefferson and James Madison wrote the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions | |
| 589192293 | Nullification | States' rights doctrine that a state can refuse to recognize or enforce a federal law passed by the US Congress; a theory; related to the "compact theory" | |
| 589192294 | Election of 1800 | Jefferson and Burr each received 73 votes in the Electoral College, so the House of Representatives had to decide the outcome. The House chose Jefferson as President and Burr as Vice President. | |
| 589192295 | Election of 1820 | James Monroe is re-elected; he got every vote except one, despite the Panic of 1819 | |
| 589192296 | Election of 1824 | The four candidates were A. Jackson, H. Clay, W. Crawford, and J.Q. Adams; Jackson got the most popular votes and the most electoral votes, but he failed to get the majority in the Electoral College ;the House of Representatives had to decide among Adams, Jackson, and Clay; Clay dropped out and urged his supporters in the House to throw their votes behind Adams; when Adams wins, Jackson and his followers were furious and accused Adams and Clay of a "corrupt bargain. | |
| 589192297 | Election of 1828 | Andrew Jackson becomes president; this election is often identified as one of the most important presidential elections in American history. After losing the controversial previous election, Andrew Jackson spent the next four years organizing his campaign and publicly discrediting President Adams. His new Democratic Party mastered the art of political organization and campaigned heartily at the state and local levels. Jackson was the first presidential candidate to have a nickname, "Old Hickory," and used the theme at campaign rallies. By rallying the votes of the "common man," Jackson and his presidency forever changed American government | |
| 589192298 | Election of 1840 | Whigs united under William Henry Harrison, the one Whig candidate who had won national support 4 years earlier. Borrowing campaign tactics from the Democrats and inventing many of their own, Whigs campaigned hard in every state. The result was a Whig victory and a truly national two-party system; the popular election was close, but Harrison blew Van Buren away in the Electoral College | |
| 589192299 | Election of 1844 | The Whig candidate was Henry Clay, and the Democrat Candidate was James K. Polk; Polk wins, and is known as the "dark horse candidate" | |
| 589192300 | Election of 1856 | James Buchanan, the Democrat candidate wins; John C. Fremont was the Republican candidate, and Millard Fillmore was the Independent/ Small Party candidate; the Whigs are beginning to fall apart | |
| 589192301 | Election of 1860 | The new Republican Party chooses Abraham Lincoln to run, who wins; he runs against John Bell from the Constitutional Union party, Stephen A. Douglas from the Northern Democrat party, and John C. Breckinridge from the Southern Democrat party; there begins to be a temporary internal split in the Democratic party | |
| 592015605 | Temperance Movement | This was the fight against the manufacture and consumption of alcoholic beverages; in 1826, the American Temperance Society was formed; also seen as "Demon Rum"; Frances Willard and the Beecher family were leaders; many women and big, wealthy factory owners became involved | |
| 592015606 | Asylum & Penal Reform Movement | This movement tried to find better conditions for prisoners and the mentally ill; Dorothea Dix was the main leader; asylums were created | |
| 592015607 | Women's Rights Movement | In the mid 1800s, women were not allowed to vote, hold office, or retain ownership or property; Sojourner Truth was an escaped slave who made the famous "Ain't I a Woman" speech; Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott held the first nation women's rights convention in 1848 in Seneca Falls, NY and there they wrote the Declaration of Sentiments which said, among other things that all men and women are created equal; Emma Willard opened an all girls high school which taught "men's subject" like math, physics and philosophy; Mary Lyon opened the first female college in Massachusetts; Angelina Grimke & Sarah Grimke were two sisters who were southern abolitionists from South Carolina; Susan B. Anthony was also an active member in the women's rights movement | |
| 592015608 | Education Movement | Begins in Massachusetts; Horace Mann "Father of American Education" is the leader of this movement; he discouraged corporal punishment; textbooks were printed, some even used religious stories to teach | |
| 592015609 | Impressment | The act or policy of seizing people or property for public service or use | |
| 592015610 | American System | Established by Henry Clay; a strong banking system was included, hoping for the chartering of the Second Bank of the US; advocated a protective tariff in which eastern manufacturing would flourish, mainly the Northeast favored it ; it also included a network of roads and canals; Clay also said that internal improvements were needed and that the Federal Government should pay for them; the South didn't really get anything out of this; was proposed during Madison's presidency | |
| 592015611 | Second Great Awakening | A religious revival that inspires people to start reforming; two important men who helped to ignite the 2nd Great Awakening were Charles G. Finney who was a minister that decided he needed to get many to reform their lives in up-state NY and Joseph Smith who started an entirely new faith, the Mormon Church, also in up-state NY; whole new sects begin to emerge, such as the Mormons, Millerites, and Fourierists; Mother Ann Lee is the leader of the Shakers, a Protestant sect, who focus on simplicity and the bare minimum | |
| 592015612 | Transcendentalism | A literary and philosophical movement, associated with Ralph Waldo Emerson and Margaret Fuller, asserting the existence of an ideal spiritual reality that transcends the empirical and scientific and is knowable through intuition. | |
| 591649950 | Indian Removal Act | Authorize by Andrew Jackson; a law passed by Congress in 1830 that forced many Native Americans to move west into Oklahoma | |
| 591649952 | Embargo Act | Signed by Jefferson, forbade the export of all goods from the US to any foreign nation | |
| 591649953 | Non-Intercourse Act | Passed in 1809 to replace the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the Embargo, which forbade American trade with all foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or French policy towards neutral ships, so it was replaced by Macon's Bill No. 2. | |
| 591649954 | Neutrality Act | Issued in 1793 by Washington, proclaiming the U.S.'s official neutrality and warning Americans to stay out of the issue and be impartial | |
| 591649955 | Joint Resolution | A resolution passed by both houses of a bicameral legislature, signed by the chief executive and legally binding | |
| 591649956 | Maubury v. Madison | Established Supreme Court's power of judicial review | |
| 591649957 | McCulloch vs. Maryland | Involved an attempt by the state of Maryland to destroy a branch of the Bank of the United States by imposing a tax on the Bank's notes. John Marshall declared the U.S. Bank constitutional, and by doing this, he strengthened federal authority. This case said that a state cannot tax a federal institution, and that The Bank of the United States was Constitutional. | |
| 591649958 | Gibbons vs. Ogden | This case evolved because of an attempt by New York to grant a monopoly on waterborne trade between New York and New Jersey, meaning that no other company could use the waterway. Judge Marshall reminded the state of New York that the Constitution gives Congress alone the control of interstate commerce. New York lost their case. This case said that regulating interstate commerce is a power reserved to the federal government. | |
| 591649959 | Dred Scott Case | He was a slave who sued for his freedom. He lost his case when the Supreme Court decided that blacks were not US citizens but "property" and had no rights in a federal court of law; the Supreme Court technically said that slavery was allowed in every territory | |
| 591649960 | Abolitionism | began to rise in the 1830s; William Lloyd Garrison wrote the Liberator, an abolitionist newspaper, and demanded an immediate end to slavery; Frederick Douglass wrote the North Star, and was an escaped slave; Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin, an anti-slavery novel; in 1859, John Brown, an abolitionist, held an unsuccessful raid on US arsenal at Harper's Ferry | |
| 591649961 | US Presidents | 1st: George Washington 2nd: John Adams 3rd: Thomas Jefferson 4th: James Madison 5th: James Monroe 6th: John Quincy Adams 7th: Andrew Jackson 8th: Martin Van Buren 9th: William Henry Harrison 10th: John Tyler 11th: James K. Polk 12th: Zachary Taylor 13th: Millard Fillmore 14th: Franklin Pierce 15th: James Buchanan 16th: Abraham Lincoln | |
| 591649962 | Significant Secretaries of State | Thomas Jefferson served under G. Washington James Madison served under Thomas Jefferson James Monroe served under James Madison John Q. Adams served under James Monroe Henry Clay served under John Q. Adams Martin Van Buren served under Andrew Jackson Daniel Webster served under William Henry Harrison and John Tyler |
